Hepatitis A vaccine

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Biovac A
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Hepatitis A vaccine
Havrix junior monodose (hepatitis A) for children
Vaccine description
TargetHepatitis A virus
Vaccine typeInactivated or attenuated
Clinical data
Trade namesBiovac A, Havrix, Vaqta, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa695003
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B2
Intramuscular
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • US: ℞-only
  • EU: Rx-only
Identifiers
DrugBank
ChemSpider
  • none
UNII
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Hepatitis A vaccine is a

injection into a muscle.[1] The first hepatitis A vaccine was approved in Europe in 1991, and the United States in 1995.[4] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[5][6]

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends universal vaccination in areas where the disease is moderately common.[1] Where the disease is very common, widespread vaccination is not recommended as all people typically develop immunity through infection during childhood.[1] The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends vaccinating:[7]

In addition, a person who has not previously received hepatitis A vaccine and who has direct contact with someone with hepatitis A should get hepatitis A vaccine within two weeks after exposure.[8]

Severe side effects are very rare.

poor immune function.[1] A few formulations combine hepatitis A with either hepatitis B or typhoid vaccine.[1]

Soreness or redness where the shot is given, fever, headache, tiredness, or loss of appetite can happen after hepatitis A vaccine. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a severe allergic reaction, other serious injury, or death.[8]


Medical uses

Within the US, the vaccine "Vaqta" developed by

GlaxoSmithKline is dated in 1995,[12] it had been approved in Europe in 1991.[4][13]

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), recommends vaccination of all children over one year of age, people whose sexual activity puts them at risk, people with chronic liver disease, people who are being treated with clotting factor concentrates, people working in close proximity to the virus, and people who are living in communities where an outbreak is present.[14] Hepatitis A is the most common vaccine-preventable virus acquired during travel,[15] so people traveling to places where the virus is common like the Indian subcontinent, Africa, Central America, South America, Asia, and Eastern Europe should be vaccinated.[14][16]

The vaccine is given in the muscle of the upper arm, in two doses for the best protection. The initial dose of the vaccine should be followed up by a booster six to twelve months later.[14] Protection against hepatitis A begins approximately two to four weeks after the initial vaccination.[14][16] Protection lasts at least 15 years and is estimated to last at least 25 years if the booster is administered.[17]

A

Cochrane review found that both types of vaccines offer significant protection, for at least two years using the inactivated vaccine and at least five years with the attenuated vaccine. The review concluded that the inactivated vaccine is safe, but required more high quality evidence to assess the safety of the attenuated vaccine.[18][needs update
]

Commercial vaccines

Havrix vaccine

Several commercial hepatitis A vaccines are available. The definition of (U)nits varies among manufacturers depending on how hepatitis A antigen is measured in their products.

  • Avaxim: made by Sanofi Pasteur. Inactivated hepatitis A virus produced in MRC-5 cells. Each dose contains 160 U of antigen adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide (0.3 mg Al).[19]
  • Epaxal: made by
    lipids and influenza proteins in addition to the hepatitis A antigen. It does not contain aluminium.[20]
  • Havrix: made by
    GlaxoSmithKline. Inactivated hepatitis A virus produced in MRC-5 cells. Each adult dose contains 1440 ELISA units of viral antigen adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide (0.5 mg Al). The pediatric (child) doses contain half the amount of viral antigen and aluminium.[21]
  • Healive: made by
    diploid cell, followed by harvest, purification, inactivation, and aluminium adsorption. Each adult dose contains 500 U of viral antigen. The pediatric dose contains 250 U of viral antigen.[citation needed
    ]
  • Vaqta: made by Merck. Inactivated hepatitis A virus produced in MRC-5 cells. An adult dose contains 50 U of antigen adsorbed onto 0.45 mg of aluminium (as aluminium hydroxyphosphate sulfate); a child dose contains half the amounts of antigen and aluminium.[22]
  • Biovac-A: made by
    sero-conversion remained and antibody titre was not less than 128 IU/ml, 15 years after vaccination.[citation needed
    ]

Combination vaccines

References

  1. ^
    PMID 22905367
    .
  2. hdl:10665/363397
    .
  3. ^ "Hepatitis a Q&As for Health Professionals | CDC". 19 January 2022.
  4. ^
    ISBN 9781908818195
    .
  5. hdl:10665/325771
    . WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  6. hdl:10665/345533
    . WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
  7. PMID 32614811
    .
  8. ^ a b c "Hepatitis A Vaccine Information Statement". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). October 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. ^ "Hepatitis A: Vaccine Licensed | History of Vaccines". historyofvaccines.org. Retrieved 6 February 2021.[permanent dead link]
  10. PMC 7150172
    .
  11. ^ "Materials Documenting the Contribution of Dr. Maurice Hilleman to the Millennium Time Capsule Ceremony". National Museum of American History. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  12. ^ "Hepatitis A Vaccine Information". Vaccine Information. ImmunizationInfo. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
  13. ^ "Hepatitis A Vaccine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  14. ^ a b c d "Hepatitis A Vaccine: What you need to know" (PDF). Vaccine Information Statement. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 21 March 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
  15. ^ "Hepatitis, Viral, Type A". Travelers' Health: Yellow Book (CDC). Archived from the original on 28 March 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
  16. ^ a b "Hepatitis A: Introduction". NHS Direct. 10 October 2006. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
  17. PMID 22609026
    .
  18. PMID 22786522
    .
  19. ^ Patient Information Leaflet Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, sanofi pasteur, July 2010. Archived on the electronic Medicines Compendium of the UK. Accessed 30 November 2010.
  20. ^ Epaxal Archived 19 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Crucell website. Accessed 30 November 2010.
  21. ^ Full Prescribing Information Archived 18 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, GlaxoSmithKline, July 2010. Archived on FDA website. Accessed 30 November 2010.
  22. ^ "VAQTA (Hepatitis A Vaccine, Inactivated)" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  23. ^ "Twinrix". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 3 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  24. ^ "Australian Product Information – Vivaxim (Salmonella typhi Vi polysaccharide and hepatitis A virus antigen) Vaccine". Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  25. ^ "Vivaxim Salmonella typhi vaccine; Hepatitis A vaccine". 6 March 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  26. ^ "Vivaxim 1mL injection syringe composite pack". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  27. ^ "Summary for ARTG Entry: 82745 Vivaxim 1mL injection syringe composite pack". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Retrieved 18 October 2020.[permanent dead link]

Further reading

External links

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