Bohemian harp

Bohemian Harp

A modern Bohemian Harp by Klangwerkstatt in Markt Wald
String instrument
Other names	Hakenharfe, Wanderharfe, Manualharfe
Classification	Chordophone
Hornbostel–Sachs classification	322.211
Related instruments
Celtic harp
Composers
Mozart

The Bohemian Harp (

Images of Bohemian harps have been found dating to the 18th century,[1] in Přísečnice, as well as Nechanice. The Bohemian harp was especially popular in Prague, and especially in Přísečnice, where a factory for the harps was created, as well as a harp school.^[4] The harp was spread to Western Europe after a fire hit the town in 1811, causing mass emigration away from it.^[5] The harp became so popular in Germany, that Johann Georg Heinrich Backofen once referred to it as "our German harp".^[6]

The tradition of harp playing in Bohemia ended around the

A variant of the Bohemian harp, the Tyrolean Harp, can still be found in areas of Tyrol. It was brought across by Bohemian workers working in the local mines, ^[8] sometime in the first half of the 19th century. Tyrolean harps are typically tuned in E♭ major, but could be played in E major due to the strings' hooks. It, like the Bohemian harp, uses a curved soundboard.^[9] It differs from the Bohemian Harp in that it is a cross between a keyed harp and a pedal harp, using a single pedal (unlike most modern pedal harps). This pedal mechanism was created in 1720, by Bavarian harp maker Jacob Hochbrucker, from Mindelheim. It also has a larger range than the Bohemian Harp, using six octaves.^[10] The Tyrolean harp is very popular in tradition Tyrolean folk music, both as an accompaniment and a solo instrument.^[11]

Construction

The harp's pillar is mostly built of spruce. In original instruments, the soundboard uses a vertical wood grain, with some models using a herringbone pattern or diagonal grain (which was exceedingly rare). The instrument had sound holes in the top of the harp, as opposed to conventional harps, which have them in the back wall.^[12] Bohemian harps have between 30 and 18 strings, with seven strings per octave, with a range of five octaves. The instrument is between 120 and 170 cm tall, and is played seated, standing on the floor.^[13] Strings were made of catgut, but modern replicas use either nylon or polyvinylidene fluoride.^[3] The harp notably had a very small distance between the strings, and the strings were held under low tension, to reduce the weight of the instrument.^[14]

Bohemian harps come in two main varieties, those with levers, on the left hand side of the harp, to adjust the pitch of the strings, and those without. These hooks were used to raise the pitch of a string by a semitone,^[15][16] and were the forerunner of the semitone pedal on modernday pedal harps.^[17] Harps with semitone levers were often referred to as Hooked harps (German: Hakenharfen).^[3]

Literature

• Jiří Kleňha: Das Harfenspiel in Böhmen: die Geschichte der Wandermusikanten aus Nechanitz. Übersetzt aus dem Tschechischen von Gisela Rusá. 1. Auflage. Granit Verlag, Prague 2002.^[18]
• Nancy Thym-Hochrein: Wanderharfner und Harfenjule. Die Hakenharfe im deutschsprachigen Raum. In: Folk-Michel, 1992, 3, pp. 18–22.
• Elvira Werner: Fahrende Musikanten – eine böhmisch-sächsische Erfahrung. In: Heike Müns (Hrsg.): Musik und Migration in Ostmitteleuropa. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2005, pp. 153–166.

References