Black Nova Scotians
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Black Nova Scotians (also known as African Nova Scotians and Afro-Nova Scotians) are an ethnic group consisting of
In this period, British missionaries began to develop educational opportunities for Black Nova Scotians through the
The decline of slavery in Nova Scotia happened in large part by local judicial decisions in keeping with those by the British courts of the late 18th century.The next major migration happened during the
In the 20th century, Black Nova Scotians organized for civil rights, establishing such groups as the Nova Scotia Association for the Advancement of Coloured People, the Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission, the Black United Front, and the Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia. In the 21st century, the government and grassroots groups have initiated actions in Nova Scotia to address past harm done to Black Nova Scotians, such as the Africville Apology, the Viola Desmond Pardon, the restorative justice initiative for the Nova Scotia Home for Colored Children, and most recently the official apology to the No. 2 Construction Battalion.
Demographics
According to the 2021 Census, 59.1% of African Nova Scotians are
Settlements
Black Nova Scotians were initially established in rural settings, which usually functioned independently until the 1960s. Black Nova Scotians in urban areas today still trace their roots to these rural settlements. Some of the settlements include: Gibson Woods, Greenville,
Prominent Black neighbourhoods exist in most towns and cities in Nova Scotia including Halifax, Truro, New Glasgow, Sydney, Digby, Shelburne and Yarmouth. Black neighbourhoods in Halifax include Uniacke Square and Mulgrave Park. The ethnically diverse Whitney Pier neighbourhood of Sydney has a significant Black population, first drawn there by the opening of the Dominion Iron and Steel Company steel mill in the early 20th century.
List of areas with Black populations higher than provincial average
- Halifax (3.8%)
Over 10,000
- Dartmouth North (9.7%)
- Whitney Pier (7.7%)
- Clayton Park (7.5%)
- Spryfield(7.2%)
- Cole Harbour (7%)
- Dartmouth (6.5%)
- Rockingham (5%)
- Truro (3.9%)
- West Hants County(2.4%)
Over 5,000
- Preston (23%) including Cherry Brook & Lake Loon
- North End Halifax (21%)
- West End Halifax (8.3%)
- Yarmouth (7.8%)
- Lake Echo (6.1%)
- Digby (municipal district) (4.5%)
- Amherst (3.9%)
- New Glasgow (3.9%)
- New Minas(3.8%)
Over 1,000
- North Preston(99%)
- East Preston (80%)
- Upper Hammonds Plains (17.9%)
- South End (New Glasgow) (17%)
- Three Mile Plains & Five Mile Plains (15.5%)
- Shelburne (town) (13.8%)
- Acaciaville, Jordantown & Marshalltown (11.1%)
- Weymouth & Weymouth Falls area (9.2%)
- Beechville (9.5%)
- Digby (town) (8.4%)
- Lucasville (7.8%)
- Guysborough (7.6%)
- Lower Truro(6.3%)
- Liverpool (3%)
History
Black Nova Scotians by share of overall Black Canadian population:
Year | Number of Black Canadians | Number of Black Nova Scotians | Percent of all Black Canadians living in Nova Scotia |
---|---|---|---|
1881[21] | 21,394 | 7,062 | 33% |
1951[22] | 18,020 | 8,141 | 45% |
2016[23] | 1,198,545 | 21,910 | 2% |
17th century
Port Royal
The first recorded Black person in Canada was
18th century
Louisbourg
Of the 10,000 French living at
Halifax
Among the founders recorded for Halifax, were 17 free Black people. By 1767, there were 54 Black people living in Halifax.[32][33] When Halifax, Nova Scotia, was established (1749), some British people brought slaves to the city. For example, shipowner and trader Joshua Mauger sold enslaved people at auction there. A few newspaper advertisements were published for runaway slaves.[34][35]
The first Black community in Halifax was on Albemarle Street, which later became the site of the first school for Black students in Nova Scotia (1786).[36][37][38] The school for Black students was the only charitable school in Halifax for the next 26 years. Whites were not allowed to attend.[39][37][40][41][42][43][44]
Prior to 1799, 29 recorded Black people were buried in the
According to a 1783 report, 73 Black people arrived in Halifax from New York.[48] Of the 4007 Black people who came to Nova Scotia in 1783 as part of promised resettlement by the Crown, 69% (2775) were free, 35% (1423) were former British soldiers, and 31% (1232) were slaves of white Loyalists. While 41 former slaves were sent to Dartmouth, none were sent to Halifax.[49] 550 Jamaican Maroons lived in Halifax for four years (1796–1800); they were resettled in Freetown (now Sierra Leone).[50] A return in December 1816 indicates there were 155 Black people who migrated to Halifax during the War of 1812.[51]
American Revolution
The British had promised enslaved people of rebels freedom if they joined their forces (See Dunmore's Proclamation and Philipsburg Proclamation). Approximately three thousand Black Loyalists were evacuated by ship to Nova Scotia between April and November 1783, traveling on Navy vessels or British chartered private transports.[52] This group was made up largely of tradespeople and labourers. Many of these African Americans had roots in the American states of Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia and Maryland.[53] Some came from Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York as well.[54] Many of these African-American settlers were recorded in the Book of Negroes.
In 1785 in Halifax, educational opportunities began to develop with the establishment of
-
Quaker who was the chief assistant of John Clarkson in helping the Black Nova Scotian Settlers emigrate to Sierra Leone (1792) – Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)[59]
-
Reverend William Furmage, Huntingdonian Missionary to the Black Loyalists, established black school in Halifax[56][57]
-
Charles Inglis, supported education for Black Nova Scotians
Black Pioneers
Many of the black Loyalists performed military service in the British Army, particularly as part of the only black regiment of the war, the
Birchtown
Blucke led the founding of
Tracadie
The other significant Black Loyalist settlement is Tracadie. Led by Thomas Brownspriggs, Black Nova Scotians who had settled at Chedabucto Bay behind the present-day village of Guysborough migrated to Tracadie (1787).[68] None of the Black people in eastern Nova Scotia migrated to Sierra Leone.
One of the Black Loyalists was Andrew Izard (c. 1755 – ?). He was formerly enslaved by Ralph Izard in St. George, South Carolina. He worked on a rice plantation and grew up on Combahee. When he was young he was valued at 100 pounds. In 1778 Izard made his escape. During the American Revolution he worked for the British army in the wagonmaster-general's department. He was on one of the final ships to leave New York in 1783. He traveled on the Nisbett in November, which sailed to Port Mouton. The village burned to the ground in the spring of 1784 and he was transported to Guysborough. There he raised a family and still has descendants that live in the community.[69]
Education in the Black community was initially advocated by
Abolition of slavery, 1787–1812
While most Black people who arrived in Nova Scotia during the American Revolution were free, others were not.
Led by Richard John Uniacke, in 1787, 1789 and again on January 11, 1808, the Nova Scotian legislature refused to legalize slavery.[79][80] Two chief justices, Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange (1790–1796) and Sampson Salter Blowers (1797–1832) waged "judicial war" in their efforts to free enslaved people from their owners in Nova Scotia.[81][82][83] They were held in high regard in the colony. Justice Alexander Croke (1801–1815) also impounded American slave ships during this time period (the most famous being the Liverpool Packet). The last slave sale in Nova Scotia occurred in 1804.[84] During the war, Nova Scotian Sir William Winniett served as a crew on board HMS Tonnant in the effort to free enslaved people from America. (As the Governor of the Gold Coast, Winniett would later also work to end the slave trade in Western Africa.) By the end of the War of 1812 and the arrival of the Black Refugees, there were few people left enslaved in Nova Scotia.[72][85] (The Slave Trade Act outlawed the slave trade in the British Empire in 1807 and the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 outlawed slavery all together.)
-
Abolitionist Richard John Uniacke, helped free Black Nova Scotian slaves
-
Chief Justice Sampson Salter Blowers, freed Black Nova Scotian slaves
-
Chief Justice Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange, freed Black Nova Scotian slaves
-
Sir Alexander Croke
-
Pictou, Nova Scotia
Jamaican Maroons
According to one historian, on June 26, 1796, 543 men, women and children, Jamaican Maroons, were deported on board the ships Dover, Mary and Anne, from Jamaica after being defeated in an uprising against the British colonial government.[86] However, many historians disagree on the number who were transported from Jamaica to Nova Scotia, with one saying that 568 Maroons of Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) made the trip in 1796.[87] It seems that just under 600 left Jamaica, with 17 dying on the ship, and 19 in their first winter in Nova Scotia. A Canadian surgeon counted 571 Maroons in Nova Scotia in 1797.[88] Their initial destination was Lower Canada but on July 21 and 23, the ships arrived in Nova Scotia. At this time Halifax was experiencing a major construction boom initiated by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn's efforts to modernize the city's defenses. The many building projects had created a labour shortage. Edward was impressed by the Maroons and immediately put them to work at the Citadel in Halifax, Government House, and other defense works throughout the city.
The British Lieutenant Governor
19th century
In 1808,
War of 1812
The next major migration of Black people into Nova Scotia occurred between 1813 and 1815.
Canada was not suited to the large-scale
Royal Acadian School
In 1814, Walter Bromley opened the Royal Acadian School which included many Black students – children and adults – whom he taught on the weekends because they were employed during the week.[95] Some of the Black students entered into business in Halifax while others were hired as servants.[96]
In 1836, the African School was established in Halifax from the Protestant Gospel School (Bray School) and was soon followed by similar schools at Preston, Hammond's Plains and Beech Hill.[97][98]
New Horizons Baptist Church
Following Black Loyalist preacher David George, Baptist minister John Burton was one of the first ministers to integrate Black and white Nova Scotians into the same congregation.[99] In 1811 Burton's church had 33 members, the majority of whom were free Black people from Halifax and the neighbouring settlements of Preston and Hammonds Plains. According to historian Stephen Davidson, they were "shunned, or merely tolerated, by the rest of Christian Halifax, the they were first warmly received in the Baptist Church."[99] Burton became known as "an apostle to the coloured people" and would often be sent out by the Baptist association on missionary visits to the black communities surrounding Halifax. He was the mentor of Richard Preston.
Preston and others went on to establish a network of socially active Black baptist churches throughout Nova Scotia, with the Halifax church being referred to as the "Mother Church."[100] Five of these churches were established in Halifax: Preston (1842), Beechville (1844), Hammonds Plains (1845), and another in Africville (1849) and Dartmouth.[102] From meetings held at the church, they also established the African Friendly Society, the African Abolition Society, and the African United Baptist Association.
The church remained the centre of social activism throughout the 20th century. Reverends at the church included William A. White (1919–1936) and William Pearly Oliver (1937–1962).
American Civil War
Numerous Black Nova Scotians fought in the
20th century
Coloured Hockey League
In 1894, an all-Black
World War One
The
An earlier black military unit in Nova Scotia was the Victoria Rifles.
Nova Scotia Association for the Advancement of Coloured People
Founded by Pearleen Oliver[107] and led by minister William Pearly Oliver, the Nova Scotia Association for the Advancement of Coloured People was formed in 1945 out of the Cornwallis Street Baptist Church. The organization was intent of improving the standard of living for Black Nova Scotians. The organization also attempted to improve Black-white relations in co-operation with private and governmental agencies. The organization was joined by 500 Black Nova Scotians.[108] By 1956, the NSAACP had branches in Halifax, Cobequid Road, Digby, Weymouth Falls, Beechville, Inglewooe, Hammonds Plains and Yarmouth. Preston and Africville branches were added in 1962, the same year New Road, Cherry Brook, and Preston East requested branches.[109] In 1947, the Association successfully took the case of Viola Desmond to the Supreme Court of Canada.[110] It also pressured the Children's Hospital in Halifax to allow for Black women to become nurses; it advocated for inclusion and challenged racist curriculum in the Department of Education. The Association also developed an Adult Education program with the government department.
By 1970, over one-third of the 270 members were white.[109]
Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission
Along with Oliver and the direct involvement of the premier of Nova Scotia Robert Stanfield, many Black activists were responsible for the establishment of the Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission (1967).[111] Originally the mandate of the commission was primarily to address the plight of Black Nova Scotians. The first employee and administrative officer of the commission was Gordon Earle.
Black United Front
In keeping with the times, Reverend William Oliver began the Black United Front in 1969, which explicitly adopted a Black separatist agenda.[112] The Black separatist movement of the United States had a significant influence on the mobilization of the Black community in 20th Century Nova Scotia. This Black separatist approach to address racism and black empowerment was introduced to Nova Scotia by Marcus Garvey in the 1920s.[113] Garvey argued that Black people would never get a fair deal in white society, so they ought to form separate republics or return to Africa. White people are considered a homogenous group who are essentially racist and, in that sense, are considered unredeemable in efforts to address racism.
Garvey visited Nova Scotia twice, first in the 1920s, which led to a Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA) office in Cape Breton, and then the famous 1937 visit.[114] He was initially drawn by the founding of an African Orthodox Church in Sydney in 1921 and maintained contact with the ex-pat West Indian community. The UNIA invited him to visit in 1937.[113] (Garvey presided over UNIA regional conferences and conventions in Toronto, in 1936, 1937, and 1938. At the 1937 meeting he inaugurated his School of African Philosophy.)
Despite objections from
Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia
Reverend William Oliver eventually left the BUF and became instrumental in establishing the Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia, which opened in 1983. The organization houses a museum, library and archival area. Oliver designed the Black Cultural Centre to help all Nova Scotians become aware of how Black culture is woven into the heritage of the province. The centre also helps Nova Scotians trace their history of championing human rights and overcoming racism in the province. For his efforts in establishing the four leading organizations in the 20th century to support Black Nova Scotians and, ultimately, all Nova Scotians, William Oliver was awarded the Order of Canada in 1984.
Migration out of Nova Scotia
Beginning in the 1920s and 1930s, African Nova Scotians began leaving their settlements in order to find work in larger cities and towns such as Halifax, Sydney, Truro and New Glasgow. Many left Nova Scotia for cities such as Toronto and Montreal, while others left Canada altogether for the United States.[119][120]
By the 1960s, a Black Nova Scotian neighbourhood had developed in Toronto, around the Kensington Market-Alexandra Park area. First Baptist Church, the oldest Black institution in Toronto, became the spiritual centre of this community.[123] In 1972, Alexandra Park is said to have had a Black Nova Scotian population of over 2,000 – making it more populous than any of the Black settlements in Nova Scotia at the time. Escaping rural communities with little education or skills, young Black Nova Scotians in Toronto faced high poverty and unemployment rates.[124]
In 1977, between 1,200 and 2,400 Black Nova Scotians lived in Montreal. Though dispersed throughout the city, many settled among African-Americans and English-speaking West Indians in
Dwayne Johnson, Arlene Duncan, Beverly Mascoll, Tommy Kane, and Wayne Simmonds are examples of prominent individuals who have at least one Black Nova Scotian parent that settled outside the province.
21st century
Organizations
Several organizations have been created by Black Nova Scotians to serve the community. Some of these include the Black Educators Association of Nova Scotia, African Nova Scotian Music Association, Health Association of African Canadians and the Black Business Initiative. Individuals involved in these and other organizations worked together with various officials to orchestrate the government apologies and pardons for past incidents of racial discrimination.
Africville Apology
The
Viola Desmond pardon
On April 14, 2010, the
In honour of Desmond, the provincial government has named the first Nova Scotia Heritage Day after her.
Nova Scotia Home for Colored Children apology
Children in an orphanage that opened in 1921, the Nova Scotia Home for Colored Children, suffered physical, psychological and sexual abuse by staff over a 50-year period. Ray Wagner is the lead counsel for the former residents who successfully made a case against the orphanage.[128] In 2014, the Premier of Nova Scotia Stephen McNeil wrote a letter of apology and about 300 claimants are to receive monetary compensation for their damages.[129]
Immigration
Since the immigration reforms of the 1970s, a growing number of people of African descent have moved to Nova Scotia. Members of these groups are not considered a part of the distinct Black Nova Scotian community, although they are Black Canadian. The last group to be accepted as members of the Black Nova Scotian ethnic group are Bajans who came to Cape Breton in the early 1900s, referred to as the "later arrivals".[130]
Top 5 immigrant ethnic origins for people of African descent in Nova Scotia:[20]
Country of origin | Population 2016 |
---|---|
Jamaica | 480 |
Nigeria | 350 |
Bahamas
|
230 |
Ethiopia | 185 |
Ghana | 185 |
Notable Black Nova Scotians
See also
- Indigenous Black Canadians
- Black Canadians in New Brunswick
- Thomas Peters, Black Loyalist who settled Nova Scotia
- The Book of Negroes (2007), novel based on the historic document of the same name
- Poor Boy's Game
- Speak It! From the Heart of Black Nova Scotia
- Black Cop
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- ^ birthplaceofhockey.com Archived 2006-11-05 at the Wayback Machine, Garth Vaughan © 2001. Accessed on August 19, 2012.
- ^ Martins, Daniel, Hockey historian credits black player with first slapshot Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine, CanWest News Service, January 31, 2007. Accessed on August 19, 2012.
- ^ Smith, Emma (26 February 2021). "New book brings to light legacy of civil rights crusader Pearleen Oliver". CBC. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ Colin A. Thomson. Born with a call: a biography of Dr. William Pearly Oliver, C.M., p. 79[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Thomson, p. 81.
- ^ Thomson p. 93.
- ^ Andrew MacKay. First Chairperson. In Bridglal Pachai (ed.), Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission: 25th Anniversary. 1992, p. 19.
- ^ Thomson, p. 121.
- ^ a b Jon Tattrie. Sunday Chronicle-Herald, November 29, 2009 Archived August 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Paul MacDougall, "Marcus Garvey and Nova Scotia: Birth of a Movement, Birth of a Religion, Birth of a Church" Archived 2021-09-20 at the Wayback Machine. Shunpiking Magazine. Black History & African Heritage Supplement. February/March 2000, Volume 5, Number 32. In 1937 Marcus Garvey visited Africville and gave a speech at the African Methodist Church, a speech Bob Marley referenced in the lyrics to "Redemption Song".
- ^ Martin Luther King Jr. Where Do We Go From here: Community or chaos? (1968).
- ^ a b "Black Panther's story is also story of N.S. in '70s". 14 April 2014. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ Tim Mitchell, "Black rights advocate refuses to quit", The Mail Archive, February 19, 2009.
- ^ Thomson, p. 137.
- ISSN 1715-0698. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ^ Clairmont, Donald H.; Magill, Dennis W. (1970). Nova Scotian Blacks: An Historical and Structural Overview. Institute of Public Affairs. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-58465-499-5.
- ^ Lacey, Keith (April 13, 2006). "Nigerian was first black man hired by Inco". Sudbury.com. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
- ^ "Now and Then: First Baptist Church". Torontoist. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ^ Austin, Bobby William (May 1972). "The Social Status of Blacks in Toronto". McMaster University.
- . Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ISBN 1-896456-45-6.
- ^ Carlson, Kathryn Blaze (April 14, 2010). "'Canada's Rosa Parks,' Viola Desmond, posthumously pardoned". National Post. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
- ^ CBC News, "Home for Colored Children victims tell court about rape, beatings", July 7, 2014.
- ^ CBC news "Home for Colored Children apology: N.S. says sorry to ex-residents", October 10, 2014.
- ^ "African Nova Scotian Community | African Nova Scotian Affairs". ansa.novascotia.ca. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
External links
- Nova Scotia Archives & Records Management – African Nova Scotians Archived 2013-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
Further reading
- Martin, Shayla (September 12, 2022). "A Journey Through Black Nova Scotia. The 400-year history of African culture in this maritime Canadian province is expansive, but it's a story that's been tucked into the shadows of Canadian history. Now, grass-root initiatives are changing that". The New York Times.
- Walker, James (1992). The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0802074027.
- Schama, Simon (2005). Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution. BBC Books. ISBN 0-06-053916-X.
- Campbell, Mavis; Ross, George (1993). George Ross and the Maroons : from Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone. Africa World Press. ISBN 978-0865433847.
- History of the Maroons. 1803
- William Renwick Riddell. "Slavery in the Maritime Provinces". The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 5, No. 3 (July 1920), pp. 359–375
- Catherine Cottreau-Robins, "Timothy Ruggles – A Loyalist Plantation in Nova Scotia, 1784–1800". Doctorate Thesis. Dalhousie University, 2012
- Williams, Dawn P. (2006), Who's Who in Black Canada, Volume 2, D.P. Williams, ISBN 0-9731384-2-4
- Allen Robertson, "Bondage and Freedom: Apprentices, Servants and Slaves in Colonial Nova Scotia"; Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society. Vol. #44 (1996); pp. 13.
- Wilson Head. "Discrimination Against Blacks in Nova Scotia: The Criminal Justice System" (1989).
- John Grant, "Black Immigration into Nova Scotia". Journal of Negro History, 1973
- The African in Canada; The Maroons of Jamaica and Nova Scotia (1890)
- Papers relative to the settling of the Maroons in His Majesty's province of Nova Scotia (1798)
- A brief history of the coloured Baptists of Nova Scotia and their first organization as churches, A.D. 1832 (1895)
- African Nova Scotian Family Names by Region