Blender (software)

In Blender 2.82, a new fluid simulation system called Mantaflow was added, replacing the old FLIP system.[90] In Blender 2.92, another fluid simulation system called APIC, which builds on Mantaflow,^{[citation needed]} was added. Vortices and more stable calculations are improved from the FLIP system.

Cloth Simulation

Cloth simulation is done by simulating vertices with a rigid body simulation. If done on a 3D mesh, it will produce similar effects as the soft body simulation.

Animation

Blender's keyframed animation capabilities include

Rendering

Blender includes three render engines since version 2.80: EEVEE, Workbench and Cycles.

Cycles is a

Cycles Hybrid Rendering is possible in Version 2.92 with Optix. Tiles are calculated with GPU in combination with CPU.[92]

EEVEE is a new physically based real-time renderer. While it is capable of driving Blender's real-time viewport for creating assets thanks to its speed, it can also work as a renderer for final frames.

Workbench is a real-time render engine designed for fast rendering during modelling and animation preview. It is not intended for final rendering. Workbench supports assigning colors to objects for visual distinction.^[93]

Cycles

Cycles is a

A Benchmark of Blender 3.2 shows great advantages of long supported CUDA against newer API OptiX and brand new HIP for AMD Hardware.[100] Some improvements in performance were added for HIP and OptiX in Blender 3.3 and 3.4.

Support for Intel Arc GPUs arrived in Blender 3.3 LTS.^[101][102]

Integrator

The integrator is the core

The alternative is a branched path tracing integrator, which works mostly the same way. Branched path tracing splits the light rays at each intersection with an object according to different surface components,^[clarification needed] and takes all lights into account for shading instead of just one. This added complexity makes computing each ray slower but reduces noise in the render, especially in scenes dominated by direct (one-bounce) lighting.

Open Shading Language

Blender users can create their own nodes using the Open Shading Language (OSL), although it is important to note that this feature is not supported by GPUs.^[113]

Materials

Materials define the look of meshes, NURBS curves, and other geometric objects. They consist of three shaders to define the mesh's surface appearance, volume inside, and surface displacement.^[94]

The surface shader defines the light interaction at the surface of the mesh. One or more bidirectional scattering distribution functions, or

When the surface shader does not reflect or absorb light, it enters the volume (light transmission). If no volume shader is specified, it will pass straight through (or be refracted, see refractive index or IOR) to another side of the mesh.

If one is defined, a volume shader describes the light interaction as it passes through the volume of the mesh. Light may be

The shape of the surface may be altered by displacement shaders. In this way, textures can be used to make the mesh surface more detailed.

Depending on the settings, the displacement may be virtual-only modifying the

EEVEE (or Eevee) is a real-time PBR renderer included in Blender from version 2.8.^[114] This render engine was given the nickname EEVEE,^[115] after the Pokémon. The name was later made into the backronym "Extra Easy Virtual Environment Engine" or EEVEE.^[116]

Workbench

Using the default 3D viewport drawing system for modeling, texturing, etc.^[117]

External renderers

Free and open-source:^[118]

• Mitsuba Renderer^[119]
• YafaRay (previously Yafray)
• LuxCoreRender (previously LuxRender)
• Appleseed Renderer^[120]
• POV-Ray
• NOX Renderer^[121]
• Armory3D – a free and open source game engine for Blender written in Haxe^[122]
• Radeon ProRender – Radeon ProRender for Blender
• Malt Render – a non-photorealistic renderer with GLSL shading capabilities^[123]

Proprietary:

• Pixar RenderMan – Blender render addon for RenderMan^[124]
• Octane Render – OctaneRender plugin for Blender
• Indigo Renderer – Indigo for Blender
• V-Ray – V-Ray for Blender, V-Ray Standalone is needed for rendering
• Maxwell Render – B-Maxwell addon for Blender
• Thea Render – Thea for Blender^[125]
• Corona Renderer – Blender To Corona exporter, Corona Standalone is needed for rendering^[126]

Texturing and shading

Blender allows procedural and node-based textures, as well as

Post-production

Blender has a node-based compositor within the rendering pipeline, which is accelerated with OpenCL. It also includes a non-linear video editor called the Video Sequence Editor (VSE), with support for effects like Gaussian blur, color grading, fade and wipe transitions, and other video transformations. However, there is no built-in multi-core support for rendering video with the VSE.

Plugins/addons and scripts

Blender supports Python scripting for the creation of custom tools, prototyping, importing/exporting from other formats, and task automation. This allows for integration with several external render engines through plugins/addons. Blender itself can also be compiled & imported as a python library for further automation and development.

File format

Blender features an internal file system that can pack multiple scenes into a single ".blend" file.

• Most of Blender's ".blend" files are forward, backward, and cross-platform compatible with other versions of Blender, with the following exceptions:
  • Loading animations stored in post-2.5 files in Blender pre-2.5. This is due to the reworked animation subsystem introduced in Blender 2.5 being inherently incompatible with older versions.
  • Loading meshes stored in post 2.63. This is due to the introduction of BMesh, a more versatile mesh format.
  • Blender 2.8 ".blend" files are no longer fully backward compatible, causing errors when opened in previous versions.
  • Many 3.x ".blend" files are not completely backwards-compatible as well, and may cause errors with previous versions.
• All scenes, objects,
  materials
  , textures, sounds, images, and post-production effects for an entire animation can be packaged and stored in a single ".blend" file. Data loaded from external sources, such as images and sounds, can also be stored externally and referenced through either an absolute or relative file path. Likewise, ".blend" files themselves can also be used as libraries of Blender assets.
• Interface configurations are retained in ".blend" files.

A wide variety of import/export scripts that extend Blender capabilities (accessing the object data via an internal

Blender organizes data as various kinds of "data blocks" (akin to glTF), such as Objects, Meshes, Lamps, Scenes, Materials, Images, and so on. An object in Blender consists of multiple data blocks – for example, what the user would describe as a polygon mesh consists of at least an Object and a Mesh data block, and usually also a Material and many more, linked together. This allows various data blocks to refer to each other. There may be, for example, multiple Objects that refer to the same Mesh, and making subsequent editing of the shared mesh results in shape changes in all Objects using this Mesh. Objects, meshes, materials, textures, etc. can also be linked to other .blend files, which is what allows the use of .blend files as reusable resource libraries.

Import and export

The software supports a variety of 3D file formats for import and export, among them

The Blender Game Engine was a built-in real-time graphics and logic engine with features such as collision detection, a dynamics engine, and programmable logic. It also allowed the creation of stand-alone, real-time applications ranging from architectural visualization to video games. In April 2018, the engine was removed from the upcoming Blender 2.8 release series, due to updates and revisions to the engine lagging behind other game engines such as Unity and the open-source Godot.^[25] In the 2.8 announcements, the Blender team specifically mentioned the Godot engine as a suitable replacement for migrating Blender Game Engine users.^[26]

Blender Internal

Blender Internal, a biased rasterization engine and scanline renderer used in previous versions of Blender, was also removed for the 2.80 release in favor of the new "EEVEE" renderer, a realtime physically based renderer.^[128]

User interface

Commands

Most of the commands are accessible via hotkeys. There are also comprehensive graphical menus. Numeric buttons can be "dragged" to change their value directly without the need to aim at a particular widget, as well as being set using the keyboard. Both sliders and number buttons can be constrained to various step sizes with modifiers like the Ctrl and Shift keys. Python expressions can also be typed directly into number entry fields, allowing mathematical expressions to specify values.

Modes

Blender includes many modes for interacting with objects, the two primary ones being Object Mode and Edit Mode, which are toggled with the Tab key. Object mode is used to manipulate individual objects as a unit, while Edit mode is used to manipulate the actual object data. For example, an Object Mode can be used to move, scale, and rotate entire polygon meshes, and Edit Mode can be used to manipulate the individual vertices of a single mesh. There are also several other modes, such as Vertex Paint, Weight Paint, and Sculpt Mode.

Workspaces

The Blender GUI builds its tiled windowing system on top of one or multiple windows provided by the underlying platform. One platform window (often sized to fill the screen) is divided into sections and subsections that can be of any type of Blender's views or window types. The user can define multiple layouts of such Blender windows, called screens, and switch quickly between them by selecting from a menu or with keyboard shortcuts. Each window type's own GUI elements can be controlled with the same tools that manipulate the 3D view. For example, one can zoom in and out of GUI-buttons using similar controls, one zooms in and out in the 3D viewport. The GUI viewport and screen layout are fully user-customizable. It is possible to set up the interface for specific tasks such as video editing or UV mapping or texturing by hiding features not used for the task.

Development

Since the opening of the source code, Blender has experienced significant refactoring of the initial codebase and major additions to its feature set.

Improvements include an animation system refresh;^[129] a stack-based modifier system;^[130] an updated particle system^[131] (which can also be used to simulate hair and fur); fluid dynamics; soft-body dynamics; GLSL shaders support^[132] in the game engine; advanced UV unwrapping;^[133] a fully recoded render pipeline, allowing separate render passes and "render to texture"; node-based material editing and compositing; and projection painting.^[134]

Part of these developments was fostered by Google's Summer of Code program, in which the Blender Foundation has participated since 2005.

Historically, Blender has used Phabricator to manage its development but due to the announcement in 2021 that Phabricator would be discontinued,^[135] the Blender Institute began work on migrating to another software in early 2022.^[136] After extensive debate on what software it should choose^[137] it was finally decided to migrate to Gitea.^[138] The migration from Phabricator to Gitea is currently a work in progress.^[139]

Blender 2.8

Official planning for the next major revision of Blender after the 2.7 series began in the latter half of 2015, with potential targets including a more configurable UI (dubbed "Blender 101"), support for Physically based rendering (PBR) (dubbed EEVEE for "Extra Easy Virtual Environment Engine") to bring improved realtime 3D graphics to the viewport, allowing the use of C++11 and C99 in the codebase, moving to a newer version of OpenGL and dropping support for versions before 3.2, and a possible overhaul of the particle and constraint systems.^[140][141] Blender Internal renderer has been removed from 2.8.^[128] Code Quest was a project started in April 2018 set in Amsterdam, at the Blender Institute.^[142] The goal of the project was to get a large development team working in one place, in order to speed up the development of Blender 2.8.^[142] By June 29, 2018, the Code Quest project ended, and on July 2, the alpha version was completed.^[143] Beta testing commenced on November 29, 2018, and was anticipated to take until July 2019.^[144] Blender 2.80 was released on July 30, 2019.^[145]

Cycles X

On April 23, 2021, the Blender Foundation announced the Cycles X project, where they improved the Cycles architecture for future development. Key changes included a new kernel, removal of default tiled rendering (replaced by progressive refine), removal of branched path tracing, and the removal of OpenCL support. Volumetric rendering was also replaced with better algorithms.^{[146][147][148]} Cycles X had only been accessible in an experimental branch^[149] until September 21, 2021, when it was merged into the master build.^[150]

Support

Blender is extensively documented on its website.^[151] There are also a number of online communities dedicated to support, such as the Blender Stack Exchange.^[152]

Modified versions

Due to Blender's open-source nature, other programs have tried to take advantage of its success by repackaging and selling cosmetically modified versions of it. Examples include IllusionMage, 3DMofun, 3DMagix, and Fluid Designer,^[153] the latter being recognized as Blender-based.

Use in industry

Blender started as an in-house tool for NeoGeo, a Dutch commercial animation company.

History Channel, alongside many other professional 3D graphics programs.^[159]

anthropomorphic talking animals. Blender is used by NASA for many publicly available 3D models. Many 3D models on NASA's 3D resources page are in a native .blend format.^[161]

Special effects for episode 6 of Red Dwarf season X, screened in 2012, were created using Blender as confirmed by Ben Simonds of Gecko Animation.^{[162][163][164]} Blender was used for previsualization in Captain America: The Winter Soldier.^[165]

Some promotional artwork for

alternative hip-hop group Death Grips has used Blender to produce music videos. A screenshot from the program is briefly visible in the music video for Inanimate Sensation.^[167]

The visual effects for the TV series The Man in the High Castle were done in Blender, with some of the particle simulations relegated to Houdini.^{[168][169][170]} NASA also used Blender to develop an interactive web application Experience Curiosity to celebrate the 3rd anniversary of the Curiosity rover landing on Mars.^[171] This app^[172] makes it possible to operate the rover, control its cameras and the robotic arm and reproduces some of the prominent events of the Mars Science Laboratory mission.^[173] The application was presented at the beginning of the WebGL section on SIGGRAPH 2015.^{[174][List entry too long]}

Blender was used for both CGI and compositing for the movie

Murloc" in the 2016 film Warcraft.^[177]

Director David F. Sandberg used Blender for multiple shots in Lights Out,^[178] and Annabelle: Creation.^[179][180] Blender was used for parts of the credit sequences in Wonder Woman^[181] Blender was used for doing the animation in the film Cinderella the Cat.^[182]

VFX Artist Ian Hubert used Blender for the science fiction film Prospect.^[183] The 2018 film Next Gen was fully created in Blender by Tangent Animation. A team of developers worked on improving Blender for internal use, but it is planned to eventually add those improvements to the official Blender build.^[184][185]

The 2019 film I Lost My Body was largely animated using Blender's Grease Pencil tool by drawing over CGI animation allowing for a real sense of camera movement that is harder to achieve in purely traditionally drawn animation.^[186] Ubisoft Animation Studio will use Blender to replace its internal content creation software starting in 2020.^[187]

Evangelion: 3.0+1.0.^[188] They also signed up as Corporate Silver and Bronze members of Development Fund.^{[189][190][191]}

The 2020 film

RRR.^[197]

Open projects

It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Open projects of the Blender Foundation. (Discuss) (April 2023)

Big Buck Bunny promotional poster

Sintel promotional poster

Tears of Steel promotional poster

Since 2005, every one to two years the Blender Foundation has announced a new creative project to help drive innovation in Blender.^[198][199] In response to the success of the first open movie project, Elephants Dream, in 2006, the Blender Foundation founded the Blender Institute to be in charge of additional projects, with two projects announced at first: Big Buck Bunny, also known as Project Peach (a "furry and funny" short open animated film project); and Yo Frankie!, or Project Apricot, an open game utilizing the Crystal Space game engine that reused some of the assets created for Big Buck Bunny.

Elephants Dream (Project Orange)

Main article: Elephants Dream

In September 2005, some of the most notable Blender artists and developers began working on a short film using primarily

Netherlands Media Art Institute (NIMk). The codename, "Orange

", about the fruit, started the trend of giving each project a different fruity name. The resulting film, Elephants Dream, premiered on March 24, 2006.

Big Buck Bunny (Project Peach)

Main article: Big Buck Bunny

On October 1, 2007, a new team started working on a second open project, "Peach", for the production of the short movie Big Buck Bunny. This time, however, the creative concept was different. Instead of the deep and mystical style of Elephants Dream, things are more "funny and furry" according to the official site.^[200] The movie had its premiere on April 10, 2008. This later made its way to Nintendo 3DS's Nintendo Video in May 2012.^[201]

Yo Frankie! (Open Game Project: Apricot)

Main article: Yo Frankie!

"Apricot" was the project name for the production of a game based on the universe and characters of the Peach movie (Big Buck Bunny) using free software, including the Crystal Space framework. The resulting game is titled Yo Frankie!. The project started on February 1, 2008, and development was completed at the end of July. A finalized product was expected at the end of August; however, the release was delayed. The game was eventually released on December 9, 2008, under either the GNU GPL or LGPL, with all content being licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0.^[202]

Sintel (Project Durian)

Main article: Sintel

The Blender Foundation's Project

teenage girl and a young dragon as the main characters. The film premiered online on September 30, 2010.^[205] A game based on Sintel was officially announced on Blenderartists.org on May 12, 2010.^[206][207]

Many of the new features integrated into Blender 2.5 and beyond were a direct result of Project Durian.

Tears of Steel (Project Mango)

Main article: Tears of Steel

VFX

On October 2, 2011, the fourth open movie project, codenamed "Mango", was announced by the Blender Foundation.^[208][209] A team of artists assembled using an open call of community participation. It is the first Blender open movie to use live action as well as CG.

Filming for Mango started on May 7, 2012, and the movie was released on September 26, 2012. As with the previous films, all footage, scenes and models were made available under a free content compliant Creative Commons license.^[210][209]

According to the film's press release, "The film's premise is about a group of warriors and scientists, who gather at the '

Oude Kerk' in Amsterdam to stage a crucial event from the past, in a desperate attempt to rescue the world from destructive robots."^[211]

Cosmos Laundromat: First Cycle (Project Gooseberry)

Main article: Cosmos Laundromat

On January 10, 2011, Ton Roosendaal announced that the fifth open movie project would be codenamed "

moodboard had been constructed^[214] and development goals set. The initial ten minute pilot was released on YouTube on August 10, 2015.^[215] It won the SIGGRAPH 2016 Computer Animation Festival Jury's Choice award.^[216]

Glass Half

real-time rendering capabilities using OpenGL for 3D cartoon animation. It also marks the end of the fruit naming scheme. Glass Half was financed by the Blender Foundation with proceeds from the Blender Cloud.[218] It is a short, roughly three-minute long comedy in a gibberish language that addresses subjectivity in art. Caminandes Main article: Caminandes Caminandes is a series of animated short films envisioned by Pablo Vazquez of Argentina. It centers on a llama named Koro in Patagonia and his attempts to overcome various obstacles. The series only became part of the Open Movie Project starting with the second episode. Caminandes 1: Llama Drama (2013) Caminandes 2: Gran Dillama (2013) Caminandes 3: Llamigos (2016) Agent 327: Operation Barbershop This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2018) Agent 327: Operation Barbershop is a three-minute comic series Agent 327. This teaser film also acts as a proof-of-concept to attract funding for the full-length animated feature.[220] Agent 327: Operation Barbershop showcases the latest technology of Cycles engine, the render engine that has been included in Blender since 2011.[221] Assets from this teaser have been released under Creative Commons license via Blender Cloud.[220] Hero This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2018) Hero is the first open movie project to demonstrate the capabilities of the Grease Pencil, a 2D animation tool in Blender 2.8. It was put on YouTube on April 16, 2018. It has a roughly four-minute runtime, which includes over a minute of "behind-the-scenes" "making-of" footage. It showcases the art of Spanish animator Daniel Martínez Lara. Spring "Spring is the story of a shepherd girl and her dog, who face ancient spirits to continue the cycle of life. This poetic and visually stunning short film was written and directed by Andy Goralczyk, inspired by his childhood in the mountains of Germany." On October 25, 2017, an animated short film named Spring was announced. Spring was released April 4, 2019.[222][223] Its purpose was to test Blender 2.8's capabilities before its official release. Coffee Run "Fueled by caffeine, a young woman runs through the bittersweet memories of her past relationship." On May 29, 2020, the open movie Coffee Run was released. It was the first open movie to be rendered in the EEVEE render engine. It was released on July 30, 2019.[224] Settlers A collection of assets and animated scenes created by the Blender Studio in 2020, with an emphasis on expressive non-photorealistic rendering and experimental shading. All assets created for this are freely available to all.[225] Sprite Fright Sprite Fright is the 13th open movie. It is set in Britain and draws inspiration from 1980s horror comedy. It is directed by Pixar story artist Mathew Luhn with Hjalti Hjalmarsson.[226][227][228] It is about a group of teenagers being attacked and killed by Sprites after they litter the forest.[229] It premiered at Eye Film in the Netherlands on 28 October 2021 and was publicly released on Blender Studio and YouTube on 29 October 2021.[230][231] Charge A cinematic short with an emphasis on photo-realism. The short takes place in Iceland and is intended to improve Blender's PBR texturing workflow.[232] Online services Blender Foundation Blender Studio The Blender Studio platform, launched in March 2014 as Blender Cloud,[233][234][235] is a subscription-based cloud computing platform where members can access Blender add-ons, courses and to keep track of the production of Blender Studio's open movies.[236] It is currently operated by the Blender Studio, formerly a part of the Blender Institute.[22] It was launched to promote and fundraiser for Project: Gooseberry, and is intended to replace the selling of DVDs by the Blender Foundation with a subscription-based model for file hosting, asset sharing and collaboration.[233][237] Blender Add-ons included in Blender Studio are CloudRig,[238] Blender Kitsu,[239] Contact sheet Add-on,[240] Blender Purge[241] and Shot Builder.[242][243][244] It was rebranded from Blender Cloud to Blender Studio on 22 October 2021.[245] The Blender Development Fund The Blender Development Fund is a AMD,[256] Adobe[257] and many more. Individual users can also provide one-time donations to Blender via payment card, PayPal, wire transfer, and some cryptocurrencies.[258] Blender ID The Blender ID is a unified login for Blender software and service users, providing a login for Blender Studio, the Blender Store, the Blender Conference, Blender Network, Blender Development Fund, and the Blender Foundation Certified Trainer Program.[259] Blender Open Data The Blender Open Data is a platform to collect, display, and query benchmark data produced by the Blender community with related Blender Benchmark software.[260] Blender Network The Blender Network was an online platform to enable online professionals to conduct business with Blender and provide online support.[261] It was terminated on 31 March 2021.[262] Blender Store A store to buy Blender merchandise, such as shirts, socks, beanies, etc.[263] See also CAD library MB-Lab, a Blender add-on for the parametric 3D modeling of photorealistic humanoid characters MakeHuman List of free and open-source software packages List of video editing software List of 3D printing software References ^ a b "Blender's 25th birthday!". blender.org. 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