Birch

Birch Temporal range: Ypresian–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Betula pendula (Silver birch)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fagales
Family:	Betulaceae
Subfamily:	Betuloideae
Genus:	Betula L.
Subgenera
Betulenta Betulaster Neurobetula Betula Chamaebetula
Range of Betula
Synonyms[1]
Betulaster Spach Apterocaryon Opiz Chamaebetula Opiz

A birch is a thin-leaved

, the wood of the birch, is used for a wide range of purposes.

Description

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Birch species are generally small to medium-sized

or aments. Staminate catkins are pendulous, clustered, or solitary in the axils of the last leaves of the branch of the year or near the ends of the short lateral branchlets of the year. They form in early autumn and remain rigid during the winter. The scales of the mature staminate catkins are broadly ovate, rounded, yellow or orange colour below the middle and dark chestnut brown at apex. Each scale bears two bractlets and three sterile flowers, each flower consisting of a sessile, membranous, usually two-lobed, calyx. Each calyx bears four short filaments with one-celled anthers or strictly, two filaments divided into two branches, each bearing a half-anther. Anther cells open longitudinally. The pistillate segments are erect or pendulous, and solitary, terminal on the two-leaved lateral spur-like branchlets of the year. The pistillate scales are oblong-ovate, three-lobed, pale yellow-green often tinged with red, becoming brown at maturity. These scales bear two or three fertile flowers, each flower consisting of a naked ovary. The ovary is compressed, two-celled, and crowned with two slender styles; the ovule is solitary. Each scale bears a single small, winged nut that is oval, with two persistent stigmas at the apex.

Taxonomy

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Subdivision

Betula species are organised into five subgenera.

Birches native to Eurasia include

1. Betula albosinensis – Chinese red birch (northern + central China)
2. Betula alnoides – alder-leaf birch (China, Himalayas, northern Indochina)
3. Betula ashburneri – (Bhutan, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan Provinces in China)
4. Betula baschkirica – (eastern European Russia)
5. Betula bomiensis – (Tibet)
6. Betula browicziana
   – (Turkey and Georgia)
7. Betula buggsii – (China)
8. Betula calcicola – (Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China)
9. Betula celtiberica – (Spain)
10. Betula chichibuensis – (Chichibu region of Japan)^[8]
11. Betula chinensis – Chinese dwarf birch (China, Korea)
12. Betula coriaceifolia – (Uzbekistan)
13. Betula corylifolia – (Honshu Island in Japan)
14. Betula costata – (northeastern China, Korea, Primorye region of Russia)
15. Betula cylindrostachya – (Himalayas, southern China, Myanmar)
16. Betula dahurica – (eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan)
17. Betula delavayi – (Tibet, southern China)
18. Betula ermanii – Erman's birch (eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China, Korea, Japan)
19. Betula falcata – (Tajikistan)
20. Betula fargesii – (Chongqing + Hubei Provinces in China)
21. Betula fruticosa – (eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan)
22. Betula globispica – (Honshu Island in Japan)
23. Betula gmelinii – (Siberia, Mongolia, northeastern China, Korea, Hokkaido Island in Japan)
24. Betula grossa – Japanese cherry birch (Japan)
25. Betula gynoterminalis – (Yunnan Province in China)
26. Betula honanensis – (Henan Province in China)
27. Betula humilis or Betula kamtschatica – Kamchatka birch platyphylla (northern + central Europe, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Korea)
28. Betula insignis – (southern China)
29. Betula karagandensis – (Kazakhstan)
30. Betula klokovii – (Ukraine)
31. Betula kotulae – (Ukraine)
32. Betula luminifera – (China)
33. Betula maximowicziana – monarch birch (Japan, Kuril Islands)
34. Betula medwediewii – Caucasian birch (Turkey, Iran, Caucasus)
35. Betula megrelica – (Republic of Georgia)
36. Betula microphylla – (Siberia, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan)
37. Betula nana – dwarf birch (northern + central Europe, Russia, Siberia, Greenland, Northwest Territories of Canada))
38. Betula pendula – silver birch (widespread in Europe and northern Asia; Morocco; naturalized in New Zealand and scattered locations in US + Canada)
39. Betula platyphylla – (Betula pendula var. platyphylla)—Siberian silver birch (Siberia, Russian Far East, Manchuria, Korea, Japan, Alaska, western Canada)
40. Betula potamophila – (Tajikistan)
41. Betula potaninii – (southern China)
42. Betula psammophila – (Kazakhstan)
43. Betula pubescens – downy birch, also known as white, European white or hairy birch (Europe, Siberia, Greenland, Newfoundland; naturalized in scattered locations in US)
44. Betula raddeana – (Caucasus)
45. Betula saksarensis – (Khakassiya region of Siberia)
46. Betula saviczii – (Kazakhstan)
47. Betula schmidtii – (northeastern China, Korea, Japan, Primorye region of Russia)
48. Betula sunanensis – (Gansu Province of China)
49. Betula szechuanica – (Betula pendula var. szechuanica)—Sichuan birch (Tibet, southern China)
50. Betula tianshanica – (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Xinjiang, Mongolia)
51. Betula utilis – Himalayan birch (Afghanistan, Central Asia, China, China, Tibet, Himalayas)
52. Betula wuyiensis – (Fujian Province of China)
53. Betula zinserlingii – (Kyrgyzstan)

Note: many American texts have B. pendula and B. pubescens confused, though they are distinct species with different chromosome numbers.

Birches native to North America include

1. Betula alleghaniensis – yellow birch (B. lutea) (eastern Canada, Great Lakes, upper eastern US, Appalachians)
2. Betula caerulea – blue birch (northeast of North America)
3. Betula cordifolia – mountain paper birch (eastern Canada, Great Lakes, New England US)
4. Betula glandulosa – American dwarf birch (Siberia, Mongolia, Russian Far East, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, mountains of western US and New England, Adirondacks)
5. Betula kenaica – Kenai birch ( Alaska, northwestern North America)
6. Betula lenta – sweet birch, cherry birch, or black birch (Quebec, Ontario, eastern US)
7. Betula michauxii – Newfoundland dwarf birch (Newfoundland, Labrador, Quebec, Nova Scotia)
8. Betula minor – dwarf white birch (eastern Canada, mountains of northern New England and Adirondacks)
9. Betula murrayana – Murray's birch (Great Lakes endemic)
10. Betula nana – dwarf birch or bog birch (also in northern Europe and Asia)
11. Betula neoalaskana – Alaska paper birch also known as Alaska birch or Resin birch (Alaska and northern Canada)
12. Betula nigra – river birch or black birch (eastern US)
13. Betula occidentalis – water birch or red birch (B. fontinalis) (Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, western Canada, western US)
14. Betula papyrifera – paper birch, canoe birch or American white birch (Alaska, most of Canada, northern US)
15. Betula populifolia – gray birch (eastern Canada, northeastern US)
16. Betula pumila – swamp birch (Alaska, Canada, northern US)
17. Betula uber – Virginia round-leaf birch (southwestern Virginia)

Etymology

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The common name birch comes from

Within Betulaceae, birches are most closely related to alder. The oldest known birch fossils are those of Betula leopoldae from the Klondike Mountain Formation in Washington State, US, which date to the early Eocene (Ypresian) around 49 million years ago.^[9]

Ecology

Birches often form even-aged stands on light, well-drained, particularly

Because of the hardness of birch, it is easier to shape it with power tools; it is quite difficult to work it with hand tools.^[11]

• Birch wood is fine-grained and pale in colour, often with an attractive satin-like sheen. Ripple figuring may occur, increasing the value of the timber for veneer and furniture-making. The highly decorative Masur (or Karelian) birch, from Betula verrucosa var. carelica, has ripple textures combined with attractive dark streaks and lines.^{[citation needed]}
• Birch plywood is made from laminations of birch veneer. It is light but strong, and has many other good properties. It is among the strongest and dimensionally most stable plywoods, although it is unsuitable for exterior use. Birch plywood is used to make longboards (skateboard), giving it a strong yet flexible ride. It is also used (often in very thin grades with many laminations) for making model aircraft.^{[citation needed]}
• Extracts of birch are used for
  sweet birch (Betula lenta).^{[citation needed][12]}
• glue on, for example, arrows, and also for medicinal purposes.^[13]
• Fragrant twigs of wintergreen group birches are used in saunas.^{[citation needed]}
• Birch is also associated with the feast of Pentecost in Central and Eastern Europe and Siberia, where its branches are used as decoration for churches and homes on this day.^{[citation needed]}
• Ground birch bark,
  sea water, is used for seasoning the woolen, hemp or linen sails and hemp rope of traditional Norwegian boats.^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Birch twigs bound in a bundle, also called birch, were used for
  corporal punishment.^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Many Native Americans in the United States and Indigenous peoples in Canada prize the birch for its bark, which because of its light weight, flexibility, and the ease with which it can be stripped from fallen trees, is often used for the construction of strong, waterproof but lightweight canoes, bowls, and wigwams.^{[citation needed]}
• The Hughes H-4 Hercules was made mostly of birch wood, despite its better-known moniker, "The Spruce Goose".
• Birch plywood was specified by the BBC as the only wood that can be used in making the cabinets of the long-lived LS3/5A loudspeaker.^[14]
• Birch is used as
  calorific value per unit weight and unit volume. It burns well, without popping, even when frozen and freshly hewn. The bark will burn very well even when wet because of the oils it contains. With care, it can be split into very thin sheets that will ignite from even the smallest of sparks. Birch wood can be used to smoke foods.^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Birch seeds are used as
  leaf litter in miniature terrain models.^[15]
• Birch oil is used in the manufacture of Russia leather, a water-resistant leather.

As food

The inner bark is considered edible as an emergency food, even when raw.^[12] It can be dried and ground into flour, as was done by Native Americans and early settlers. It can also be cut into strips and cooked like noodles.^[12]

The sap can be drunk or used to make syrup.^[12] and birch beer. Tea can be made from the red inner bark of black birches.^[12]

Cultivation

White-barked birches in particular are cultivated as ornamental trees, largely for their appearance in winter. The Himalayan birch, Betula utilis, especially the variety or subspecies jacquemontii, is among the most widely planted for this purpose. It has been cultivated since the 1870s, and many cultivars are available, including 'Doorenbos', 'Grayswood Ghost' and 'Silver Shadow'; 'Knightshayes' has a slightly weeping habit. Other species with ornamental white bark include Betula ermanii, Betula papyrifera, Betula pendula and Betula raddeana.^[16]

Medical

Approved topical medicine

In the European Union, a prescription gel containing birch bark extract (commercial name Episalvan, betulae cortex dry extract (5-10 : 1); extraction solvent: n-heptane 95% (w/w)) was approved in 2016 for the topical treatment of minor skin wounds in adults.^[17] Although its mechanism of action in helping to heal injured skin is not fully understood, birch bark extract appears to stimulate the growth of keratinocytes which then fill the wound.^[17][18]

Research and traditional medicine

Preliminary research indicates that the phytochemicals, betulin and possibly other triterpenes, are active in Episalvan gel and wound healing properties of birch bark.^[18]

Over centuries, birch bark was used in traditional medicine practices by North American indigenous people for treating superficial wounds by applying bark directly to the skin.^[18] Splints made with birch bark were used as casts for broken limbs in the 16th century.^[19]

Paper

In India, the birch (Sanskrit: भुर्ज, bhurja) holds great historical significance in the culture of North India, where the thin bark coming off in winter was extensively used as writing paper. Birch paper (Sanskrit: भुर्ज पत्र, bhurja patra) is exceptionally durable and was the material used for many ancient Indian texts.^[21][22] The Roman period Vindolanda tablets also use birch as a material on which to write and birch bark was used widely in ancient Russia as notepaper (beresta) and for decorative purposes and even making footwear (lapti) and baskets.^{[citation needed]}

Use in musical instrument

Birch wood is sometimes used as a tonewood for semiacoustic and acoustic guitar bodies, and occasionally for solid-body guitar bodies. It is also a common material used in mallets for keyboard percussion.^{[citation needed]}

Culture

Birches have spiritual importance in several religions, both modern and historical. In Celtic cultures, the birch symbolises growth, renewal, stability, initiation, and adaptability because it is highly adaptive and able to sustain harsh conditions with casual indifference. Proof of this adaptability is seen in its easy and eager ability to repopulate areas damaged by forest fires or clearings. Birches are also associated with

The birch is

"Swinging" birch trees was a common game for American children in the nineteenth century. American poet Lucy Larcom's "Swinging on a Birch Tree" celebrates the game.^[26] The poem inspired Robert Frost, who pays homage to the act of climbing birch trees in his more famous poem, "Birches".^[27] Frost once told "it was almost sacrilegious climbing a birch tree till it bent, till it gave and swooped to the ground, but that's what boys did in those days".^[28]

See also

• Birch bark
• Birch bark manuscript
• Taxonomy of Betula

References