Blue Water Bridge
Blue Water Bridge | |
---|---|
tied arch (eastbound) | |
Total length | 6,178 ft (1,883 m) (westbound) 6,109 ft (1,862 m) (eastbound) |
Width | 38 ft (12 m) (westbound) 51 ft (16 m) (eastbound) |
Height | 210 ft (64 m) (westbound) 233 ft (71 m) (eastbound) |
Longest span | 871 ft (265 m) (westbound) 922 ft (281 m) (eastbound) |
Clearance below | 152 ft (46 m) (westbound) 155 ft (47 m) (eastbound) |
History | |
Opened | October 10, 1938 July 22, 1997 (eastbound) | (westbound)
Statistics | |
Daily traffic |
|
Toll | Cars: US$3.00 or C$4.00 (to Canada) and US$3.25 or C$4.25 (to US) As of January 28, 2020[update]
Extra axles: US$3.00 or C$4.00 (to Canada) and US$3.25 or C$4.25 (to US) Trucks & buses: US$3.25 or C$4.25 per axle (to Canada) and US$3.50 or C$4.50 per axle (to US). C$4.25 per axle with Prepaid Account (to US). |
Location | |
The Blue Water Bridge is a twin-span international bridge across the St. Clair River that links Port Huron, Michigan, United States, and Point Edward, Ontario, Canada. The Blue Water Bridge connects Highway 402 in Ontario with both Interstate 69 (I-69) and Interstate 94 (I-94) in Michigan.
Description
The original span is a
The Blue Water Bridges are jointly owned and maintained by Canada and the United States:
Together, the two bridges connect
Border crossing
The Port Huron–Point Edward Border Crossing connects the cities of
History
A US Port of Entry was established at the location in 1836, when a license to provide commercial ferry service between Port Huron and what then was known as Port Sarnia. The license was issued to a Canadian man named Crampton who operated a sailboat. In the 1840s, a man named Davenport, also from Port Sarnia, operated a pony-powered vessel. Steam-powered vessels and paddle wheelers soon followed, but the first vessel capable of carrying automobiles did not arrive until 1921.[8]
The first bridge was fully opened to traffic on October 10, 1938.[9] The lead engineer was Polish-born Ralph Modjeski. This bridge originally had two lanes for vehicles as well as sidewalks; the latter were removed in the 1980s to make room for a third lane for automobiles. The third lane for each direction started from the apex of the bridge in order to accommodate long lineups entering each side's border crossing.
In 1935, the Michigan Legislature passed a law (Public Act 147 of 1935[10]) creating a State Bridge Commission to finance the design and erection of the main bridge structure of the Blue Water Bridge. The commission was approved by the United States Congress in August 1935 (Public Law 411 of 1935[11]). The law permitted the commission to sell bonds that would be repaid by the revenue from the tolls ($0.25 toll for travelers) collected within 30 years. When the bridge and its associated bonds were paid off, Michigan Governor John Swainson used an executive order to cancel the $0.25 toll, eliminating the jobs of toll collectors, which included his own father.[12]
In 1937, after plans proposed in 1927 to build a bridge spanning the St. Clair River languished during the Great Depression, the Michigan Highway Commission and the Minister of Highways for Canada hired Ralph Modjeski and Frank H. Masters and their Canadian associates, Charles Monsarrat and Philip Louis Pratley to design and build what would become the Blue Water Bridge.[13] Ralph Modjeski, a Polish-born engineer who would become known as "America's greatest bridge builder", served as lead engineer for the project. In developing a design, Modjeski faced obstacles posed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which sought to ensure that the St. Clair River remain navigable for military and commercial vessels. Bridge construction could not interfere with navigation, bridge builders could not use floating platforms, and the completed span was required to clear the water by 150 ft (46 m). Originally, Modjeski proposed a mammoth suspension-style bridge with tall towers and massive cable anchorages; however, because of the 150 ft (46 m) vertical clearance requirement for shipping, he opted instead for a cantilevered through-truss design.[citation needed]
In 1964, the eastern terminus of I-94 was completed at the foot of the Blue Water Bridge on the American side.[14] Traffic volumes steadily increased, spurred by the completion of Highway 402 in 1982 which provided a continuous freeway link to Highway 401 on the Canadian side. In 1984, I-69 was completed to Port Huron which meant that three freeways converged on the three-lane bridge.[15][16]
Twinning project
As a precursor to the upcoming twinning project, the customs and toll collection booths on both sides were extensively reconfigured in the early 1990s. On the American side, the
In 1992, it was determined that traffic on the bridge had exceeded its rated capacity,[19][20] so bridge authorities decided to add a second span in order to accommodate the higher traffic.
During the debate over the form of the second span from 1994 to 1995, five possible designs were proposed. The
The selection of the continuous-tied arch proposal was initially controversial as it did not have much public opinion support, and critics regarded this type as awkward. Consequently, the engineers changed design details to make it complement the existing bridge. For instance the use of concrete piers and steel tower supporting the anchor span, rather than the traditional concrete tower, gave the bridge a "less massive appearance, easing the difficult transition between the approach, anchor and main spans". The engineers also made "the main span attractive, but economical by settling on an innovative low arch design that merges the traffic deck with the bottom structural supporting steel for the portion of the bridge suspended over the water", which "eliminated the need for expensive bracing and contributes to the graceful appearance of the structure", while the flattened arch also better matches the old bridge. For the new bridge approaches the engineers selected concrete hammer-head piers over steel piers and deck trusses, not only for economical considerations, but it also "gives the new bridge a simpler look, making it easier to distinguish the old bridge from the new one" and "contributes to the clean lines of the new bridge and leaves the view of the old bridge's deck trusses uncluttered". Due to each country's manufacturing differences, the Americans used large pre-cast concrete beams (six beams for each segment) for the approaches while the Canadians used concrete pre-cast box girders (three box girders per segment). Despite this, the differing approach spans are the same depth and appear identical from the side view.[21]
The twinning project was a combined effort between Modjeski & Masters (American engineers) and Buckland & Taylor Ltd. (Canadian engineers). During the construction, two temporary masts were erected to assist in the construction of the tied arch; the towers were painted red and lighted, enabling them to be seen from afar.[22] The approaches to the new bridge use box girders, compared to the original which hold up the road deck with trusses.[23]
The second three-lane bridge, just south of the first bridge, opened on July 22, 1997.[24]
Rehabilitation of original bridge
After the new bridge opened for traffic, the original bridge was immediately closed for extensive renovation which involved, among other things, replacement of the bridge deck, guardrails, and lighting. During this period, the new span used a three-lane configuration reminiscent of the one employed on the original bridge. A
Since twinning
In 2007, in accordance with
In March 2009, the Canadian government announced that C$13.5 million (US$10.8 million) in funding would be allocated toward upgrading the border crossing facilities at the Blue Water Bridge. The work was scheduled to begin in May 2009.[28]
Construction was also underway in 2011 to widen and improve both Highway 402 on the Canadian side[29] and co-signed I-94/I-69 on the American side approaching the Blue Water Bridge.[30] The projects, completed the following year, added dedicated lanes separating Blue Water Bridge traffic from local traffic.
See also
- List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Michigan
- List of bridges in Canada
- St. Clair Tunnel, a nearby international railroad tunnel
- Trussed Concrete Steel Company
References
- ^ "Blue Water Bridge". Federal Bridge Corporation. Archived from the original (XLS) on November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
- ^ "Corporate Amalgamation". Federal Bridge Corporation Limited. January 30, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
- ^ "Blue Water Bridge Canada 2013-2014 Annual Report" (PDF). p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "Chapter 4: The Watery Boundary". United Divide: A Linear Portrait of the USA/Canada Border. The Center for Land Use Interpretation. Winter 2015.
- ^ "Who We Are". Blue Water Bridge. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ Sheridan, Margaret (June 24, 2011). "Port Huron: Gateway to Canada worth a stay". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
- ^ Bureau of Transportation Statistics. "Border Crossing/Entry Data". United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
- ^ Elford, Jean Turnbull. "Sarnia-Port Huron Ferries". Canada West’s Last Frontier. Retrieved August 22, 2018 – via Sarnia Historical Society.
- Archive.org.
- ^ 1935 PA 147: State Bridge Commission; Public Works
- Pub. L.74–411
- ^ "People". Time. February 16, 1962. Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
- ^ "Blue Water Bridge–First Span (Blue Water 1)". July 17, 2018.
- OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
- OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
- ^ "Ontario Highway 402 Photographs - Page 1 - History of Ontario's Kings Highways".
- ^ Leiffer, Len (1967). Bluewater Bridge Customs Building. thekingshighway.ca (postcard). Point Edward, Ontario.
- ^ "Corporate Plan 2011-2012 to 2015-2016" (PDF). Blue Water Bridge Canada. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "My Favourite Way to Leave Michigan". April 3, 2005. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ a b Construction History of the Blue Water Bridges (PDF). State of Michigan. pp. 4–6. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
- ^ "Blue Water Bridge (Original/Westbound Span)". HistoricBridges.org. July 7, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
- ^ Thoeun, Bun (December 20, 2010). "Bluewater Bridge Sarnia Ontario 1". Retrieved February 27, 2016 – via Flickr.
- ^ "Blue Water Bridge Canada". Archived from the original on December 30, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
- ^ "Construction of the Second Span". Blue Water Bridge. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
- ^ "Corporate Plan Summary 2010-2011 to 2014-2015" (PDF). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
- ^ "Canadian PM announces funding for bridge connecting United States". March 21, 2009. Archived from the original on June 27, 2009. Retrieved March 20, 2009.
- ^ "Hwy. 402 construction closes on/off ramps". The Sarnia Observer. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
- ^ "I-94/I-69 Reconstruction in St. Clair County". Michigan Department of Transportation. July 14, 2011. Archived from the original on September 17, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
External links
- Aerial views of the Blue Water Bridge
- Fishing Reports for the Bluewater Area
- Blue Water Bridge Archived November 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- Michigan Blue Water Bridge Information
- Information and Tons of Photos of the Original Bridge
- Live Traffic Cameras
- Historic American Engineering Record(HAER) documentation, filed under Port Huron, St. Clair County, MI:
- HAER No. MI-16, "Blue Water Bridge Plaza, 410 Elmwood Street", 43 photos, 35 data pages, 8 photo caption pages
- HAER No. MI-16-A, "Blue Water Bridge, Spanning St. Clair River at I-69, I-94, & Canadian Route 402", 48 photos, 47 data pages, 4 photo caption pages
- Blue Water Bridge at Structurae
- Second Blue Water Bridge at Structurae