Bissextus

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Bissext, or bissextus (from

solar year.[1][2]
(The Gregorian calendar omits this leap day in years evenly divisible by 100, unless they are divisible by 400.)

In the

29 February, and years in which February has 29 days are called "bissextile years" or leap years.[1]

Replacement (by 29 February) of the awkward practice of having two days with the same date appears to have evolved by custom and practice.[b] In the course of the fifteenth century, "29 February" appears increasingly often in legal documents – although the records of the proceedings of the House of Commons of England continued to use the old system until the middle of the sixteenth century.[3]: 188  It was not until passage of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 that 29 February was formally recognised in British law.[5]

Bissextile

Provisio de Anno Bisextili et Die
Act of Parliament
40 Hen. 3
(Ruffhead: 21 Hen. 3)
Territorial extent England
Other legislation
Repealed byCivil Procedure Acts Repeal Act 1879
Status: Repealed
Text of statute as originally enacted

The term is first defined in English law, in the

40 Hen. 3, 1256), which defines the bissextile day as consisting of two actual days. (This was to clarify what should happen when "an essoin was given for a month" but the month was February in a leap year.[6]

Statute concerning [the] leap year and leap day

The day of the leap year, and the day before, shall be holden for one day
THE King unto his Justices of the Bench, greeting. Know ye, that where within our Realm of England, it was doubted of the Year and Day that were wont to be assigned unto such Persons being impleaded, when and from what Day of the Year going before unto another Day of the Year following, the Year and Day in a Leap Year ought to be taken and reckoned how long it was:

II. We therefore, willing that a Conformity be observed in this behalf every where within our Realm, and to avoid all Danger from such as be in Plea, have provided, and by the Counsel of our faithful Subjects have ordained, That, to take away from henceforth all Doubt and Ambiguity that might arise hereupon, the Day increasing in the Leap-Year shall be accounted for one Year, so that because of that Day none shall be prejudiced that is impleaded, but that it shall be taken and reckoned of the same month wherein it groweth; and that Day, and the Day next going before, shall be accounted for one Day. And therefore we do command you, that from henceforth you do cause this to be published afore you, and be observed. Witness myself at Westminster, &c .[2]


Section II of the

24 Geo. 2. c. 23) uses the word "bissextile" as a term for leap years.[7]

Be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid,

That the several Years of our Lord, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, or any other hundredth Years of our Lord, which shall happen in Time to come, except only every fourth hundredth [sic] Year of our Lord, whereof the Year of our Lord 2000 shall be the first, shall not be esteemed or taken to be Bissextile or Leap Years, but shall be taken to be common Years, consisting of 365 Days, and no more;

and that the Years of our Lord 2000, 2400, 2800, and every other fourth hundred Year of our Lord, from the said Year of our Lord 2000 inclusive, and also all other Years of our Lord, which by the present Supputation are esteemed to be Bissextile or Leap Years, shall for the future, and in all Times to come, be esteemed and taken to be Bissextile or Leap Years, consisting of 366 Days, in the same Sort and Manner as is now used with respect to every fourth Year of our Lord.

Notes

  1. ^ Actual ecclesiastic practice varied. Campion (1870) reports the 23rd and the 25th being doubled instead at various times.[4] Pollard (1940) reports various dates in February being used in England; on at least one occasion, even a date in January was used.[3]: 188 
  2. ^ Pollard (1940) says "But in spite of Edward I's ordinance and Seymour's meticulous observance thereof as late as 1552, it is clear that the bi-sextile day had in common usage lost its etymological meaning".[3]: 188 

References

  1. ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bissext". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 12.
  2. ^ a b Ruffhead, Owen (1763). "The Statute DE ANNO ET DIE BISSEXTILI made at Weſtminster 21 Anno Hen. III and Anno Dom. 1236". The Statutes at Large, from Magna Charta to the End of the Last Parliament 1761. Mark Basket. p. 20 – via Archive.org. The day of the Leap Year, and the day before, shall be holden as one day
  3. ^
    JSTOR 553864
    .
  4. Archive.org. Before the Reformation St Matthias' day was kept in Leap-year, on Feb. 25th. In the Prayer-book of 1549 we read 'This is also to be noted, concerning the Leap-years, that the 25th day of February, which in Leap-years is counted for two days, shall in those two days alter neither Psalm nor lesson; but the same Psalms and Lessons which be said the first day, shall also serve for the second day'." Wheatly thinks that this alteration was made in order that the Holy day might always be kept on the 24th. In the Calendar put forth in 1561 the old practice was resumed, and the following rule which was inserted in the Prayer-book of 1604, was promulgated: "When the year of our Lord may be divided into four even parts, which is every fourth year, then the Sunday letter leapeth, and that year the Psalms and Lessons which serve for the 23rd day of February, shall be read again the day following, except it be Sunday, which hath Proper Lessons of the Old Testament, appointed in the Table serving to that purpose." In 1662, the intercalary
    day was made the 29th of February so that St Matthias now must always be kept on the 24th.
  5. ^ Pickering, Danby, ed. (1765). The Statutes at Large: from the 23rd to the 26th Year of King George II. Vol. 20. Cambridge: Charles Bathurst. p. 194. Retrieved 28 January 2020. (calendar at the end of the Act)
  6. .
  7. ^ Pickering, Danby, ed. (1765). "Cap. XXIII: An act for regulating the commencement of the year; and for correcting the calendar now in use". The Statutes at Large: from the 23d to the 26th Year of King George II. Vol. 20. Cambridge: Charles Bathurst. (This is the original 1750/51 Act, in facsimile image. For clearer text, with long s (ſ) converted to modern s, see British Calendar Act of 1751, the original text of the 1750 Act in plain text (ASCII), from Wikisource.)

Further reading