Black Moshannon State Park
Black Moshannon State Park | |
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Location | Rush, Centre, Pennsylvania, United States |
Coordinates | 40°53′54″N 78°03′23″W / 40.89833°N 78.05639°W[1][2] |
Area | 3,480 acres (14.1 km2)[3] |
Elevation | 1,919 ft (585 m)[1] |
Established | 1937[4][5] |
Named for | Black Moshannon Creek |
Visitors | 316,000 (in 2019)[6] |
Governing body | Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources |
Website | Black Moshannon State Park |
Black Moshannon State Park is a 3,480-acre (1,410 ha) Pennsylvania state park in Rush Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States. It surrounds Black Moshannon Lake, formed by a dam on Black Moshannon Creek, which has given its name to the lake and park. The park is just west of the Allegheny Front, 9 miles (14 km) east of Philipsburg on Pennsylvania Route 504, and is largely surrounded by Moshannon State Forest. A bog in the park provides a habitat for diverse wildlife not common in other areas of the state, such as carnivorous plants, orchids, and species normally found farther north. As home to the "largest reconstituted bog in Pennsylvania", it was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources for its "25 Must-see Pennsylvania State Parks" list.[7]
Humans have long used the Black Moshannon area for recreational, industrial, and subsistence purposes. The
Black Moshannon State Park is open year-round for recreation and has an extensive network of trails which allow
History
Native Americans
Humans have lived in what is now Pennsylvania since at least 10,000 BC. The first settlers were
Black Moshannon Creek is in the
After this, the lands of the West Branch Susquehanna River valley were under the nominal control of the Iroquois.[9] The Iroquois lived in long houses, primarily in what is now New York, and had a strong confederacy which gave them power beyond their numbers.[9] To fill the void left by the demise of the Susquehannocks, the Iroquois encouraged displaced tribes from the east to settle in the West Branch watershed, including the Lenape (or Delaware).[9]
The
The
While there are no known archeological sites within Black Moshannon State Park,
Lumber era
Prior to the arrival of
Lumber became one of the leading industries in Pennsylvania.
By the mid-19th century, the demand for lumber reached the area, where eastern white pine and eastern hemlock covered the surrounding mountainsides. Lumbermen harvested the trees and sent the logs down Black Moshannon and Moshannon Creeks to the West Branch Susquehanna River, then to the Susquehanna Boom and sawmills at Williamsport.[4][16] Lumber was also transported by sled and wagon over the ridges and through the valleys to Philipsburg, Julian, and Unionville.[17]
The Beaver Mill Lumber Company became one of the largest single lumber operations in all of Pennsylvania, and four lumber
A number of trails in the park today recall this time. The 1.1-mile (1.8 km) Hay Road Trail was used by farmers who collected hay at the wetlands, and connects the cabin area with the lake. The 0.8-mile (1.3 km) Seneca Trail for cross-country skiing and hiking passes through a second growth forest of oak and cherry trees that shade the stumps of the old growth pines harvested during the lumber era.[11][12] The Shingle Mill Trail is a 3.67-mile (5.91 km) path that begins at the main parking area near the dam on Black Moshannon Lake and follows the banks of Black Moshannon Creek to the Allegheny Front Trail and back.[19][12] The remains of Star Mill, a sawmill built in 1879 that operated until the end of the lumber era, are on the 2.1-mile (3.4 km) Star Mill Trail. This loop trail for hiking and cross-country skiing is nearly flat, with a view of Black Moshannon Lake.[12]
This boom era was not to last; before long the lumber was gone, leaving a barren landscape devastated by erosion and wildfires. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the
Civilian Conservation Corps
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work relief program for young men from unemployed families, established in 1933. As part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal legislation, it was designed to combat unemployment during the Great Depression. The CCC operated in every U.S. state.[20] The original facilities at Black Moshannon State Park were constructed by the CCC from 1933 to 1937, one of many projects it undertook throughout central Pennsylvania.[4][21]
Beaver Meadow CCC Camp S-71 was built in May 1933 near the abandoned village of Beaver Mills, and was one of the first to expand recreational facilities in Pennsylvania.
Most of the CCC-built park facilities are still in use today, including
Historic districts
In 1987, three separate
Eighteen structures in the Beach and Day Use Historic District are protected as
The Family Cabin Historic District consists of 16 contributing properties: 13 log cabins, one lodge, and two latrines. Cabins 1–12, half with one room and half with two, are in a line along a road, similar to 1930s
The Maintenance Historic District includes four CCC-built structures.
Modern era
Since its establishment in 1937, Black Moshannon State Park has undergone many changes. In 1941,
The park was the site of a
On November 11, 1954, the park was officially named "Black Moshannon State Park" by the Pennsylvania Geographic Board. The CCC-built dam forming Black Moshannon Lake was replaced in the 1950s, and the current Kephart Dam was built in 1974.[18][38] The park experienced major developments between 1971 and 1980.[23] Time has brought changes to the park's CCC-built structures: the original picnic pavilion 6 collapsed under snow in 1994,[18] the museum became the Environmental Learning Center, most of the latrines are gone, and six modern cabins and two deluxe cottages have been built in the Cabin Historic District. As of 2020, other post-war facilities include the park office, boat launches, showerhouses, electric vehicle charging stations, and modern restroom and shower facilities.[37][39] There is a wastewater treatment plant near the dam for effluent from the park and some private homes.[40] In 2019, the state paid $299,000 to the Philipsburg Rod and Gun Club, which had leased 23 acres (9.3 ha) near the Organized Group Tenting area in the park for over 60 years. The state terminated the lease over environmental contamination from lead shot.[41][42]
By the 1980s, the park started to receive official recognition for its unique resources. The three Historic Districts were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 in recognition of their CCC-built structures.[24] That same year the state celebrated Black Moshannon State Park's "50th Anniversary".[43] In 1994, the DCNR established the "Black Moshannon Bog Natural Area" as part of a program to recognize areas of "unique scenic, geologic or ecological value".[44][45] In 1997 the park's Important Bird Area (IBA) was one of the first 73 IBAs established in Pennsylvania.[46] By 2001 yearly attendance at Black Moshannon State Park was over 350,000.[19] As of 2020, the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) Bureau of Parks, which administers all 121 Pennsylvania state parks, had chosen Black Moshannon as one of its "25 Must-see Pennsylvania State Parks", citing it as home to the "largest reconstituted bog in Pennsylvania".[7]
Geology and climate
The rocks underlying the Black Moshannon Creek drainage basin are primarily
The park is at an elevation of 1,919 feet (585 m) atop the
The lake within the park is at an elevation of about 1,900 feet (580 m), and the park itself sits in a natural basin. The basin and the underlying sandstone trap water and thus form the lake and surrounding bogs.[44][51] The higher elevation leads to a cooler climate, and the basin helps trap denser, cooler air, leading to longer winters and milder summers.[19]
The cooler climate also means the park is home to animals and plants typically found much further north.
Climate data for Black Moshannon State Park | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 31 (−1) |
35 (2) |
44 (7) |
57 (14) |
67 (19) |
74 (23) |
78 (26) |
76 (24) |
69 (21) |
58 (14) |
46 (8) |
35 (2) |
56 (13) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 16 (−9) |
18 (−8) |
26 (−3) |
35 (2) |
45 (7) |
53 (12) |
57 (14) |
56 (13) |
49 (9) |
39 (4) |
32 (0) |
21 (−6) |
37 (3) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.72 (69) |
2.49 (63) |
3.33 (85) |
3.25 (83) |
4.03 (102) |
4.81 (122) |
4.19 (106) |
3.56 (90) |
4.17 (106) |
3.08 (78) |
3.47 (88) |
2.73 (69) |
41.83 (1,061) |
Source: The Weather Channel[54] |
Ecology
Within Black Moshannon State Park there is a State Park Natural Area protecting the bogs.[44] The park itself is part of a much larger Important Bird Area, which includes most of the surrounding state forest, airport, and private properties.[40]
Bog Natural Area
The bogs at the park contain large amounts of sphagnum moss; this decomposes very slowly, causing layers of dead moss to build up at the bottom of the bog, creating peat.[44] In 1994, 1,592 acres (644 ha) of bog at the state park were protected as the "Black Moshannon Bog Natural Area";[44] this was originally conceived as part of the State Parks 2000 strategic plan of the DCNR, and fourteen years later the total area of bog protected as a Natural Area had increased to 1,992 acres (806 ha).[45]
Most bogs exist in glaciated areas, but Black Moshannon State Park is on the Allegheny Plateau. This area was not covered by
The water in the bog is low in nutrients and high in acidity, which makes it difficult for most plants to live there. Only specialized plants can thrive in the park bogs: there are three species of carnivorous plants and seventeen varieties of orchid. Wild cranberries and blueberries grow in the bog along with sedges, leatherleaf shrubs, Arctic cotton grass, and viburnums. The bogs are all protected by the state of Pennsylvania.[44]
Wildlife
The lake is home to
The
An outbreak of the non-native
Important Bird Area
Pennsylvania's "Black Moshannon State Park & State Forest" Important Bird Area (IBA) encompasses 45,667 acres (18,481 ha). The land includes parts of the state park and surrounding Moshannon State Forest, as well as
Black Moshannon Lake and the bogs of the Natural Area are especially important to the IBA. They serve as a stopover for migratory waterfowl and
Pennsylvania IBA #33 is on the Allegheny Front, which is along a prime migratory path for a variety of birds of prey. The golden eagle, bald eagle, osprey, and northern harrier pass through the area during their annual migration periods. It is possible that the bald eagle may nest within the IBA, but this has not been confirmed. Raptors which do nest in the forests of the IBA include the northern goshawk, red-shouldered, broad-winged, red-tailed, sharp-shinned, and Cooper's hawks.[40]
The cool, damp habitat provided by the bogs at Black Moshannon State Park provides a home for some birds that are at the southern limit of their habitat in central Pennsylvania. The
Recreation
Cabins, camping, swimming, and picnics
Twenty-one cabins can be used by visitors at Black Moshannon State Park. Thirteen are rustic cabins, built by the CCC, with electric lights, a kitchen stove and a wood-burning stove, refrigerator, and bunk beds. Six are modern cabins, including the former ski lodge,[39] with electric heat, a bedroom, living room, kitchen, and bath. There are also two deluxe camping cottages with electric heat and similar amenities as the rustic cabins. All cabin renters need to bring their own household items such as linens and cookware.[21][37]
There are seventy-two campsites at Black Moshannon State Park. Each campsite has access to washhouses with flush toilets, showers, and laundry tubs. The campsites also have fire rings and picnic tables. There is also an organized group tenting area, which can accommodate up to 60 persons.[37] Some sites allow pets; there are also twelve full hook-up sites available. These have electric service, water and sewer hook-ups as well. Nine sites are tent-only.
The sandy beach on Black Moshannon Lake is open from Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day weekend, and the beach bathhouse was built by the CCC.[37] Beginning in 2008, lifeguards will not be posted at the beach.[58]
There are eight picnic pavilions built by the CCC in the park, which can be reserved for a fee. In addition to the pavilions, Black Moshannon State Park has 250 picnic tables in four large picnic areas. The use of these picnic tables and unreserved pavilions is first come, first served, and they are free of charge.[37]
Some modern activities are prohibited in Black Moshannon State Park. The operation of drones and similar radio controlled devices is prohibited. All-terrain vehicle usage is also prohibited and closely monitored by DCNR. Further, removing any natural items is illegal as is firewood cutting without a permit.
Boating, fishing, and hunting
Boating is a popular use of the waters of Black Moshannon Lake, which covers 250 acres (100 ha).
Cold water fishing is available in Black Moshannon Creek and several of its tributaries, where anglers will find
Hunting is permitted in most of Black Moshannon State Park. It helps to prevent an overpopulation of animals and the resulting overbrowsing of the understory.[56] The most common game species are ruffed grouse, eastern gray squirrel, wild turkey, and white-tailed deer. However, the hunting of groundhogs is prohibited.[37]
Trails
There are 21 miles (34 km) of trails at Black Moshannon State Park; all are open to hiking, most are open to cross-country skiing during the winter months, and select trails are open to snowmobiles and mountain bikes.[12] The park is especially popular among cross-country skiing enthusiasts due to its high elevation.[11] Skiers will find trails that are largely free of rocks, with a layer of grass beneath the snow. Sleepy Hollow, Seneca, Indian, and Hay Road Trails are most frequently used.[11] Eight of the park's fourteen trails are described above, the remaining six follow.
- Allegheny Front Trail is a 41.8-mile (67.3 km) hiking trail that passes through Black Moshannon State Park and Moshannon State Forest. It was built in the late 1990s and offers several vistas looking out from atop the Allegheny Front.[12][51]
- Blueberry Trail is a 1-mile (1,600 m) loop between the airport and bog with "abundant berries".[12]
- Bog Trail is a 0.5-mile (800 m)
- Lake Loop Trail is a 0.7-mile (1,100 m) loop which crosses the Pennsylvania Route 504 bridge over the lake and the bridge over Black Moshannon Creek just below the dam.[12]
- Moss-Hanne Trail is an 7.7-mile (12.4 km) trail through the Black Moshannon Bog Natural Area. It is open to hiking and cross-country skiing. The trail passes through pine plantations, hardwood forests, spruce groves, hemlock-filled bottomlands, patches of wild blueberries, and by beaver ponds. The area is marshy; waterproof footwear is recommended and parts of the trail are boardwalks.[12] Bikes are prohibited on the Moss-Hanne trail.
- Snowmobile Trail is a 1.1-mile (1.8 km) trail that departs the park area behind Pavilion 6. It provides access to the many miles of trails in Moshannon State Forest that are open to recreational snowmobiling. It is open during summer months for hiking and mountain biking.[12]
Friends of Black Moshannon State Park
The Friends of Black Moshannon State Park is a volunteer organization that promotes the recreational use of the park through a summer festival. The group also works with the park staff to maintain the park lands, serve as campground hosts, survey the eastern bluebird population, and organize conservation projects.[60]
The Summer Festival usually takes place over the fourth weekend of July. Events at the festival recall the lumbering history of the park. Log rolling, axe throwing, and cross-cut sawing events are held, as are horseshoe and seed spitting contests.[60] Black Moshannon Lake is open to canoe races and fishing. A Saturday night bonfire party is held at the beach, with music and refreshments.[60]
Nearby state parks
The following state parks are within 30 miles (48 km) of Black Moshannon State Park:[2][61][62]
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References
- ^ a b c "Black Moshannon State Park". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. August 2, 1979. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- ^ a b 2019 General Highway Map Centre County Pennsylvania (PDF) (Map). 1:65,000. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Bureau of Planning and Research, Geographic Information Division. Retrieved June 24, 2020. Note: shows Black Moshannon State Park
- The Pennsylvania Manualarea is slightly larger than the value on the park's website of 3,394 acres (1,374 ha).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Black Moshannon State Park: History". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Black Moshannon State Park, Family Cabin District" (PDF). Pennsylvania Cultural Resources Geographic Information System. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- ^ "DCNR Names New Manager at Black Moshannon State Park". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. January 24, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
- ^ a b "25 Must-see Pennsylvania State Parks". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- ^ OCLC 2696039.
- ^ OCRtypos.
- ^ ISBN 0-89271-090-X.
- ^ a b c d e Thornbloom, Gary. "Going Where the Snow Is" (PDF). Pennsylvania Sierra Club. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Hiking at Black Moshannon State Park". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-103-14922-3.
- ISBN 1-889037-11-7.(PDF) from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2020..
Note: this website quotes and cites Donnehoo's book Stephen A. Runkle (September 2003). "Native American Waterbody and Place Names within the Susquehanna River Basin and Surrounding Subbasins, Publication 229" (PDF). The Susquehanna River Basin Commission. Archived - ^ a b c d "The Pennsylvania Lumber Museum – History". Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
- ^ OCRtypos)
- ^ a b c "The ABC's of Centre County History". Centre County Historical Society. Archived from the original on April 18, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2020. Note: See U for "Underwood Mills/Beaver Mills/Star Mill" entry
- ^ a b c d e f "Black Moshannon State Park, Beach and Day Use District" (PDF). Pennsylvania Cultural Resources Geographic Information System. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- ^ ISBN 0-7627-0924-3.
- (PDF) from the original on January 17, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
- ^ a b c "CCC Years: The Civilian Conservation Corps". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
- ^ "History Company 359, S-71-Pa., Philipsburg, Pa" (PDF). Civilian Conservation Corps. 1936. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
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- ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places – Pennsylvania (PA) – Centre County – Historic Districts". National Register of Historic Places. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- ^ a b "Black Moshannon State Park, Maintenance District" (PDF). Pennsylvania Cultural Resources Geographic Information System. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- ^ Snyder, Dick (August 31, 1941). "Pennsylvania Adds to Its Large Catalogue Of Scenic and Historic Attractions". The New York Times. p. XXI.
- ^ "290 Fliers in Rendezvous; Pennsylvania Civil Air Patrol Stages Training Operation". The New York Times. June 1, 1942. p. 28.
- ^ "Pennsylvania Aviation History". Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
- PDF, effective 2007-12-20. Airport IQ 5010. Retrieved on June 25, 2020.
- ^ "SZ-1: Mid State Regional Airport". SEDA – Council of Governments. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
- ^ Thornbloom, Gary. "Corridor O Interchange Poses Threat to Moshannon State Forest Lands" (PDF). Pennsylvania Sierra Club. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- ^ Laws enacted in the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania: Session of 1961. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 1961.
- ^ "Reports on Skiing Conditions". The New York Times. March 20, 1965. p. 22.
- ^ a b "Pennsylvania Seeks Ski Operators". The New York Times. October 26, 1969. p. M9.
- ^ ISBN 0-89271-056-X.
- ^ United States Geological Survey. "Black Moshannon (PA) Quadrangle". Map. Microsoft Research Maps (formerly TerraServer-USA). Archived from the original on November 9, 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Black Moshannon State Park". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2006.
- ^ GAI Consultants, Inc. (March 1979). "Susquehanna River Basin, Black Moshannon Creek, Centre County, Pennsylvania, Kephart Dam, NDS I.D. No. PA-00447, PENN DER I.D. No. 14-89, Phase I Inspection Report, National Dam Inspection Program" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ^ a b "Black Moshannon State Park" (PDF) (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Michelle Cohen & Stephen Goin (May 2004). "Pennsylvania Important Bird Area #33" (PDF). Pennsylvania Audubon Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
- ^ Sarah Rafacz (March 7, 2018). "Gun club is fighting eviction from Black Mo". Centre Daily Times. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
- ^ John Beauge (April 9, 2019). "Gun club, DCNR settle suit over Black Moshannon State Park lease for $299,000". Penn-Live (Patriot News). Retrieved June 25, 2020.
- ^ "This Weekend's List of Things To Do in Pennsylvania". The New York Times (Advertisement). July 24, 1987. p. C4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Black Moshannon State Park: Wildlife". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2006.
- ^ a b "Natural Areas". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ "Audubon names 73 important bird areas in state". Resource: Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. January 7, 1997. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
- ^ OCLC 17150333.
- ^ ISBN 0-87842-227-7.
- ^ Berg, T.M. (1981). "Atlas of Preliminary Geologic Quadrangle Maps of Pennsylvania: Black Moshannon" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2020. Note: The entire 1981 "Atlas of preliminary geologic quadrangle maps of Pennsylvania" by Berg, T. M. and Dodge, C. M. is available to download here
- ISBN 0-8182-0227-0.
- ^ a b Cramer, Ben. "An Eagle's Eye View from the Allegheny Front". Pennsylvania Sierra Club. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ "Climate of Pennsylvania" (PDF). Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania State Climatologist. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- ^ "The Study Area" (PDF). Operation Scarlift Reports: Clearfield/Moshannon Scarlift Report. Abandoned Mine Reclamation Clearinghouse. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2020. Note: Although the report says it was "prepared by outside consultants", it does not identify them.
- ^ a b "Monthly Averages for Black Moshannon State Park". The Weather Channel Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2009.
- ^ Audubon Society. Retrieved December 20, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ a b c "About the Pennsylvania Game Commission". Pennsylvania Game Commission. Archived from the original on May 25, 2005. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
- ^ "Important Bird Areas: Black Moshannon State Park & State Forest, Pennsylvania". Audubon Society. Archived from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
- ^ "Pa. state parks going without life guards at beaches in 2008". Times Leader. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
- ISBN 0-9605908-2-X.
- ^ a b c Lenker, Brook. "Friends of Black Moshannon State Park". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ Michels, Chris (1997). "Latitude/Longitude Distance Calculation". Northern Arizona University. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
- ^ "Find a Park by Region (interactive map)". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
External links
- "Maps of Black Moshannon State Park". (2321 KB)