Bishop
Part of a series on |
Christianity |
---|
A bishop is an
Traditionally, bishops claim
Some
Terminology
The English term bishop derives from the Greek word ἐπίσκοπος, epískopos, meaning "overseer"; Greek was the language of the early Christian church.[1] However, the term epískopos did not originate in Christianity. In Greek literature, the term had been used for several centuries before the advent of Christianity. It later transformed into the Latin episcopus, Old English biscop, Middle English bisshop and lastly bishop.[2]
In the early Christian era the term was not always clearly distinguished from presbýteros (literally: "elder" or "senior", origin of the modern English word priest), but is used in the sense of the order or office of bishop, distinct from that of presbyter, in the writings attributed to Ignatius of Antioch (died c. 110).[1]
History in Christianity
The earliest organization of the
In the
Paul commands Titus to ordain presbyters/bishops and to exercise general oversight.Early sources are unclear but various groups of Christian communities may have had the bishop surrounded by a group or college functioning as leaders of the local churches.[15][16] Eventually the head or "monarchic" bishop came to rule more clearly,[17] and all local churches would eventually follow the example of the other churches and structure themselves after the model of the others with the one bishop in clearer charge,[15] though the role of the body of presbyters remained important.[17]
Eventually, as Christendom grew, bishops no longer directly served individual congregations. Instead, the metropolitan bishop (the bishop in a large city) appointed priests to minister each congregation, acting as the bishop's delegate.
Apostolic Fathers
This section possibly contains original research. (March 2013) |
Around the end of the 1st century, the church's organization became clearer in historical documents.[citation needed] In the works of the Apostolic Fathers, and Ignatius of Antioch in particular, the role of the episkopos, or bishop, became more important or, rather, already was very important and being clearly defined. While Ignatius of Antioch offers the earliest clear description of monarchial bishops (a single bishop over all house churches in a city)[c] he is an advocate of monepiscopal structure rather than describing an accepted reality. To the bishops and house churches to which he writes, he offers strategies on how to pressure house churches who do not recognize the bishop into compliance. Other contemporary Christian writers do not describe monarchial bishops, either continuing to equate them with the presbyters or speaking of episkopoi (bishops, plural) in a city.
As the Church continued to expand, new churches in important cities gained their own bishop. Churches in the regions outside an important city were served by Chorbishop, an official rank of bishops. However, soon, presbyters and deacons were sent from the bishop of a city church. Gradually, priests replaced the chorbishops. Thus, in time, the bishop changed from being the leader of a single church confined to an urban area to being the leader of the churches of a given geographical area.
At the beginning of the 3rd century, Hippolytus of Rome describes another feature of the ministry of a bishop, which is that of the "Spiritum primatus sacerdotii habere potestatem dimittere peccata": the primate of sacrificial priesthood and the power to forgive sins.[21]
Christian bishops and civil government
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2019) |
The efficient organization of the
The most usual term for the geographic area of a bishop's authority and ministry, the
Bishops holding political office
As well as being Archchancellors of the
In modern times, the principality of Andorra is headed by Co-Princes of Andorra, one of whom is the Bishop of Urgell and the other, the sitting President of France, an arrangement that began with the Paréage of Andorra (1278), and was ratified in the 1993 constitution of Andorra.[22]
The
In
In the 21st century, the more senior bishops of the
In 2001,
Episcopacy during the English Civil War
During the period of the
Christian churches
Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican churches
Bishops form the leadership in the
The traditional role of a bishop is as pastor of a diocese (also called a bishopric, synod, eparchy or see), and so to serve as a "diocesan bishop", or "eparch" as it is called in many Eastern Christian churches. Dioceses vary considerably in size, geographically and population-wise. Some dioceses around the Mediterranean Sea which were Christianised early are rather compact, whereas dioceses in areas of rapid modern growth in Christian commitment—as in some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, South America and the Far East—are much larger and more populous.
As well as traditional diocesan bishops, many churches have a well-developed structure of church leadership that involves a number of layers of authority and responsibility.
- Archbishop
- An archbishop is the bishop of an archdiocese. This is usually a prestigious diocese with an important place in local church history. In the Catholic Church, the title is purely honorific and carries no extra jurisdiction, though most archbishops are also metropolitan bishops, as above, and are always awarded a pallium. In most provinces of the Anglican Communion, however, an archbishop has metropolitical and primatial power.
- Area bishop
- Some Anglican suffragans are given the responsibility for a geographical area within the diocese (for example, the Bishop of Stepney is an area bishop within the Diocese of London).
- Assistant bishop
- Honorary assistant bishop, assisting bishop, or bishop emeritus: these titles are usually applied to retired bishops who are given a general licence to minister as episcopal pastors under a diocesan's oversight. The titles, in this meaning, are not used by the Catholic Church.
- Auxiliary bishop
- An auxiliary bishop is a full-time assistant to a diocesan bishop (the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox equivalent of an Anglican suffragan bishop). An auxiliary bishop is a titular bishop, and he is to be appointed as a episcopal vicar of the diocese in which he serves.[37]
- Catholicos
- Catholicoi are the heads of some of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Rite Catholic sui iuris churches (notably the Armenian), roughly similar to a Patriarch.
- Chorbishop
- A chorbishop is an official of a diocese in some Eastern Christian churches. Chorbishops are not generally ordained bishops – they are not given the sacrament of Holy Orders in that degree – but function as assistants to the diocesan bishop with certain honorary privileges.
- Coadjutor bishop
- A coadjutor bishop is an auxiliary bishop who is given almost equal authority in a diocese with the diocesan bishop, and the automatic right to succeed the incumbent diocesan bishop. The appointment of coadjutors is often seen as a means of providing for continuity of church leadership.
- General bishop
- A title and role in some churches, not associated with a diocese. In the Coptic Orthodox Church the episcopal ranks from highest to lowest are metropolitan archbishops, metropolitan bishops, diocesan bishops, bishops exarchs of the throne, suffragan bishops, auxiliary bishops, general bishops, and finally chorbishops. Bishops of the same category rank according to date of consecration.
- Major archbishop
- Major archbishops are the heads of some of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Their authority within their sui juris church is equal to that of a patriarch, but they receive fewer ceremonial honors.
- Metropolitan bishop
- A metropolitan bishop is an archbishop in charge of an autonomous church when the number of adherents of that tradition are small. In the Latin Church, metropolitans are always archbishops; in many Eastern churches, the title is "metropolitan", with some of these churches using "archbishop" as a separate office.
- Patriarch
- Patriarchs are the bishops who head certain ancient Ancient Patriarchs (first three, and later five: Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem—collectively referred to as the Pentarchy). Later, the heads of various national churches became Patriarchs, but they are ranked below the Pentarchy.
- Te Pīhopa
- The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia uses — even in English language usage — this Māori language term for its tikanga Māori bishops.
- Primate
- A primate is usually the bishop of the oldest church of a nation. Sometimes this carries jurisdiction over metropolitan bishops, but usually it is purely honorific. The primate of the Scottish Episcopal Church is chosen from among the diocesan bishops, and, while retaining diocesan responsibility, is called Primus.
- Presiding bishop or president bishop
- These titles are often used for the head of a national Anglican church, but the title is not usually associated with a particular episcopal see like the title of a primate.
- Suffragan bishop
- A suffragan bishop is a bishop subordinate to a metropolitan. In the Catholic Church this term is applied to all non-metropolitan bishops (that is, diocesan bishops of dioceses within a metropolitan's province, and auxiliary bishops). In the Anglican Communion, the term applies to a bishop who is a full-time assistant to a diocesan bishop: the Bishop of Warwick is suffragan to the Bishop of Coventry (the diocesan), though both live in Coventry.
- Supreme bishop
- The obispo maximo, or supreme bishop, of the Philippine Independent Churchis elected by the General Assembly of the church. He is the chief executive officer of the church. He also holds an important pastoral role, being the spiritual head and chief pastor of the church. He has precedence of honor and prominence of position among, and recognized to have primacy, over other bishops.
- Titular bishop
- A titular bishop is a bishop without a diocese. Rather, the bishop is head of a Thyateira and Great Britain).
Duties
In
In the Eastern liturgical tradition, a priest can celebrate the Divine Liturgy only with the blessing of a bishop. In Byzantine usage, an antimension signed by the bishop is kept on the altar partly as a reminder of whose altar it is and under whose omophorion the priest at a local parish is serving. In Syriac Church usage, a consecrated wooden block called a thabilitho is kept for the same reasons.
The bishop is the ordinary minister of the
Ordination of Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican bishops
Bishops in all of these communions are
Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Old Catholic and some Lutheran bishops claim to be part of the continuous sequence of ordained bishops since the days of the apostles referred to as apostolic succession.
In Scandinavia and the Baltic region,
Peculiar to the Catholic Church
While traditional teaching maintains that any bishop with apostolic succession can validly perform the ordination of another bishop, some churches require two or three bishops participate, either to ensure sacramental validity or to conform with church law.
The title of archbishop or metropolitan may be granted to a senior bishop, usually one who is in charge of a large ecclesiastical jurisdiction. He may, or may not, have provincial oversight of suffragan bishops and may possibly have auxiliary bishops assisting him.
Apart from the ordination, which is always done by other bishops, there are different methods as to the actual selection of a candidate for ordination as bishop. In the Catholic Church the
The pope, in addition to being the
Recognition of other churches' ordinations
The Catholic Church does recognise as valid (though illicit) ordinations done by breakaway Catholic, Old Catholic or Oriental bishops, and groups descended from them; it also regards as both valid and licit those ordinations done by bishops of the Eastern churches,
The Eastern Orthodox Churches do not accept the validity of any ordinations performed by the Independent Catholic groups, as Eastern Orthodoxy considers to be spurious any consecration outside the church as a whole. Eastern Orthodoxy considers apostolic succession to exist only within the Universal Church, and not through any authority held by individual bishops; thus, if a bishop ordains someone to serve outside the (Eastern Orthodox) Church, the ceremony is ineffectual, and no ordination has taken place regardless of the ritual used or the ordaining prelate's position within the Eastern Orthodox Churches.
The position of the Catholic Church is slightly different. Whilst it does recognise the validity of the orders of certain groups which separated from communion with Holy See (for instance, the ordinations of the Old Catholics in communion with Utrecht, as well as the Polish National Catholic Church - which received its orders directly from Utrecht, and was until recently part of that communion), Catholicism does not recognise the orders of any group whose teaching is at variance with what they consider the core tenets of Christianity; this is the case even though the clergy of the Independent Catholic groups may use the proper ordination ritual. There are also other reasons why the Holy See does not recognise the validity of the orders of the Independent clergy:
- They hold that the continuing practice among many Independent clergy of one person receiving multiple ordinations in order to secure apostolic succession, betrays an incorrect and mechanistic theology of ordination.
- They hold that the practice within Independent groups of ordaining women (such as within certain member communities of the Anglican Communion) demonstrates an understanding of priesthood that they vindicate is totally unacceptable to the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches as they believe that the Universal Church does not possess such authority; thus, they uphold that any ceremonies performed by these women should be considered being sacramentally invalid.[51][52]
- The theology of male clergy within the Independent movement is also suspect according to the Catholics, as they presumably approve of the ordination of females, and may have even undergone an (invalid) ordination ceremony conducted by a woman.
Whilst members of the
There is a mutual recognition of the validity of orders amongst Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Old Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Church of the East churches.[55]
Some provinces of the Anglican Communion have begun ordaining women as bishops in recent decades – for example, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Cuba. The first woman to be consecrated a bishop within Anglicanism was Barbara Harris, who was ordained in the United States in 1989. In 2006, Katharine Jefferts Schori, the Episcopal Bishop of Nevada, became the first woman to become the presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church.
In the
Since going into ecumenical communion with their respective Anglican body, bishops in the ELCA or the ELCIC not only approve the "rostering" of all ordained pastors, diaconal ministers, and associates in ministry, but they serve as the principal celebrant of all pastoral ordination and installation ceremonies, diaconal consecration ceremonies, as well as serving as the "chief pastor" of the local synod, upholding the teachings of Martin Luther as well as the documentations of the Ninety-Five Theses and the Augsburg Confession. Unlike their counterparts in the United Methodist Church, ELCA and ELCIC synod bishops do not appoint pastors to local congregations (pastors, like their counterparts in the Episcopal Church, are called by local congregations). The presiding bishop of the ELCA and the national bishop of the ELCIC, the national bishops of their respective bodies, are elected for a single 6-year term and may be elected to an additional term.
Although ELCA agreed with the Episcopal Church to limit ordination to the bishop "ordinarily", ELCA pastor-ordinators are given permission to perform the rites in "extraordinary" circumstance. In practice, "extraordinary" circumstance have included disagreeing with Episcopalian views of the episcopate, and as a result, ELCA pastors ordained by other pastors are not permitted to be deployed to Episcopal Churches (they can, however, serve in
Methodism
African Methodist Episcopal Church
In the African Methodist Episcopal Church, "Bishops are the Chief Officers of the Connectional Organization. They are elected for life by a majority vote of the General Conference which meets every four years."[60]
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church
In the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States, bishops are administrative superintendents of the church; they are elected by "delegate" votes for as many years deemed until the age of 74, then the bishop must retire. Among their duties, are responsibility for appointing clergy to serve local churches as pastor, for performing ordinations, and for safeguarding the doctrine and discipline of the church. The General Conference, a meeting every four years, has an equal number of clergy and lay delegates. In each Annual Conference, CME bishops serve for four-year terms. CME Church bishops may be male or female.
United Methodist Church
In the United Methodist Church (the largest branch of Methodism in the world) bishops serve as administrative and pastoral superintendents of the church. They are elected for life from among the
Leadership.—Spiritual and Temporal—
- To lead and oversee the spiritual and temporal affairs of The United Methodist Church, which confesses Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior, and particularly to lead the Church in its mission of witness and service in the world.
- To travel through the connection at large as the Council of Bishops (¶ 526) to implement strategy for the concern of the Church.
- To provide liaison and leadership in the quest for Christian unity in ministry, mission, and structure and in the search for strengthened relationships with other living faith communities.
- To organize such Missions as shall have been authorized by the
General Conference.- To promote and support the evangelistic vision of the whole Church.
- To discharge such other duties as the Discipline may direct.
Presidential Duties.—1. To preside in the General, Jurisdictional, Central, and Annual Conferences. 2. To form the districts after consultation with the district superintendents and after the number of the same has been determined by vote of the Annual Conference. 3. To appoint the
district superintendents annually (¶¶ 517–518). 4. To consecrate bishops, to ordain elders and deacons, to consecrate diaconal ministers, to commission deaconessesand home missionaries, and to see that the names of the persons commissioned and consecrated are entered on the journals of the conference and that proper credentials are furnished to these persons.Working with Ministers.—1. To make and fix the appointments in the Annual Conferences, Provisional Annual Conferences, and Missions as the Discipline may direct (¶¶ 529–533).
2. To divide or to unite a circuit(s), stations(s), or mission(s) as judged necessary for missionary strategy and then to make appropriate appointments. 3. To read the appointments of deaconesses, diaconal ministers, lay persons in service under the World Division of the General Board of Global Ministries, and home missionaries. 4. To fix the Charge Conference membership of all ordained ministers appointed to ministries other than the local church in keeping with ¶443.3. 5. To transfer, upon the request of the receiving bishop, ministerial member(s) of one Annual Conference to another, provided said member(s) agrees to transfer; and to send immediately to the secretaries of both conferences involved, to the conference Boards of Ordained Ministry, and to the clearing house of the General Board of Pensions written notices of the transfer of members and of their standing in the course of study if they are undergraduates.[61]
In each Annual Conference, United Methodist bishops serve for four-year terms, and may serve up to three terms before either retirement or appointment to a new Conference. United Methodist bishops may be male or female, with Marjorie Matthews being the first woman to be consecrated a bishop in 1980.
The collegial expression of episcopal leadership in the United Methodist Church is known as the Council of Bishops. The Council of Bishops speaks to the church and through the church into the world and gives leadership in the quest for Christian unity and interreligious relationships.[61] The Conference of Methodist Bishops includes the United Methodist Council of Bishops plus bishops from affiliated autonomous Methodist or United Churches.
John Wesley consecrated Thomas Coke a "General Superintendent", and directed that Francis Asbury also be consecrated for the United States of America in 1784, where the Methodist Episcopal Church first became a separate denomination apart from the Church of England. Coke soon returned to England, but Asbury was the primary builder of the new church. At first he did not call himself bishop, but eventually submitted to the usage by the denomination.
Notable bishops in United Methodist history include Coke, Asbury, Richard Whatcoat, Philip William Otterbein, Martin Boehm, Jacob Albright, John Seybert, Matthew Simpson, John S. Stamm, William Ragsdale Cannon, Marjorie Matthews, Leontine T. Kelly, William B. Oden, Ntambo Nkulu Ntanda, Joseph Sprague, William Henry Willimon, and Thomas Bickerton.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
In
A literal descendant of Aaron has "legal right" to act as a bishop
Latter-day Saint bishops do not wear any special clothing or insignia the way clergy in many other churches do, but are expected to dress and groom themselves neatly and conservatively per their local culture, especially when performing official duties. Bishops (as well as other members of the priesthood) can trace their line of authority back to
At the global level, the presiding bishop oversees the temporal affairs (buildings, properties, commercial corporations, and so on) of the worldwide church, including the church's massive global humanitarian aid and social welfare programs. The presiding bishop has two counselors; the three together form the presiding bishopric.[68] As opposed to ward bishoprics, where the counselors do not hold the office of bishop, all three men in the presiding bishopric hold the office of bishop, and thus the counselors, as with the presiding bishop, are formally referred to as "Bishop".[69]
Irvingism
New Apostolic Church
The New Apostolic Church (NAC) knows three classes of ministries: Deacons, Priests and Apostles. The Apostles, who are all included in the apostolate with the Chief Apostle as head, are the highest ministries.
Of the several kinds of priest....ministries, the bishop is the highest. Nearly all bishops are set in line directly from the chief apostle. They support and help their superior apostle.
Pentecostalism
Church of God in Christ
In the Church of God in Christ (COGIC), the ecclesiastical structure is composed of large dioceses that are called "jurisdictions" within COGIC, each under the authority of a bishop, sometimes called "state bishops". They can either be made up of large geographical regions of churches or churches that are grouped and organized together as their own separate jurisdictions because of similar affiliations, regardless of geographical location or dispersion. Each state in the U.S. has at least one jurisdiction while others may have several more, and each jurisdiction is usually composed of between 30 and 100 churches. Each jurisdiction is then broken down into several districts, which are smaller groups of churches (either grouped by geographical situation or by similar affiliations) which are each under the authority of District Superintendents who answer to the authority of their jurisdictional/state bishop. There are currently over 170 jurisdictions in the United States, and over 30 jurisdictions in other countries. The bishops of each jurisdiction, according to the COGIC Manual, are considered to be the modern day equivalent in the church of the early apostles and overseers of the New Testament church, and as the highest ranking clergymen in the COGIC, they are tasked with the responsibilities of being the head overseers of all religious, civil, and economic ministries and protocol for the church denomination.[70] They also have the authority to appoint and ordain local pastors, elders, ministers, and reverends within the denomination. The bishops of the COGIC denomination are all collectively called "The Board of Bishops".[71] From the Board of Bishops, and the General Assembly of the COGIC, the body of the church composed of clergy and lay delegates that are responsible for making and enforcing the bylaws of the denomination, every four years, twelve bishops from the COGIC are elected as "The General Board" of the church, who work alongside the delegates of the General Assembly and Board of Bishops to provide administration over the denomination as the church's head executive leaders.[72] One of twelve bishops of the General Board is also elected the "presiding bishop" of the church, and two others are appointed by the presiding bishop himself, as his first and second assistant presiding bishops.
Bishops in the Church of God in Christ usually wear black clergy suits which consist of a black suit blazer, black pants, a purple or scarlet clergy shirt and a white clerical collar, which is usually referred to as "Class B Civic attire". Bishops in COGIC also typically wear the Anglican Choir Dress style vestments of a long purple or scarlet chimere, cuffs, and tippet worn over a long white rochet, and a gold pectoral cross worn around the neck with the tippet. This is usually referred to as "Class A Ceremonial attire". The bishops of COGIC alternate between Class A Ceremonial attire and Class B Civic attire depending on the protocol of the religious services and other events they have to attend.[71][70]
Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)
In the polity of the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee), the international leader is the presiding bishop, and the members of the executive committee are executive bishops. Collectively, they supervise and appoint national and state leaders across the world. Leaders of individual states and regions are administrative bishops, who have jurisdiction over local churches in their respective states and are vested with appointment authority for local pastorates. All ministers are credentialed at one of three levels of licensure, the most senior of which is the rank of ordained bishop. To be eligible to serve in state, national, or international positions of authority, a minister must hold the rank of ordained bishop.
Pentecostal Church of God
In 2002, the general convention of the Pentecostal Church of God came to a consensus to change the title of their overseer from general superintendent to bishop. The change was brought on because internationally, the term bishop is more commonly related to religious leaders than the previous title.
The title bishop is used for both the general (international leader) and the district (state) leaders. The title is sometimes used in conjunction with the previous, thus becoming general (district) superintendent/bishop.
Seventh-day Adventists
According to the Seventh-day Adventist understanding of the doctrine of the church:
"The "elders" (Greek, presbuteros) or "bishops" (episkopos) were the most important officers of the church. The term elder means older one, implying dignity and respect. His position was similar to that of the one who had supervision of the synagogue. The term bishop means "overseer". Paul used these terms interchangeably, equating elders with overseers or bishops (Acts 20:17,
"Those who held this position supervised the newly formed churches. Elder referred to the status or rank of the office, while bishop denoted the duty or responsibility of the office—"overseer". Since the apostles also called themselves elders (1 Peter 5:1; 2 John 1; 3 John 1), it is apparent that there were both local elders and itinerant elders, or elders at large. But both kinds of elder functioned as shepherds of the congregations.[73]"
The above understanding is part of the basis of Adventist organizational structure. The world wide Seventh-day Adventist church is organized into local districts, conferences or missions, union conferences or union missions, divisions, and finally at the top is the general conference. At each level (with exception to the local districts), there is an elder who is elected president and a group of elders who serve on the executive committee with the elected president. Those who have been elected president would in effect be the "bishop" while never actually carrying the title or ordained as such because the term is usually associated with the episcopal style of church governance most often found in Catholic, Anglican, Methodist and some Pentecostal/Charismatic circles.
Others
Some Baptists also have begun taking on the title of bishop.[74] In some smaller Protestant denominations and independent churches, the term bishop is used in the same way as pastor, to refer to the leader of the local congregation, and may be male or female. This usage is especially common in African-American churches in the US.
In the Church of Scotland, which has a Presbyterian church structure, the word "bishop" refers to an ordained person, usually a normal parish minister, who has temporary oversight of a trainee minister. In the Presbyterian Church (USA), the term bishop is an expressive name for a Minister of Word and Sacrament who serves a congregation and exercises "the oversight of the flock of Christ."[75] The term is traceable to the 1789 Form of Government of the PC (USA) and the Presbyterian understanding of the pastoral office.[76]
While not considered orthodox Christian, the Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica uses roles and titles derived from Christianity for its clerical hierarchy, including bishops who have much the same authority and responsibilities as in Catholicism.
The
Jehovah's Witnesses do not use the title 'Bishop' within their organizational structure, but appoint elders to be overseers (to fulfill the role of oversight) within their congregations.[77]
The Batak Christian Protestant Church of Indonesia, the most prominent Protestant denomination in Indonesia, uses the term Ephorus instead of bishop.[78]
In the Vietnamese syncretist religion of Caodaism, bishops (giáo sư) comprise the fifth of nine hierarchical levels, and are responsible for spiritual and temporal education as well as record-keeping and ceremonies in their parishes. At any one time there are seventy-two bishops. Their authority is described in Section I of the text Tân Luật (revealed through seances in December 1926). Caodai bishops wear robes and headgear of embroidered silk depicting the Divine Eye and the Eight Trigrams. (The color varies according to branch.) This is the full ceremonial dress; the simple version consists of a seven-layered turban.
Dress and insignia in Christianity
Traditionally, a number of items are associated with the office of a bishop, most notably the mitre and the
In the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, the
Anglican bishops generally make use of the mitre, crosier, ecclesiastical ring, purple cassock, purple zucchetto, and pectoral cross. However, the traditional choir dress of Anglican bishops retains its late mediaeval form, and looks quite different from that of their Catholic counterparts; it consists of a long rochet which is worn with a chimere.
In the
Cathedra
In Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican cathedrals there is a special chair set aside for the exclusive use of the bishop. This is the bishop's cathedra and is often called the throne. In some Christian denominations, for example, the Anglican Communion, parish churches may maintain a chair for the use of the bishop when he visits; this is to signify the parish's union with the bishop.
-
Byzantine Rite Catholic bishops celebrating Divine Liturgy in their proper pontifical vestments
-
An Anglican bishop with a crosier, wearing a rochet under a red chimere and cuffs, a black tippet, and a pectoral cross
-
An Episcopal bishop immediately before presiding at the Great Vigil of Easter in the narthex of St. Michael's Episcopal Cathedral in Boise, Idaho.
-
An Ephorus of theGeneva gown
The term's use in non-Christian religions
Buddhism
The leader of the
Between 1899 and 1944, the BCA held the name Buddhist Mission of North America. The leader of the Buddhist Mission of North America was called kantoku (superintendent/director) between 1899 and 1918. In 1918 the kantoku was promoted to bishop (sochō).[88][89][90] However, according to George J. Tanabe, the title "bishop" was in practice already used by Hawaiian Shin Buddhists (in Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii) even when the official title was kantoku.[91]
Bishops are also present in other Japanese Buddhist organizations.
Tenrikyo
Tenrikyo is a Japanese New Religion with influences from both Shinto and Buddhism.[97] The leader of the Tenrikyo North American Mission has the title of bishop.[97][98]
See also
- Anglican ministry#Bishops
- Appointment of Catholic bishops
- Appointment of Church of England bishops
- Bishop in Europe
- Bishops in the Catholic Church
- Bishop of Alexandria, or Pope
- Bishops in the Church of Scotland
- Diocesan bishop
- Ecclesiastical polity (church governance)
- Congregationalist polity
- Presbyterian polity
- Ganzibra
- Gay bishops
- Hierarchy of the Catholic Church
- List of Catholic bishops of the United States
- List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow
- List of types of spiritual teachers
- List of Lutheran bishops and archbishops
- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops
- Lord Bishop
- Order of precedence in the Catholic Church
- Shepherd in religion
- Spokesperson bishops in the Church of England
- Suffragan Bishop in Europe
Notes
- ^ "It seems that at first the terms 'episcopos' and 'presbyter' were used interchangeably ..."[10]
- ^ "The general consensus among scholars has been that, at the turn of the first and second centuries, local congregations were led by bishops and presbyters whose offices were overlapping or indistinguishable."[11]
- ^
Blessed be God, who has granted unto you, who are yourselves so excellent, to obtain such an excellent bishop.
— Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 1:1[18] - Unitatis Redintegratiostates: "To remove, then, all shadow of doubt, this holy Council solemnly declares that the Churches of the East, while remembering the necessary unity of the whole Church, have the power to govern themselves according to the disciplines proper to them, since these are better suited to the character of their faithful, and more for the good of their souls."
References
Citations
- ^ a b "Early Christian Fathers". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-8371-9534-6.
- ^ Acts 11:30
- ^ Acts 15:22
- ^ Acts 14:23
- ^ Hill 2007.
- ^ Acts 20:17
- ^ Titus 1:5–7
- ^ 1 Peter 5:1
- ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005, p. 211.
- ^ Mitchell, Young & Scott Bowie 2006, p. 417.
- ^ "Bona, Algeria". World Digital Library. 1899. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ 1 Timothy 1:3
- ^ Titus 1:5
- ^ a b O'Grady 1997, p. 140.
- ISSN 0771-7776.
- ^ a b Van Hove 1907.
- ^ "Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ Clement, "Hom.", III, lxxii; cfr. Stromata, VI, xiii, cvi; cf. "Const. Apost.", II, viii, 36
- ^ "Didascalia Syr.", IV; III, 10, 11, 20; Cornelius, "Ad Fabianum" in Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, VI, xliii.
- ^ Fr. Pierre-Marie, O.P. (January 2006). "Why the New Rite of Episcopal Consecration is Valid". The Angelus. Archived from the original on 15 November 2006. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ Vela Palomares, Susanna; Govern d'Andorra; Ministry of Social Affairs and Culture (1997). "Andorra – First and second Paréages (feudal charters)". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
- ^ "Apostolic See definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary".
- ISBN 978-0-465-01195-7.
One of the most enduring and influential of all human institutions, [...] No one who seeks to make sense of modern issues within Christendom – or, indeed, world history – can neglect the vital shaping role of the popes.
- ISBN 85-15-01750-4.. See also chapter VI, O papa tem poder temporal absoluto (pages 49–55).
- ^ "The Role of the Vatican in the Modern World". Archived from the original on 4 May 2005.
- ^ "The World's Most Powerful People". Forbes. November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
- ^ "The World's Most Powerful People". Forbes. January 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
- S2CID 144793259.
- ^ "The Lord Bishop" (PDF). Tynwald Day 2017. Tynwald. 5 July 2017. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- ^ "Durham County Palatine Act 1858", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 23 July 1858, 1858 c. 45, retrieved 29 November 2021
- ^ "Ukrainian schismatic synod allows "clergy" to run for political office, against Church canons". OrthoChristian.Com. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ^ "Eastern Orthodoxy - The church of Russia (1448–1800) | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- OCLC 1307463108.
He continued as president and archbishop during the turbulent 1960s and 1970s, when Greek and Turkish Cypriots clashed over what Turks viewed as Greek efforts to disenfranchise them, and the governments of both Greece and Turkey intervened in Cypriot affairs.
- ^ Crampton, Dave (30 April 2001). "Church Vs State Issues Raised In Oz GG Appointment". www.scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ^ "A churchman cannot serve two masters". The Sydney Morning Herald. 4 June 2003. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ^ "Canon 406". Code of Canon Law. The Holy See. 1983. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sweden. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-8401-2821-8.
This same archbishop compiled a code of the statues of his diocese, from which we may learn much as to the administration of the sacraments customary in Sweden. The three forms just named were to be taught to children by their parents and god-parents. Children of seven years old and upwards were to be confirmed by the bishop fasting—the implication that if they were confirmed at an earlier age they need not fast. No one was to be confirmed more than once, and parents were frequently to remind their children by whom and where they were confirmed. Bishops might change names in confirmation, and no one is to be admitted to minor orders without confirmation.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1313 Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 9783631609453.
Having said that, Lutheran bishops in Sweden or Finland, which retained apostolic succession, or other parts of the world, such as Africa or Asia, which gained it from Scandinavia, could easily be engaged to do something similar in Australia, as has been done in the United States, without reliance on Anglicans.
- ^ Walter Obare. "Choose Life!". Concordia Theological Seminary.
- ISBN 978-1-4934-1023-1.
- ISBN 978-0664224165.
In Sweden the apostolic succession was preserved because the Catholic bishops were allowed to stay in office, but they had to approve changes in the ceremonies.
- ^ "Catholic News Service". Archived from the original on 8 March 2006. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
- ^ "Catholic News Service". Archived from the original on 13 June 2006. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
- ISBN 0809105349.
To my knowledge, the Catholic Church has never officially expressed its judgement on the validity of orders as they have been handed down by episcopal succession in these two national Lutheran churches.
- ^ "Roman Catholic – Lutheran Dialogue Group for Sweden and Finland, Justification in the Life of the Church, section 297, page 101" (PDF).[permanent dead link]
- ^ Timothy Dufort, The Tablet, 29 May 1982, pp. 536–538.
- ^ Dufort, Timothy (29 May 1982). The Tablet. pp. 536–538.
- ^ a b Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Responsum ad Dubium Concerning the Teaching Contained in Ordinatio Sacerdotalis, 25 October 1995; Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Commentary, Concerning the Reply of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on the Teaching Contained in the Apostolic Letter "Ordinatio Sacerdotalis", 25 October 1995.
- ^ a b Handley, Paul (27 May 2003). "Churches' Goal Is Unity, Not Uniformity Spokesman for Vatican Declares". Church Times. p. 2.
- ^ "In Britain, pope will focus on common Christian mission, official says"[dead link], Catholic News Service, 9 September 2010.
- ^ http://www.vaticannews.va, Sept 6, 2021. Archived 14 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- S2CID 161330476.
- ISBN 978-1-57455-557-8.
In order to receive the historic episcopate, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America pledges that, following the adoption of this Concordat and in keeping with the collegiality and continuity of ordained ministry attested as early as canon 4 of the First Ecumenical Council (Nicea I, AD 325), at least three bishops already sharing in the sign of episcopal succession will be invited to participate in the installation of its next Presiding Bishop through prayer for the gift of the Holy Spirit and with the laying-on of hands. These participating bishops will be invited from churches of the Lutheran communion which share in the historic episcopate.
- ^ "A Lutheran Proposal for a Revision of the Concordat of Agreement". 19 August 1999. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.
- ^ Wright, J. Robert (Spring 1999). "The Historic Episcopate: An Episcopalian Viewpoint". Lutheran Partners. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011.
- ^ "The Function of Bishops in the Ancient Church". kencollins.com.
- ^ "Bishops of the Church". African Methodist Episcopal Church. 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
- ^ a b Anon 1980.
- ^ "General Handbook, 6.1.2".
- ^ "Doctrine and Covenants 107:76".
- ^ a b "Doctrine and Covenants 68:20".
- ^ "General Handbook, 6.2".
- ^ "Ensign, 1990 October, What callings are open to single members of the Church?".
- ^ Smith, Joseph (2007). Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Joseph Smith. p. 101.
- ^ McMullin, Keith B. "The Presiding Bishopric". Ensign. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ "Learn More About the Church's Presiding Bishopric". www.mormonnewsroom.org. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
- ^ ISBN 978-1940378428.
- ^ a b "Board of Bishops". Church Of God In Christ. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
- ^ "The General Board". Church Of God In Christ. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
- ^ Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (1988). Seventh-day Adventists Believe. Hagarstown, Maryland: Review and Herald Publishing Association. pp. 146, 147.
- ^ Lisa Wangsness (19 July 2010). "More Baptist pastors adopt bishop title". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ Book of Order (2009–2011) (PDF). Louisville: Presbyterian Church (USA) Office of the General Assembly. p. G-6.0202. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ ""The Successor To Peter"" (PDF). Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2023.
- ^ "How Are Congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses Organised?". Jehovah’s Witnesses. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
- ^ "Global Missions in the Indiana-Kentucky Synod: Indonesia: the Huria Kristen Batak Protestan Church on the island of Sumatra". Retrieved 18 August 2018.
- ^ a b c Stehle 1914.
- ^ Numrich, P.D., 2013. Local Inter-Buddhist Associations in North America. In: Queen, C., Williams, D.R. (Eds.), American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship. Routledge. p. 128
- ^ Murphy, T.F., United States Bureau of the Census (1941). Religious bodies, 1936. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC., p. 346 https://archive.org/details/religiousbodies10002unse
- ^ a b Ama, M. (2010) The Legal Dimensions of the Formation of Shin Buddhist Temples in Los Angeles. In: Williams, D.R., Moriya, T. (Eds.), Issei Buddhism in the Americas. University of Illinois Press., p. 66-68
- ^ Willard, R. H., Wilson, C. G. & Baird, J. A. (1985). Sacred Places of San Francisco. Presidio Press., p. 164
- ^ Quli, N. E. F. & Mitchell, S. A. (2015). Buddhist Modernism As Narrative: A Comparative Study of Jodo Shinshu and Zen. In: Mitchell, S. A. & Quli, N. E. F. (eds.) Buddhism beyond Borders: New Perspectives on Buddhism in the United States. SUNY Press., p. 206
- ^ Kashima, T. (1977). Buddhism in America : the social organization of an ethnic religious institution. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press., p. 41
- ^ Seager, R. H. (2012). Buddhism in America. revised and expanded edition. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 56
- ^ Fronsdal, G. (1998). Insight Meditation in the United States: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. In: Prebish, C. S., Tanaka, K. K., & Tanaka, K. K. (eds.) The Faces of Buddhism in America. University of California Press., p. 169
- ISBN 978-0824834388.
- ISBN 978-0231159739.
- ISBN 978-0-8371-9534-6.
- ^ Tanabe, G. J. Jr. (2004). Grafting Identity: The Hawaiian Branches of the Bodhi Tree. In: Learman, L. (ed.) Buddhist Missionaries in the Era of Globalization. University of Hawaii Press., p. 84
- ^ Ama, M. (2011). Immigrants to the Pure Land: The Modernization, Acculturation, and Globalization of Shin Buddhism, 1898-1941. University of Hawaii Press., pp. ix–x
- ^ Prebish, C. S. (2010). Buddhism: A Modern Perspective. Penn State Press., p. 256
- ^ Tanabe, G. J. Jr. (2004). Grafting Identity: The Hawaiian Branches of the Bodhi Tree. In: Learman, L. (ed.) Buddhist Missionaries in the Era of Globalization. University of Hawaii Press., p. 97
- ^ "About Us". Soto Mission of Hawaii. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
- ^ Rocha, C. (2004). Being a Zen Buddhist Brazilian: Juggling Multiple Religious Identities in the Land of Catholicism. In: Learman, L. (ed.) Buddhist Missionaries in the Era of Globalization. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 140, 158
- ^ a b Williams, D. R. & Moriya, T. (2010). Issei Buddhism in the Americas. University of Illinois Press., p. 135-137
- ^ Yamakura, A. (2010). The United States–Japanese War and Tenrikyo Ministers in America. In: Williams, D. R. & Moriya, T. (eds.) Issei Buddhism in the Americas. University of Illinois Press., p. 142
Sources
- Hill, Jonathan (2007). The History of Christianity. Lion. ISBN 978-0-7459-5156-0.
- ]
- Mathews, James Kenneth (1985). Set Apart to Serve: The Meaning and Role of Episcopacy in the Wesleyan Tradition. Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-0-687-38100-5.
- Moede, Gerald F. (1964). The Office of Bishop in Methodism: Its History and Development. Gotthelf-Verlag.
- Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
- Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M.; Scott Bowie, K. (2006). Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 1, Origins to Constantine. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81239-9.
- Van Hove, A. (1907). "Bishop". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- O'Grady, John F. (1997). The Roman Catholic Church: Its Origins and Nature. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-3740-4.
- Stehle, Aurelius (1914). Manual of Episcopal Ceremonies: Based on the Caeremoniale Episcoporum, Decrees of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, Etc., and Approved Authors. St. Vincent Seminary.
- Anon (1980). The book of discipline of the United Methodist Church, 1980. United Methodist Pub. House. ISBN 978-0-687-03705-6.
- Handl, András (2016). "Viktor I. (189?-199?) von Rom und die Entstehung des "monarchischen" Episkopats in Rom". Sacris Erudiri. 55: 7–56. .
External links
- Methodist/Anglican Thoughts On Apostolic Succession by Gregory Neal
- Methodist Episcopacy: In Search of Holy Orders by Gregory Neal
- Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 1–4.
- The Old Catholic Church, Province of the United States
- The Ecumenical Catholic Communion* The United Methodist Church: Council of Bishops
- Vatican Website with Canon Law of Catholic Church
- Episcophobia: The Fear of bishops