Birch sap

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Extraction of birch sap

Birch sap, birch water or birch juice is the

Betula fontinalis
.

Birch sap may be consumed both fresh and

naturally fermented
. When fresh, it is a clear and uncoloured liquid, often slightly sweet with a slightly silky texture. After two to three days, the sap starts fermenting and the taste becomes more acidic.

Birch sap is a traditional beverage in boreal and hemiboreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere[1] as well as parts of northern China.

Harvest

Birch sap is collected only at the break of winter and spring when the sap moves intensively.

Birch sap collection is done by drilling a hole into the tree trunk and leading the sap into a container via some conduit (a tube or simply a thin twig); the sap will flow along it because of the surface tension. The wound is then plugged to minimise infection.[2]

Birch sap has to be collected in early spring before any green leaves have appeared, as in late spring it becomes bitter. The collection period is only about a month per year.

No published evidence exists to quantify the long-term impacts of sap harvest on birch tree and birch forest health, or birch timber quality.[2] However, the wounds caused by tapping birches consistently lead to dark staining in the wood.[2] In one study, infection and wood decay had spread from more than half of old tapping holes.[2]

In comparison to maples, birch trees are considered far less tolerant to the wounds caused by tapping, so more conservative harvesting practises have been recommended by trade bodies such as the Alaska Birch Syrupmakers Association.[2]

Traditional regions

Ancient

Finns regarded birch as one of their most sacred trees[3][4]
and made a traditional beverage from it.

Slavic regions

In Slavic regions the sap is known as birch juice as in Russia (Russian: берёзовый сок, romanized: byeryozovyi sok), Belarus (Belarusian: бярозавы сок, romanized: biarozavy sok, Byarozavik), Bulgaria (Bulgarian: брезов сок, romanized: brezov sok), Poland (Polish: sok z brzozy, oskoła), Slovakia (Slovak: brezová šťava), Ukraine (Ukrainian: березовий сік, romanized: berezovyi sik).

Baltic and Nordic regions

Estonia (Estonian: kasemahl), Finland (Finnish: mahla), Latvia (Latvian: bērzu sula), Lithuania (Lithuanian: beržo sula, beržų sula), Norway,[5] Sweden (Swedish: björksav).[6]

Other regions

France, Scotland and elsewhere in Northern Europe[1] as well as parts of northern China and both Hokkaido and Aomori as parts of northern Japan.

It is also widely used among the

birch beer.[7]

Composition

Sap, birch water[8]
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy4.6 kcal (19 kJ)
1.1 g
Sugars1.1 g
Dietary fiber0 g
less than 0.1 g
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
5%
60 mg
Iron
1%
0.1 mg
Magnesium
3%
11 mg
Manganese
48%
1.1 mg
Phosphorus
1%
6.4 mg
Potassium
4%
120 mg
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[9] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[10]

Birch sap contains heterosides (

vitamins (C and B(group)).[16] Contrary to popular belief, there is no xylitol in birch sap (xylitol is a sugar alcohol that is industrially produced using high temperature and sulfuric acid, or through fermentation).[17]

Nutritional and medicinal uses

Folk uses

Folk uses have been documented which include medicinal use, supplementary nutrition, and cosmetic applications for skin and hair.[1]

Region Traditional medicinal use Cosmetic use
Belarus lung diseases, gout, sickness washing hair
Bulgaria hair growth
Czech Republic poor health, infertility against freckles
Estonia (prevention of) eye diseases, skin diseases, source of vitamins washing hair, against freckles and to bleach the skin
Hungary stomach and
lung diseases
 against freckles
Latvia “revitalization” washing hair
Poland “revitalization”,
kidney stones
 washing hair in order to strengthen it
Romania
kidney stones, jaundice
, as milk-rennet, scab, diuretic		 hair colouring, to remove sunspots and moles
Russia externally against sores, to help children during teething washing face
Sweden scurvy, cholera
Ukraine treating skin diseases, source of vitamins, diuretic against freckles
United Kingdom tonic, rheumatism, first nourishment for new-born children prevention of baldness
United States Poor health

Commercial birch sap and derivative products

Bottle of Russian commercial birch sap

Birch sap may be consumed both fresh and

naturally fermented. Fresh birch sap is highly perishable; even if refrigerated, it is stable for only 7 days. Shelf life can be prolonged by freezing or preservation techniques. Existing preservation techniques include:[18]

Birch sap can also be used as an ingredient in food or drink recipes,[19] such as birch beer or wintergreen-flavored candy.

Concentrated birch sap is used to make

paper birch in Alaska[20] and Canada, and from several species in Latvia, Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine
.

References

  1. ^
    hdl:10278/3694733
    .
  2. ^ a b c d e Trummer, Lori; Malone, Tom (May 2009). "Some impacts to paper birch trees tapped for sap harvesting in Alaska" (PDF). Us Forest Service. R10-S&PF-FHP-2009-3.
  3. ^ Chepaitis, Barbara (14 April 2016). "Tapping Trees, Drinking Lighting: Baltic Birch Juice". Deep Baltic. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  4. ISBN 9781594777240
    .
  5. ISBN 8200089304
    .
  6. ^ Övre Dalarnes bondekultur 3, Lars Levander, Lund, 1947.
  7. ^ "Pennsylvania Birch Beer Recipe". www.grouprecipes.com.
  8. S2CID 49739804
    .
  9. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  10. PMID 30844154.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  11. ^ Sosa, A (1935). "Un glucoside nouveau de Betula Alba L. Le bétuloside et son aglycone, le bétuligénol". Paris Masson ed.
  12. doi:10.1016/0308-8146(89)90115-5
    .
  13. ^ "Bouleau à papier (BOP)". www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca.
  14. ^ Bouchet, Jérome (2007). Les Stratégies en Thérapeutique Antivirale. p. 24.
  15. ^ "Cure de sève de bouleau et ses bienfaits multiples". 10 March 2014.
  16. ^
    PMID 15841263
    .
  17. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb13328.x
    .
  18. ^ Nicole & Olivier Lhomme, NICOLL-Nature, Le Bio Logis, La sève de bouleau
  19. ^ Bergo, Alan. "EASY BIRCH SYRUP RECIPES AND USES". Forager Chef.
  20. ^ Alaska Birch syrupmakers association Petition to US Food and Drug Administration for establishment of Standard of Identity for birch syrup, including the Alaska Birch Syrupmakers' Association Best Practices. July 18, 2005.

External links

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Birch sap
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