Birendra of Nepal
Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
King of Nepal | |||||
Reign | 31 January 1972 – 1 June 2001 | ||||
Coronation | 24 February 1975 | ||||
Predecessor | Mahendra | ||||
Successor | Dipendra | ||||
Born | Narayanhiti Royal Palace, Kathmandu, Nepal | 28 December 1945||||
Died | 1 June 2001 Narayanhiti Royal Palace, Kathmandu, Nepal | (aged 55)||||
Cause of death | Assassination (gunshot wounds) | ||||
Spouse | |||||
Issue | King Dipendra Princess Shruti Prince Nirajan | ||||
| |||||
Dynasty | Shah | ||||
Father | Mahendra | ||||
Mother | Indra Rajya Lakshmi Devi | ||||
Religion | Hinduism |
Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (Nepali: श्री ५ महाराजाधिराज वीरेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह देव), (28 December 1945 – 1 June 2001) was the tenth King of Nepal from 1972 until his assassination in 2001. He was the eldest son of King Mahendra.
Early life and education
Birendra was born at the Narayanhiti Royal Palace in Kathmandu as the eldest son of the then Crown Prince Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev and his first wife, Crown Princess Indra Rajya Lakshmi Devi.[1][2]
Birendra spent eight years studying at
In 1959, Birendra was enrolled at Eton College in the United Kingdom. After studying at Eton until 1964, he returned to Nepal where he began to explore the country by traveling on foot to the remote parts of the country where he lived humbly with what was available in the villages.[1] He later completed his education by spending some time at the University of Tokyo, before studying political theory at Harvard University from 1967 to 1968.[3] Birendra enjoyed travelling in his youth, and went on trips to Canada, Latin America, Africa, many parts of India, and a number of other Asian countries. He was also an art collector and supporter of Nepalese craftspeople and artists and learned to fly helicopters.[4]
Birendra was married to Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi from the Rana family, his second cousin, on 27 February 1970.[5] The wedding, which was billed as one of the most lavish Hindu nuptial ceremonies in history, cost $9.5 million to stage.[6]
Birendra was diagnosed to have coronary artery disease and had undergone angioplasty in United Kingdom as per reports in late 90s.
Early reign
Birendra ascended to the Nepalese throne on 31 January 1972, at the age of 27, after the death of his father, King Mahendra. However, his coronation was delayed until 24 February 1975, when he was 29, since the first year was considered to be a mourning period for death of king's father and the second year was deemed to be inauspicious by religious astrologers.[7] As a Hindu monarch, he had to follow Nepalese tradition.[8]
Panchayat era
1972–1980
On his ascension to the throne, Birendra was effectively an
1980–1990
In an attempt to maintain the
Democratic era
In 1990, a series of strikes and pro-democracy riots broke out in Nepal. Due to the riots, Birendra lifted the ban on political parties and agreed to become a
Notable works and improvements
Diplomatic campaign
He managed to maintain Nepal's independence despite encroaching influences by India, China, and the Soviet Union. His first trips abroad as king were to India in October 1973 and China two months later.[16] He prevented the breaking up of Mustang from Nepal and Tibet from China during the Mustang revolution.[17][18] The disarmament of Khampas rebellions working against China brought Nepal-China relations to a new height.[19][20] His compatriots remember him for his extensive campaign and contribution for the establishment of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and South Asian food reserve. During his reign, he was also able to set up the SAARC Secretariat in Kathmandu.[21] He was able to establish diplomatic relations with additional 46 countries taking the total number of countries for diplomatic relations from 49 to 96. He further strengthened Nepal's policy of neutrality by promoting Nepal as zone of Peace in the UN.[22] He believed that Nepal, sandwiched between the two Asian powers, should have good relationship with both.[10]
Promotion of peace
He proposed Nepal to be declared a zone of Peace in the United Nations meeting, taking into consideration Nepal's historic peace status, birth of Gautam Buddha and its historical policy of Non-alignment to any foreign powers.
Environmental protection
King Birendra was regarded as a lover of nature and a great supporter of nature conservation. The trend of nature conservation from the government started during his reign. The dramatic decline of the rhinoceros population due to massive Terai migration and the extent of poaching prompted the government to institute the Rhino Patrol force (Nepali: गैडा गस्ती ) of 130 armed men and a network of guard posts all over Chitwan. To prevent the extinction of rhinos through a legal system, National park law was introduced which gazetted the Chitwan National Park in December 1970, with borders delineated the following year and established in 1973.[27][28]
For the purpose of conservation of Tigers in the nation, an area of 368 km2 was gazetted as Royal Karnali Wildlife Reserve in 1976 which was later proclaimed as
In 1984, a 225 km2 area of
In order to preserve the royal tradition of hunting as a hobby, but also to prevent the depleting wild life resource he established
Moreover, with his efforts, Nepal was able to enlist Sagarmatha National Park in 1979[36] and Chitwan National Park in 1984[37] into the UNESCO World heritage sites. Similarly, monument zones such as the Durbar squares of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur and religious sites such as Swayambhunath, Boudhanath, Pashupatinath Temple and Changu Narayan was also enlisted in 1979.[38]
Economic reforms
Focusing on sustainability and environmental conservation, on 28 December 1975
, trolley bus system was established in Nepal from the aid ofBirendra is initially credited for devising the plan of Melamchi water project to Kathmandu.
A 60 Megawatt hydropower project at Kulekhani began operation in 1982 with economic aid from the World Bank, Kuwait, and Japan.[43]
He established Securities Exchange Center Ltd in 1976 to manage, promote and support the growth of trade of stocks and capitals in the nation. This center was later developed to what we know today as Nepal Stock Exchange.[45]
He is also credited for establishing the first television channel of Nepal Nepal Television in 1984 which started its first channel in 1985 with French aid. Due to these economic reforms, by 1986, there were 2,054 industrial establishments employing about 125 thousand workers in the nation. By 1990, reach of people for television meant that video rental services and satellite dishes were commonly available.
King Birendra in the advice and consent of Rastriya Panchayat in 1986 established Mahendra Sanskrit University to manage Sanskrit education in Nepal in Dang which at the time of its commencement was the second university of the country .[46]
Roads and transportation
Various Studies in 1972 showed that building road connectivity in hilly and rural areas were more expensive than air connectivity.
Similarly, The Lamosangu-Jiri road leading to Solukhumbu was commissioned in 1985 with Swiss government aid.[50][51]
Promotion of agriculture
The government, during Birendra's reign, focused highly on agriculture promotion. As a result, almost 90% of the population was directly or indirectly involved in agriculture by 1990. Bhrikuti Pulp and Paper was established in 1985 under the Companies Act 2021 (
Political achievements
During the reign of King Birendra, referendum was held in 2037 BS for democracy wherein options were a multi-party system or a Panchayati system. During the Panchayat era and after the national referendum, he divided the nation into 5 development regions in order to create balanced development, and visited each division once a year; the visits were discontinued after 1990 democracy movement.[11]
Despite previously being an autocratic rule and constant pressure from the supporters and royal members, the king always played the role of constitutional monarch by the book and never overstepped his boundaries. King Birendra was always there when there was some political crisis in the nation. Mid-term elections, 2051 and General Election, 2056 can be attributed to his good governance. The King regularly asked the Supreme Court for its advice on any political matters that could concern the constitution so that he would never overstep the boundaries of the constitution. He created a culture where the king and prime minister would meet every Thursday at his palace to discuss matters of state.[59]
Social reforms
Recognizing low literacy levels as the main hindrance to national progress, King Birendra made development of education system his national priority. The five year plan starting from 1971 was mainly focused in building new educational institutions and upgrading the efficiency of the current education system. On the auspicious occasion of his coronation, King Birendra declared primary education to be free for all Nepalese citizens.
Development policy
Birendra took the policy of road development according to the population and daily road traffic and connecting the rural areas with airports. He restructured many governmental organization for the purpose of achieving developmental goals. He stressed roadbuilding, sanitation and scientific as well as technical trainings.[64] A comprehensive study performed regarding the central planning agency triggered the restructuring of the National Planning Commission in 1972 and minor changes in 1987.[47] The government policy focused mainly on environment conservation, agriculture and education.
Criticism
Stagnant economy
Though King Birendra is remembered as a development-friendly king, he is also criticized for his inability to drive the country towards rapid development efforts like his father King Mahendra. He had the political will but simply not the skill through which development efforts could be rapidly gained. His policy of sustainable development, shown by his nature conservation efforts, culture, and history became hindrances for economic development. The Panchayat regime created a stagnant economy during his reign as an autocratic ruler.[11]
Administrative failure
Historians point out that the Panchayat Regime under King Birendra was a failure. He was not able to bring in much direct foreign investment during his reign, and all the programs he brought, or all the reforms he made were the continuation of his father's legacy. He restructured various organization previously established by his father, and implemented various development plan envisioned by his father.[65] However, he was not able to bring about radical change in the country. Moreover, some historians also claim that making cannabis trade illegal, implemented during this era, created mass unemployment which eventually became one of the causes of the Maoist revolution.[66][67]
Failed development efforts
Birendra restructured various organization and brought many development plans, but his development efforts were mostly a failure; which hindered any radical change in the country. Many airports and roads built during his era were rarely used, and eventually had to be closed down. Moreover, the reason the newly-built roads were rarely used was due to very low vehicle ownership or access to vehicles; so rarely contributing to economic development.[47]
Fall of the Panchayat system
Some historians and anti-democrats blame Birendra solely for the fall of Panchayat regime. During the 1980s, the restraints that he had eased against political organizations provided a breeding ground for political parties which had previously been powerless and virtually non-existent until then.[3]
Personality
From a very young age, Birendra was described by his Eton teachers as a kind prince.[68] He was remembered by his Eton classmates as a "very, very nice bloke who was embarrassed when his full title was read out at the school assembly."[69] Very famous Nepalese media personality, Neer Shah describe Birendra as kind and development loving king.[70] Royalist around the king and various scholars define him as a simple king who was able to listen to others view.[71][72] They also criticize him for his weakness of not being able to deny the requests of people around him and his habit to act like a clerk and work himself rather than order others.[71]
Birendra allowed the 2036 B.S. Janmat Sangraha (1980
Some historians have speculated that Birendra's democratic views and simple nature may have led to the success of the People's Movement I (1990).
Memorial
Many structures, institutions and honors have been built in the memory of King Birendra. Monuments erected in his name were renamed after the restoration of the parliament in 2063 BS and the end of the monarchy in 2065 BS. After the political changes of 2063 BS, an attempt was made to rename the highway built in the name of the king as Lok Marg.
Statues
- Birendra statue, Dhamboji Chowk, (Nepalgunj)[76]
- Birendra statue (Dang)[77]
- Birendra statue, Birendranagar (Surkhet)[78]
- Birendra statue, Swargapuri (Shivapuri)
- Birendra statue, Jawalakhel (Lalitpur)
- Birendra statue, Bindhyabasini Temple (Pokhara)
- Birendra statue, Pashupatinath Temple (Kathmandu)
School
- Shree Birendra Higher Secondary School, Bhadrapur, Jhapa
- Shree Birendra Higher Secondary School, Charghare, Nuwakot
- Shree Birendra Sarwajanik Higher Secondary School, Morang
- Shree Birendra secondary school, Lakhantari, Morang
- Shree Birendra secondary school, Belbari, Morang
- Shree Birendra Madhyamik Bidhyalaya, Jhorahat, Morang
- Birendra Secondary School, Katahari, Morang
- Birendra Secondary School, Argakhanchi
- Birendra Secondary School, Dasharathchanda, Baitadi
- Birendra secondary school, Badikedar , Doti
- Birendra Secondary School, Syangja
- Birendra Secondary School, Nuwakot
- Birendra Secondary School, Parbat
- Birendra Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya, Bhaktapur
- Birendra jyoti Secondary School, Solukhumbu Sotang
College
- Birendara Bidhya Mandir Campus, Tikapur, Kailali[79]
- Birendra Multiple Campus, Bharatpur
- Birendra Memorial College , Dharan[80]
- Birendra Multiple Campus
Location
- Birendranagar, Surkhet
- Birendranagar, Chitwan
- Birendra Chowk , (Birendranagar)
- Birendra chowk, Kageshwari-Manohara Municipality
- Birendra chowk , Phungling Municipality
- Birendra Chowk, Dharan
- Birendra Chowk, Tulsipur, (Dang)
- Birendra Chowk , (Nepalgunj)
- Birendra Chowk , (Itahari)
- Birendra Lake (Birendra Tal), Gorkha
- Birendra Aishwarya Park, Dhangadi
- Birendra Aishwarya Park, Baglung
Structure
Others
- Birendra Beer, Zürich[81]
- Birendra Memorial Cup
- Birendra Peace Operations Training Centre
- Birendranagar Jayceesoccurred.
Murder
Birendra and his whole family were killed that night and the killer is still unknown.[82] Almost all of the royal family were killed in the massacre except Gyanendra Shah, Birendra's younger brother. Dipendra was proclaimed King but could not be crowned since he was in a coma in hospital, resulting from self-inflicted gunshot wounds sustained in the massacre. He died a few days later.[83] Consequently, Gyanendra was made the king.[84]
Honours
- National orders
- Sovereign of the Order of Nepal Pratap Bhaskara
- Sovereign of the Order of Ojaswi Rajanya
- Sovereign of the Order of Nepal Taradisha
- Sovereign of the Order of Tri Shakti Patta
- Sovereign of the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu
- Most Glorious Mahendra Chain
- Recipient of the King Mahendra Investiture Medal (02/05/1956)
- Foreign orders
- Thailand: Knight of the Order of the Rajamitrabhorn, (1979)
- Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant, (17 October 1989)
- Japan: Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, (1975)
- Order of Makarios III of Cyprus, (1980)
- Kingdom of Laos: Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol, (1970)
- Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau, (22 March 1975)
- France: Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour, (02/05/1983)[85]
- Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, (1986)
- Spain: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Carlos III, (19 September 1983)[86]
- Pakistan: Nishan-e-Pakistan, (1983)[87]
- Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania, (1975)
- Chile: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of Chile (1989)
- Finland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose, (1988)
- Egypt: Collar of the Order of the Nile, (1974)
- Yugoslavia: Great Star of the Order of the Yugoslav Star, (2 February 1974)
- Romania: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of 23 August (1987)
- United Kingdom: Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain (23 February 1975)
- Association honours
- Japan: Golden Pheasant Award of the Scout Association of Japan, (1978)
Ancestry
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See also
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{{cite book}}
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