Bismuth chloride
Names | |
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IUPAC name
Bismuth chloride
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Other names
Bismuth trichloride, Trichlorobismuth, Trichlorobismuthine, Bismuth(III) chloride
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Identifiers | |
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard
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100.029.203 |
PubChem CID
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RTECS number
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UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
BiCl3 | |
Molar mass | 315.34 g/mol |
Appearance | hygroscopic white to yellow crystals
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Density | 4.75 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 227 °C (441 °F; 500 K) |
Boiling point | 447 °C (837 °F; 720 K) |
Soluble,hydrolyses | |
Solubility | soluble in methanol, diethyl ether, acetone |
-26.5·10−6 cm3/mol | |
Structure | |
cubic | |
Thermochemistry | |
Heat capacity (C)
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0.333 J/(g K) |
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
82.9 J/(K mol) |
Std enthalpy of (ΔfH⦵298)formation |
-1.202 kJ/g |
Hazards | |
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose)
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3324 mg/kg, oral (rat) |
Safety data sheet (SDS) | JT Baker |
Related compounds | |
Other anions
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bismuth trioxide
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Other cations
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iron(III) chloride, manganese(II) chloride, cobalt(II) chloride |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Bismuth chloride (or butter of bismuth) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula BiCl3. It is a covalent compound and is the common source of the Bi3+ ion. In the gas phase and in the crystal, the species adopts a pyramidal structure, in accord with VSEPR theory.
Preparation
Bismuth chloride can be synthesized directly by passing chlorine over bismuth.
- 2 Bi + 3 Cl2 → 2 BiCl3
or by dissolving bismuth metal in aqua regia, evaporating the mixture to give BiCl3·2H2O, which can be distilled to form the anhydrous trichloride.[1]
Alternatively, it may be prepared by adding
- Bi2O3 + 6 HCl → 2 BiCl3 + 3 H2O
Also, the compound can be prepared by dissolving bismuth in concentrated nitric acid and then adding solid sodium chloride into this solution.[2]
- Bi + 6 HNO3 → Bi(NO3)3 + 3 H2O + 3 NO2
- Bi(NO3)3 + 3 NaCl → BiCl3 + 3 NaNO3
Structure
In the gas phase BiCl3 is pyramidal with a Cl–Bi–Cl angle of 97.5° and a bond length of 242 pm.[3] In the solid state, each Bi atom has three near neighbors at 250 pm, two at 324 pm and three at a mean of 336 pm,[4] the image above highlights the three closest neighbours. This structure is similar to that of AsCl3, AsBr3, SbCl3 and SbBr3.
Chemistry
Bismuth chloride is hydrolyzed readily to bismuth oxychloride, BiOCl:[5]
- Bi3+
(aq) + Cl−
(aq) + H
2O(l) ⇌ BiOCl (s) + 2 H+
(aq)
This reaction can be reversed by adding an acid, such as hydrochloric acid.[6]
Reaction of solid BiCl3 with water vapour below 50 °C has been shown to produce the intermediate monohydrate, BiCl3·H2O.[7]
Bismuth chloride is an oxidizing agent, being readily reduced to metallic bismuth by reducing agents.
Chloro complexes
In contrast to the usual expectation by consistency with periodic trends, BiCl3 is a
Cs3[BiCl6] | Cs3[BiCl6] | [BiCl6]3− |
Organic catalysis
Bismuth chloride is used as a
References
- ISBN 0-7514-0389-X.
- ISBN 0-07-049439-8
- ^ Töke, Orsolya, and Magdolna Hargittai. "Molecular structure of bismuth trichloride from combined electron diffraction and vibrational spectroscopic study." Structural Chemistry 6.2 (1995): 127–130.
- ISBN 0-19-855370-6
- ISBN 978-0-559-31877-1.
- ISBN 978-1-4437-2907-9.
- ISSN 1434-1948.
- ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
- ISBN 0-444-20528-4.