Bofors scandal
The Bofors scandal was a major weapons-contract
On 16 April 1987, a Swedish radio station broke out a story based on a
The case came to light during
Chronology of events and investigation
1977 - As a response to reports that Pakistan wants to acquire brand new American long-range 155-mm M198 howitzers (which was actually withheld due to US political concerns[9]), India requested Bofors and six other manufacturers to suggest their towed howitzers.[10]
Early 1981 - four howitzers were shortlisted to participate in the field trials:
1985 - FH-70 and GHN-45 were eliminated from the trials.[10]
March 24, 1986 - A $285 million contract between the Government of India and Swedish arms company Bofors was signed for supply of 410 155 mm Howitzer field guns.[11]
April 16, 1987 - Swedish Radio alleged that Bofors paid kickbacks to people from a number of countries including top Swedish[12] and Indian politicians and key defence officials to seal the deal.[11][13]
1987 - As a result of the revelations, the Indian government
May 21, 1991 - While the case was being investigated,
1997 - The Swiss banks released some 500 documents after years of legal battle.
1999 - The Indian government lifted its ban on Bofors. The lifting of the ban came during the Kargil War, when the Bofors guns proved to be efficient but were crippled by a shortage of spare parts.[14]
October 22, 1999 - When
2001 - Win Chadha and S. K. Bhatnagar died.[16]
June 10, 2002 - Delhi High Court quashed all proceedings in the case so far. However, this was reversed by Supreme Court of India on 7 July 2003.[17]
2004 - The central government changed and
May 31, 2005 - The Delhi High Court dismissed the allegations against the
December 2005 - B. Daat, the Additional Solicitor General of India, acting on behalf of the Indian Government and the CBI, requested the British Government that two British bank accounts of Quattrocchi be unfrozen on the grounds of insufficient evidence to link these accounts to the Bofors payoff. The two accounts, containing €3 million and $1 million, had been frozen. On 16 January, the Indian Supreme Court directed the Indian government to ensure that Quattrocchi did not withdraw money from the two bank accounts in London. The CBI, the Indian federal law enforcement agency, on 23 January 2006 admitted that roughly ₹210 million, about US$4.6 million, in the two accounts have already been withdrawn by the accused. The British government released the funds later.[15]
January 16, 2006 - CBI claimed in an affidavit filed before the Supreme Court that they were still pursuing extradition orders for Quattrocchi. The Interpol, at the request of the CBI, has a long-standing red corner notice to arrest Quattrocchi.[20]
6 February 2007 - Quattrocchi was detained in
March 4, 2011 - A Delhi court provided temporary relief to Quattrocchi from the case, for lack of sufficient evidence against him.[23]
July 12, 2013 - Quattrochi died of
Despite the controversy, the Bofors gun was used extensively as the primary field artillery during the Kargil War with Pakistan and gave India 'an edge' against Pakistan according to battlefield commanders.[25]
In his book, Unknown Facets of Rajiv Gandhi, Jyoti Basu and Indrajit Gupta, released in November 2013, former CBI director Dr A P Mukherjee wrote that Rajiv Gandhi wanted commission paid by defence suppliers to be used exclusively for the purpose of meeting expenses of running the Congress party.[26] Mukherjee said Gandhi explained his position in a meeting on 19 June 1989, during a meeting between the two at the Prime Minister's residence.[27] However, as per Sten Lindstrom, the former head of Swedish police, who led the investigations, they did not find anything to suggest that payments had been received by Rajiv Gandhi. He was, however, guilty of knowing about the kickbacks and not taking action on them.[28]
Political effects
The Bofors scandal was a major issue that was highlighted in subsequent elections, which led to the Congress losing power. Though it was widely believed that V. P. Singh resigned from Rajiv Gandhi's cabinet due to the Bofors scandal, Singh clarified that he had resigned due to differences in the cabinet in commissions taken by Indian agents in the HDW submarine deal (Shishumar class).[29]
Middlemen in Indian arms deals
Middlemen were employed in arms deals in India, both during the British Raj as well as in independent India, and commissions were paid to them under various headings and guises.[30] Some of these were paid as personal bribes while others were paid as contributions to political parties.[31] This led to high levels of corruption, and payments being made to politicians, bureaucrats and defence personnel to influence decisions. The political controversies caused by the Bofors Scandal, led to the banning of middlemen in arms deals.[32][33][34]
In 2015, the Government of India under the Narendra Modi government made the use of middlemen in arms deals legal, if they called themselves "company representatives".[35] The then defence minister Manohar Parrikar announced that in such cases, middlemen would be paid by the government for fixing arms deals under the name of "legal fees".[36]
Allegations against CBI
A former cabinet minister of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Arun Jaitley, criticised the manner in which CBI has handled this case, including:
- Delay in lodging an FIR
- Delay in sending letter rogatories
- Not appealing against the judgement of the Delhi High Court in 2004
- De-freezing of Quattrocchi's bank account in London by saying to the Crown Prosecutor that there is no case against Quattrocchi[37]
- Putting up a very weak case for Quattrocchi's extradition from Argentina. Subsequently, no appeal against lower court's verdict[38]
- The withdrawal of the Interpol Red Corner notice[39]
- Finally, withdrawal of its case against Quattrocchi. Reacting to this, Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Vinod Yadav said that, "I agree that there are certain malafide intentions in the case and there is no doubt in that"[40]
Closure
The closure of Bofors case was full of twists and turns. In 2004, Delhi High Court posthumously gave clean chit to Rajiv Gandhi and said that there was no case of corruption against him or any public servant. This judgement stunned CBI as it had pursued the case for 14 years and was a setback to NDA government headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee as well. However, CBI said that it would contest the judgement in Supreme Court.[41]
In 2011, a Delhi court allowed CBI to close the case.
See also
- H. R. Bhardwaj
- Justice Ajit Bharihoke, the special CBI court judge in whose court the case was argued.
- Corruption in India
- Corruption Perceptions Index
- List of scandals in India
- Jan Lokpal Bill
- Jeep scandal case 1948
References
- ISBN 9789400908017.
- ^ a b c d e "What the Bofors scandal is all about". IBN Live. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012.
- ^ "The Bofors story, 25 years after: Interview with Sten Lindstrom". The Hoot. 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
- ^ Joseph, Josy. "Arms and the Middlemen". India Legal. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ^ Joseph, Josy (3 May 2016). "Arms and the middleman". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ^ "Key players in Bofors scandal". India Today. 28 April 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
- ^ "Rediff on the NeT: Vir Sanghvi looks back at the Bofors scandal". Rediff.com. 23 September 1999.
- ^ "The Bofors story, 25 years after". The Hoot. 16 April 1987. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014.
- ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume XXVI, Arms Control and Nonproliferation - Office of the Historian".
- ^ ISBN 9788170620297.
- ^ a b "25 years of India's 'Watergate': The Bofors scandal". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016.
- ^ "The Bofors story, 25 years after : An Interview with Sten Lindstrom". The Hoot. 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
- ^ "Interview with Chitra Subramaniam and Madhu Trehan". Chitra : The story behind Bofors. News Laundry. June 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
- ^ a b Past still haunts defence ministry
- ^ a b "Chronology of the Bofors scandal". Daily News and Analysis. 27 February 2007.
- ^ "Win Chadha's death, a setback to Bofors case". The Hindu. 25 October 2001. Archived from the original on 20 June 2006. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "SC court reverses Delhi HC decision to quash all proceeding in Bofors scam". indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- ^ "Rajiv Gandhi cleared over bribery". BBC News. 4 February 2004.
- ^ "Welcome to Frontline : Vol. 30 :: No. 05". Hinduonnet.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "CBI seeks time to mull on Quattrocchi's case". Zeenews.com. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
- ^ "The Q Deja Vu, Outlook Feb 26, 2007". Outlook. Archived from the original on 5 March 2007.
- ^ "Welcome to Frontline : Vol. 30 :: No. 05". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Bofors case: 'Petitioner interested in cheap publicity'". The Times of India. 5 March 2011. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012.
- ^ + val.created_at + (13 July 2013). "Bofors scam: Italian businessman Ottavio Quattrocchi dies". NDTV.com. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
- ^ "Bofors gun helped India win against Pak". Rediff.com. 8 July 2009.
- ^ "Rajiv Gandhi told me to use arms deal payoffs for party funds: Ex-CBI chief". Indian Express. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
- ^ "Rajiv Gandhi wanted Bofors money to run Congress: Ex-CBI chief". The Times of India. 14 November 2013.
- ^ Subramaniam, Chitra (24 April 2012). "The bofors story : 25 years after - an interview with Sten Lindstrom". The Hoot. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
- ^ Gupta, Shekhar (1 July 2005). "Walk the talk - an interview with V.P.Singh". NDTV. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ^ "Arms and the Middlemen - 7 September 2016". India Legal. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ISBN 978-9350297513. Archived from the originalon 25 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ^ Joseph, Josy (3 May 2016). "Arms and the middleman". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ^ Ahmed, M. (21 April 1997). "Bofors Ghost Casts Shadow On Indian Sales Of Arms Majors". Business Standard India. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
- ^ Pandit, Rajat (2005). "The murky world of defence deals | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
- ^ "Modi govt to legalise middlemen in arms deals?". Rediff News. 13 December 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ^ Doval, Nikita (13 January 2015). "The debate over defence middlemen". Live Mint. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ^ "Farewell Gift to the Nation- In-Law". 28 April 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ "CBI lets "Q" Off the hook". Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ "Bofors case: Court to hold fresh proceedings in Quattrocchi's case". The Times of India. 28 August 2010. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ "Bofors: Court Pulls up CBI's 'Malafide Intentions'". Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ Bofors scandal: Delhi HC gives clean chit to Rajiv Gandhi, CBI not likely to give up, India Today, Feb 16, 2004.
- ^ Bofors corruption case closed, The Economic Times, March 5, 2011.
- ^ Bofors arms deal: 'No evidence Rajiv Gandhi took bribe', BBC, April 25, 2012.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0836427554