Black lion tamarin

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Black lion tamarin[1][2]
Black lion tamarin at Bristol Zoo
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[4]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Callitrichidae
Genus: Leontopithecus
Species:
L. chrysopygus
Binomial name
Leontopithecus chrysopygus
(Mikan, 1823)
Synonyms

ater Lesson, 1840

The black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus), also known as the golden-rumped lion tamarin, is a

New World monkeys, with little known about it.[5] It was thought to be extinct for 65 years until its rediscovery in 1970.[6]
In 2016 an adult couple was found to the east, in the Caetetus Ecological Station, after six years with no sightings.[7]

A 2020 assessment by the

primary forests
along the circumference of its home range.

On average, the black lion tamarin weighs 300–700 grams (11–25 oz).[8]

Taxonomy

The classification of the black lion tamarin was debated, as one group of taxonomists classified the lion tamarins by their geography, while other taxonomists placed them all into one species and then divided them into subspecies. More recently, taxonomists have agreed to base classification predominantly on their geography, though sometimes characteristics such as long calls are used to classify different species, similar to the use of

bird songs in taxonomy.[5] For differentiating within Leontopithecus, the black lion tamarin is categorized as starting its call at the lowest note and going through the greatest range of pitch.[5]

Behaviour and ecology

Diet

Black lion tamarin in Brazil.

The diet of the black lion tamarin is seasonal and varies with the habitats it moves through.[6] When the tamarin is in the dryland forest, it usually eats a variety of fruits, whereas in a swampy environment it predominantly feeds on the gum of various trees.[6] In addition to seasonal variation, the black lion tamarin exhibits daily and monthly cycles of food preferences.[9]

Independent of the environment it occupies, a tamarin spends long periods each day searching for different types of

palm leaves, in loose bark, and in tree cavities, with hands that have specialized fingers for prying.[3]
The tamarin also positions itself in trees and scans for insects from above, usually four meters above the forest floor.

The black lion tamarin eats the gum and fruit of trees, climbing up to ten meters to reach them and as these are easily found, the tamarin spends 12.8% of its day obtaining them, rather than the 41.2% of the day spent foraging for insects in the high trees.[6]

Reproduction

Black lion tamarins mate and have offspring during the spring, summer, and fall months (August to March in Brazil).

litter per year, though 20% females produce two litters per year.[10] The mean litter size is two infants.[10]

Most

mammals produce a 50:50 ratio of males to females. The black lion tamarin population almost always produce a 60:40 male to female ratio.[10]

Most infants deaths occur within the first two weeks of birth, with newborns of first-time mothers having the lowest survival rates. The number of tamarins that survive to adulthood in the wild is 10% higher than those in captivity.[10]

Food sharing

During the first few months after birth, the infant is unable to obtain food on its own. For this reason, the infant rides on the parent's back and receives food from the parents. It drinks milk in the 4 to 5 weeks after birth; after that, the parents and other group-members share food with the infant. Sharing involves both offers from the parents and begging by the infant. Usually, until the age of approximately 15 weeks, the infant will receive the majority of its food (especially insects) from others.[11] The number of offers from group-members peaks at week 7; after week 15, sharing slowly declines, stopping by week 26.[11]

Communication

Morro do Diabo State Park is the major conservation unit of the black lion tamarin.

Within Leontopithecus, the black lion tamarin is the largest in size and has the lowest-pitched calls, using longer notes than other species.[5] The black lion tamarin use calls to defend territory, maintain cohesion within the group, attract a mate, and contact individuals who might be lost. Most calls can be recorded in the morning, and can be attributed to the reunion of mated pairs. Mated pairs are mostly monogamous but polyandry has been observed in some populations.[8]

Conservation

Black lion tamarin conservation units in São Paulo State. Morro do Diabo State Park (yellow line) is the major forest remnant along black lion tamarin distribution. Mico Leão Preto Ecological Station (red line) fragments also hold groups.

The black lion tamarin is rated

Tucano (which have roughly 3.66 and 1.0 individuals per square kilometer respectively).[12]

There have been several attempts to bring black lion tamarins into captivity and to salvage what little habitat they have left within the Morro do Diabo State Park, as well as to increase breeding rates. Their population decline in the wild, however, could cause the black lion tamarins to become entirely endemic to the Morro do Diabo.

References

  1. OCLC 62265494
    .
  2. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6
    .
  3. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11505A17935400.en
    . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  4. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  5. ^
    S2CID 83673079
    .
  6. ^
    S2CID 41247033
    .
  7. ^ Mico-leão-preto ressurge na Estação Ecológica Caetetus (in Portuguese), Fundação Florestal, 8 September 2016, retrieved 2017-02-21
  8. ^ a b Gray, D. (2003). "Black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysophygus)". Animal Diversity Web (ADW). Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  9. doi:10.1590/s0101-81751999000600022
    .
  10. ^
    S2CID 84924113
    .
  11. ^
    S2CID 8927814
    .
  12. ^
    doi:10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00163.x
    .

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Black Lion Tamarin.
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