Bohemond III of Antioch
Bohemond III | |
---|---|
Catholicism |
Bohemond III of Antioch, also known as Bohemond the Child or the Stammerer (
Bohemond remained a close ally of the Byzantine Empire. He fought against the new lord of Armenian Cilicia,
Bohemond forced the Armenian rulers of
New conflicts emerged after Bohemond's eldest son,
Early life
Bohemond was the elder son of Princess
Neither
Urged by the Antiochene noblemen, Baldwin III proclaimed Bohemond the rightful ruler, charging
Prince of Antioch
First years
Bohemond was installed as prince after his mother was dethroned.
Amalric of Jerusalem entrusted the government of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to Bohemond before departing for his campaign against Egypt[17] in July 1164.[18][19] Taking advantage of Bohemond's absence, Nur ad-Din attacked the fortress at Harenc in the Principality of Antioch (present-day Harem, Syria).[19] Bohemond, Raymond III of Tripoli, Thoros II of Armenian Cilicia, and Constantine Kalamanos joined their forces and marched to Harenc, compelling Nur ad-Din to retreat.[19]
Reynald of Saint-Valery, Lord of Harenc, tried to convince Bohemond not to pursue the enemy, but Bohemond did not follow his advice.[19] The armies clashed at the battle of Harim on 10 August 1164.[20] Nur ad-Din almost annihilated the Christian army.[20][21] Most Christian commanders (including Bohemond) were captured.[20][22] Two days later, Harenc fell to Nur ad-Din.[22] Nur ad-Din took his prisoners to Aleppo.[19][21] His advisors urged Nur ad-Din to proceed to Antioch, but he declined, fearing that an attack on Antioch could provoke Emperor Manuel into annexing the principality.[23] Amalric of Jerusalem hurried to Antioch to start negotiations with Nur ad-Din.[23] Before long, Nur ad-Din released Bohemond, along with Thoros II of Cilicia, for a ransom because he regarded them as vassals of the Byzantine emperor.[23]
The Muslims advised [Nur ad-Din] to proceed to Antioch and seize it because it was devoid of defenders and fighting men to hold it, but he did not do so. He said, "The city is an easy matter but the citadel is strong. Perhaps they will surrender it to the Byzantine emperor because its ruler is his nephew. To have Bohemond as a neighbor I find preferable to being a neighbour of the ruler of the Constantinople." He sent out squadrons in those areas and they plundered, seized and killed the inhabitants. Later he ransomed Prince Bohemond for a large sum of money and the release of many Muslim captives.
—Ali ibn al-Athir: The Complete History[24]
Byzantine alliance
Soon after his release, Bohemond visited Emperor Manuel in
Bohemond granted Apamea to the Knights Hospitaller in 1168.[29] An earthquake destroyed most towns of northern Syria on 29 June 1170.[30] The Greek Patriarch, Athanasius, died when the edifice of the Cathedral of St. Peter collapsed on him during the Mass.[30] Bohemond went to Qosair (present-day Altınözü, Turkey) and persuaded the exiled Latin Patriarch to return to his see.[30]
Bohemond concluded an alliance with Gumushtekin, atabeg of Aleppo, against Saladin, the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt and Syria, in May 1176.[33][34] On Bohemond's demand, Gumushtekin released his Christian prisoners, including Bohemond's stepfather, Raynald of Châtillon.[33][34] To strengthen his alliance with the Byzantine Empire, in 1177 Bohemond married Theodora, who was closely related to Emperor Manuel.[35][36]
Bohemond met
Bohemond and Raymond III of Tripoli marched to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in early 1180, according to William of Tyre.[42] Baldwin IV of Jerusalem feared that the two princes (who were his father's cousins) had come to dethrone him, the symptoms of his leprosy having become "more and more evident" by that time.[43] Historian Bernard Hamilton, who accepts William of Tyre's narration, says that Bohemond and Raymond came to Jerusalem to choose a husband for Baldwin's sister and heir, Sibylla, wishing to decrease the influence of the king's maternal relatives.[44] However, Baldwin gave her in marriage to Guy of Lusignan, who was supported by their mother, Agnes of Courtenay.[45] Sibylla's marriage contributed to the formation of two parties of noblemen.[46] Bohemond, Raymond III of Tripoli, and the Ibelin brothers became the leaders of the group that opposed Guy of Lusignan.[46]
Conflicts
Manuel I Komnenos died on 24 September 1180.[47] Bohemond soon repudiated his wife, Theodora, to marry an Antiochene lady of bad reputation, Sibylla.[48] Patriarch Aimery accused Bohemond of adultery and excommunicated him.[49][48] After Bohemond confiscated church property, Aimery imposed an interdict on Antioch and fled to his fortress at Qosair.[49][48] Bohemond besieged the fortress, but Rainald II Masoir, Lord of Margat, and other noblemen who supported the patriarch rose up against him.[49]
Baldwin IV sent
Bohemond made peace with Imad ad-Din Zengi II, the
Roupen III of Armenian Cilicia laid siege to Lampron, the seat of his rival, Hethum III of Lampron.
Saladin's triumph
The child Baldwin V of Jerusalem died in late summer 1186.[59] Raymond of Tripoli and his supporters could not prevent Baldwin V's mother, Sibylla, and her husband, Guy of Lusignan, from seizing the throne.[59] Baldwin of Ibelin, who was the only Jerusalemite baron to refuse to pay homage to Sibylla and Guy after their coronation, moved to Antioch.[60] Bohemond granted a fief to him.[61]
Nomad
Saladin launched a crushing defeat on the Christian army in the Battle of Hattin on 4 July 1187.[65] Bohemond's son was one of the few Christian leaders to flee from the battlefield.[66] Within three months, Saladin captured almost all towns and fortresses of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[65] Raymond III of Tripoli, who died before the end of the year, willed the County of Tripoli to Bohemond's elder son and heir, Raymond.[67] Bohemond sent his younger son and namesake to take control of Tripoli, convinced that one ruler could not defend both Antioch and Tripoli.[67][68] After his son was installed in Tripoli, Bohemond became "the greatest of the Franks and their most extensive ruler",[69] according to Ibn Al-Athir.[70] Bohemond offered to pay homage to William II of Sicily in exchange for military assistance.[58][71]
Saladin started the invasion of northern Syria on 1 July 1188.
This summer the unspeakable Saladin totally destroyed the city of
Saône, Gorda, Cavea and [Burzey] and the lands as far as Antioch. Beyond Antioch he besieged and captured Darbsak and [Bagras]. Thus, with the whole of the principality apart from our stronghold at Margat, more or less destroyed and lost, the prince and the people of Antioch made a pitiful agreement with Saladin, that if no help was forthcoming in the seven months from the beginning of that month of October they would formally surrender Antioch, alas without even a stone being thrown, a city acquired with the blood of valiant Christians.— Letter by Armengarde of Aspe, Master of the Hospital, to Leopold V, Duke of Austria (November 1188)[76]
Third crusade
Guy of Lusignan, who had recently been released, came to Antioch in July or August 1188.[77] Bohemond did not provide him with military assistance, and Guy left for Tripoli.[77]
Frederick Barbarossa departed from the Holy Roman Empire in May 1189.
In May 1191 Bohemond sailed to
After Richard of England left the Holy Land, Bohemond met Saladin in Beirut on 30 October 1192.[86][85] According to Ibn Al-Athir, Bohemond "did obeisance" and Saladin "bestowed a robe of honour upon him"[87] at their meeting.[85] They signed a ten-year truce that included both Antioch and Tripoli but did not cover Armenian Cilicia even though Leo of Cilicia was Bohemond's vassal.[88]
Last years
Bohemond's wife, Sibylla, wanted to secure Antioch for her son, William, with the assistance of Leo of Cilicia (whose wife, Isabel, was her niece).[89][62] Leo invited Bohemond and his family to Bagras, saying that he wanted to start negotiations regarding the surrender of the fortress either to Antioch or to the Templars in early 1194.[88][90] The meeting was a trap: Bohemond was captured and taken to Leo's capital, Sis.[90][91]
Bohemond was compelled to surrender Antioch to Leo.
Raymond died in early 1197, but his widow gave birth to a
Bohemond of Tripoli regarded himself his father's lawful heir, because he was Bohemond's elder surviving son.[90] He came to Antioch at the end of 1198 and persuaded the commune to accept his rule.[96][97] Before long, the younger Bohemond returned to Tripoli, enabling his father to re-take control of state affairs, suggesting that the elder Bohemond had tacitly supported his son's coup.[90][96] Leo I of Cilicia appealed to the Holy See to protect Raymond-Roupen's interest, but the Knights Templar submitted a complaint against him for refusing to restore Bagras to them.[90][96]
Bohemond died in April 1201.[98] His son hurried to Antioch to attend his funeral.[98] The commune proclaimed him prince, but many noblemen who remained loyal to Raymond-Roupen fled to Cilicia.[98] The ensuing War of the Antiochene Succession lasted for years, until the death of Leo in May 1219.[99]
Family
Bohemond's first wife, Orgueilleuse of Harenc, was first mentioned in charters issued in 1170, suggesting that Bohemond married her in or before that year.
Bohemond's second wife,
William of Tyre described Sibylla, the third wife of Bohemond, as a witch who "practised evil magics" to seduce Bohemond.
Bohemond's close family and relationship with the rulers of Jerusalem, Tripoli, and Sicily[109] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Notes
References
- ^ Runciman 1989a, pp. 183–184, 330, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 2.).
- ^ Burgtorf 2016, p. 197.
- ^ Lock 2006, p. 50.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 193.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 199.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, pp. 331–333.
- ^ Baldwin 1969, p. 540.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 206.
- ^ Lock 2006, p. 55.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 206, 214–215.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 358.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 360.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 364.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 56.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 365.
- ^ a b c d Runciman 1989a, p. 367.
- ^ Lock 2006, p. 57.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 238.
- ^ a b c d e Runciman 1989a, p. 369.
- ^ a b c Barber 2012, p. 240.
- ^ a b Riley-Smith 2005, p. 105.
- ^ a b Baldwin 1969, p. 551.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989a, p. 370.
- ^ The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh (The year 559)), p. 148.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989a, p. 371.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 66.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 242.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989a, p. 378.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 56.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989a, p. 389.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, pp. 389–390.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 390.
- ^ a b c Hamilton 2000, p. 103.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 63.
- ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 114.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 419.
- ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 128.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 414.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989a, p. 416.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 136.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 137.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 151, 154.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 152.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 154.
- ^ Baldwin 1969, pp. 596–597.
- ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 275.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 276.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989a, p. 429.
- ^ a b c d e f g Hamilton 2000, p. 165.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989a, p. 430.
- ^ a b c Hamilton 2000, p. 166.
- ^ a b c Barber 2012, p. 280.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 188.
- ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 194.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 282.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 209 (note 81).
- ^ a b c d e f g h Der Nersessian 1969, p. 644.
- ^ a b c d Burgtorf 2016, p. 198.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 70.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 223).
- ^ Runciman 1989a, pp. 449–450.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Runciman 1989b, p. 87.
- ^ a b c d Hamilton 2000, p. 229.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 298–299.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 71.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 303.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 72.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989a, p. 470.
- ^ The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh (The year 584)), p. 353.
- ^ a b c d Barber 2012, p. 322.
- ^ a b c Van Tricht 2011, p. 434.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, pp. 470–471.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 318–319.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989a, p. 471.
- ^ Lock 2006, p. 73.
- ^ Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries (Letter No. 48)), p. 86.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989b, p. 21.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 11.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 15.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 16.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989b, p. 17.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 328.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 44.
- ^ a b c Barber 2012, p. 354.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 76.
- ^ The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh (The year 588)), p. 402.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 79.
- ^ Burgtorf 2016, pp. 198–199.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Burgtorf 2016, p. 199.
- ^ a b c d Hardwicke 1969, p. 527.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 89.
- ^ Boase 1978, p. 19.
- ^ a b c d e Runciman 1989b, p. 99.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 96, 99.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 100.
- ^ Riley-Smith 2005, p. 106.
- ^ a b c Burgtorf 2016, p. 200.
- ^ Burgtorf 2016, pp. 200, 203.
- ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 418.
- ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 114 (note 27).
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 470, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 2.).
- ^ a b Runciman 1989a, p. 419 (note 2).
- ^ 'The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh (The year 584)), p. 352.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 164.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 320.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 361 (note 2), Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 2.).
- ^ Hodgson 2011, p. 93.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, Appendix III.
Sources
Primary sources
- Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries (Translated by Malcolm Barber and Keith Bate) (2010). Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6356-0.
- The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh (Part 2: The Years 541-582/1146-1193: The Age of Nur ad-Din and Saladin) (Translated by D. S. Richards) (2007). Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-4078-3.
Secondary sources
- Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969). "The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Hundred Years. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 528–561. ISBN 0-299-04844-6.
- ISBN 978-0-300-11312-9.
- Boase, T. S. R. (1978). The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press. ISBN 0-7073-0145-9.
- Burgtorf, Jochen (2016). "The Antiochene war of succession". In Boas, Adrian J. (ed.). The Crusader World. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 196–211. ISBN 978-0-415-82494-1.
- ISBN 0-299-04844-6.
- ISBN 0-19-820846-4.
- Hamilton, Bernard (2000). The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64187-6.
- Hardwicke, Mary Nickerson (1969). "The Crusader States, 1192–1243". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Wolff, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 522–554. ISBN 0-299-04844-6.
- Hodgson, Natasha (2011). "Conflict and cohabitation: marriage and diplomacy between Latins and Cilician Armenians, c. 1097-1253". In Kostick, Conor (ed.). The Crusades and the Near East: Cultural Histories. Routledge. pp. 83–106. ISBN 978-0-415-58040-3.
- Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-39312-6.
- Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher (2005). The Crusades: A History. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-7269-9.
- ISBN 0-521-06163-6.
- ISBN 0-521-06163-6.
- Van Tricht, Filip (2011). The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-20323-5.
Further reading
- du Cange, Charles (1869). Les Familles d'outre-mer (in French). Paris: Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey. Imprimerie Impériale.
- ISBN 978-0-521-62566-1.
External links
- "Bohemond III Prince of Antioch". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016.