Blumeria graminis
Blumeria graminis | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | |
Class: | |
Order: | |
Family: | Erysiphaceae |
Genus: | Blumeria
|
Species: | B. graminis
|
Binomial name | |
Blumeria graminis (
DC.) Speer (1975) |
Blumeria graminis (commonly called barley powdery mildew or corn mildew) is a fungus that causes
Systematics
Previously B. graminis was included within the genus
Eight special forms or spp. (ryegrass).
Morphology
The
B. graminis is unique among the
Taxonomy
The genus name of Blumeria is in honour of
The genus was circumscribed by Golovin[who?] ex Speer in Sydowia Vol.27 on page 2 in 1975.
Ecology
B. graminis asexually produces conidia and sexually forms ascospores.
Conidia are mainly distributed by wind, pests, or human activities. The water initiating ascospores are hypothesized to be dispersed not only by wind but also by splashing water-droplets.[4]
It is biotrophic, and does not grow on synthetic media. Relatively cool and humid conditions are favourable for its growth. Its relatively great genetic variability enables it often to infect previously resistant plant varieties.[citation needed]
Genetics and Evolution
Genetics
The genomes of B. g. f. sp. hordei[5] and B. g. f. sp. tritici have recently been sequenced.[6] Sequencing of the genome of the wheat powdery mildew B. g. f. sp. tritici, has allowed inference of important aspects of its evolution. It has been seen that it is the most repetitive fungal genome sequenced as of March 2013[update] with 90%
Evolution of Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici
Wheat powdery mildew is an obligate biotroph with a poorly understood evolutionary history. Sequencing its genome in 2013, many aspects of the evolution of its parasitism were unveiled.
Pathology
Powdery mildew of wheat is relatively easy to diagnose
Hosts and symptoms
Disease cycle
B. g. f. sp. tritici has a polycyclic life cycle typical of its phylum,
Environment
Powdery mildew of wheat thrives in cool, humid climates and proliferates in cloudy weather conditions.[15] The pathogen can also be an issue in drier climates if wheat fields are irrigated.[16] Ideal temperatures for growth and reproduction of the pathogen are between 60 °F (16 °C) and 70 °F (21 °C) with growth ceasing above 77 °F (25 °C). Dense, genetically similar plantings provide opportune conditions for growth of powdery mildew.[11]
Management
Controlling the disease involves eliminating conducive conditions as much as possible by altering planting density and carefully timing applications and rates of
Chemical control is possible with fungicides such as
Another way to control wheat powdery mildew is breeding in genetic resistance, using "R genes" (resistance genes) to prevent infection. There are at least 25 loci on the wheat genome that encode resistance to powdery mildew. If the particular variety of wheat has only one loci for resistance, the pathogen may be controlled only for a couple years. If, however, the variety of wheat has multiple loci for resistance, the crop may be protected for around 15 years. Because finding these loci can be difficult and time-consuming, molecular markers are used to facilitate combining resistant genomes.[15] One organization working towards identifying these molecular markers is the Coordinated Agricultural Project for Wheat . With these markers established, researchers will then be able to determine the most effective combination of resistance genes.[21]
HSP70-4 is an
Importance
Powdery mildew can be found in all wheat growing areas of the United States but usually will be most severe in the east and southeast.[11] It is more common in areas with a humid or semi-arid environment where wheat is grown.[11] Powdery mildew has become a more important disease in some areas because of increased application of nitrogen fertilizer, which favors the development of the fungus.[10] Severe symptoms of powdery mildew can cause stunting of wheat.[10] If unmanaged, this disease can reduce yields significantly by reducing photosynthetic areas and causes non-seed producing tillers.[8] Powdery mildew causes reduced kernel size and lower yields.[14] The sooner powdery mildew begins to develop and how high on the plant it develops by flowering the larger the yield loss.[14] Yield Losses up to 45 percent have been shown in Ohio on susceptible varieties when plants are infected early and weather favors disease.[14]
References
- PMID 18680422.
- S2CID 246307410. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
- ^ Who's who in Switzerland Including the Principality of Liechtenstein. International Publications Service. 1981
- PMID 28705398.
- S2CID 19651350.
- ^
This review...
Lo, Libera; Lanver, Daniel; Schweizer, Gabriel; Tanaka, Shigeyuki; Liang, Liang; Tollot, Marie; Zuccaro, Alga; Reissmann, Stefanie; Kahmann, Regine (2015). "Fungal Effectors and Plant Susceptibility". S2CID 39714412. ...cites this study: Wicker, Thomas; Simone Oberhaensli; Francis Parlange; Jan P. Buchmann; Margarita Shatalina; Stefan Roffler; Roi Ben-David; Jaroslav Doležel; Hana Šimková; Paul Schulze-Lefert; Pietro D. Spanu; Rémy Bruggmann; Joelle Amselem; Hadi Quesneville; Emiel Ver Loren van Themaat; Timothy Paape; Kentaro K. Shimizu; Beat Keller (2013). "The wheat powdery mildew genome shows the unique evolution of an obligate biotroph". Letters.S2CID 5648330.
- S2CID 5648330.
- ^ a b c d Maloy, Otis C.; Inglis, Debra Ann (1993). "Powdery Mildew". Washington State University. Archived from the original on 23 December 2002.
- ^ a b Stromberg, Erik. "Wheat Powdery Mildew". Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science. Virginia Tech. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012.
- ^ a b c d Wegulo, Stephen N. (February 2010). "Powdery Mildew of Wheat". University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
- ^ University of Nebraska-Lincoln Department of Plant Pathology. Retrieved from University of Nebraska–Lincoln. "Powdery Mildew of Wheat Key words: Plant Disease, Wheat, Triticum, Blumeria graminis f. Sp. Tritici, Erysiphe graminis f. Sp. Tritici, Oidium monilioides". Archived from the originalon 2012-08-19. Retrieved 2014-06-01..
- .
- .
- ^ a b c d e Lipps, Patrick E. (n.d). "Powdery Mildew of Wheat," The Ohio State University Extension. Retrieved from http://ohioline.osu.edu/ac-fact/0010.htmltm.
- ^ S2CID 20354017.
- .
- Phytopathology, 93. American Phytopathological Society. Retrieved from http://www.siliforce.com/pdf/7c/Belanger-%20%20evedence%20silicon%20powdery%20mildew%20on%20wheat.pdf Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b DeBacco, Matthew. "Compost Tea and Milk to Suppress Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) on Pumpkins and Evaluation of Horticultural Pots Made from Recyclable Fibers Under Field Conditions". University of Connecticut. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
- ^ .
- ^ a b c Raloff, Janet. "A Dairy Solution to Mildew Woes". Science News Magazine. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
- University of California-Davis. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-05-17.
- ^ PMID 35022724.
- Pietro D. Spanu et al., Genome Expansion and Gene Loss in Powdery Mildew Fungi Reveal Functional Tradeoffs in Parasitism, in: Science. December 10, 2010 [1]
- British Erysiphales [2]
- Edwards, H H (2002-10-01). "Development of primary germ tubes by conidia of Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei on leaf epidermal cells of Hordeum vulgare". ISSN 0008-4026.
- NIAES, Microbial Systematics Lab page on Blumeria [3]
- Costamilan, 2005 [4]