Bohemond II of Antioch
Bohemond II | |
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Roman Catholicism |
Bohemond II (1107/1108 – February 1130) was
Bohemond came to Antioch in autumn 1126. He launched successful military campaigns against the nearby Muslim rulers, but his conflict with
Early life
Bohemond II was the son of Prince
Bohemond I died in Apulia in 1111. Bohemond II was still a minor,[7] so his mother took charge of the government of Taranto.[8] The Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sent envoys to Tancred to demand control of Antioch, but Tancred refused to obey and continued to govern the principality.[9] Tancred died in 1112 and bequeathed Antioch to his nephew, Roger of Salerno.[10][11]
Roger's legal status during his rule in Antioch is uncertain.[12] According to William of Tyre, Tancred made Roger his successor "with the understanding that, at the demand of Bohemond or his heirs, he should not refuse to return it," suggesting that Roger was simply regent for the child Bohemond.[13] Roger adopted the title of prince, which implies that he regarded himself the ruler of Antioch in his own right.[12][14] The contemporaneous Fulcher of Chartres accused Roger of depriving of "his inheritance his own lord, the son of Bohemond [I], then living in Apulia with his mother."[15] Charters issued in Bohemond's Italian domains between 1117 and 1119 emphasized that he was the son of the prince of Antioch, but did not style him prince.[16]
After Roger and most Antiochene noblemen perished in the
Baldwin II was captured in 1123,
Prince of Antioch
Bohemond landed at the port of St. Symeon in the Principality of Antioch in October or November.[20][22] He went to Antioch to meet Baldwin II of Jerusalem, who subsequently ceded Antioch to him.[26] Bohemond was officially installed as prince in Baldwin's presence.[27]
Bohemond came into conflict with
Meanwhile, Bohemond's cousin William II of Apulia had died without issue on 25 July 1127.[24] Pope Honorius II tried to prevent Count Roger II of Sicily (the cousin of both William and Bohemond) from seizing Apulia, but Roger did not obey him.[25] In May 1128, he invaded Bohemond's Italian principality,[25] capturing Taranto, Otranto and Brindisi without resistance.[25] He completed the conquest of the whole principality around 15 June.[25]
Taking advantage of the disputes between the Assassins and Taj al-Muluk Buri, atabeg of Damascus, Baldwin II of Jerusalem invaded Damascene territory and laid siege to Banias in November 1129.[32] Bohemond and Joscelin joined Baldwin, but a heavy rainfall forced the crusaders to abandon the siege.[32][28]
Bohemond decided to recover Anazarbus and other territories which had been lost to the Cilician Armenia.[33] He invaded Cilicia in February 1130, traveling along the Ceyhan River.[34] Leo I of Cilicia sought assistance from the Danishmend Emir Gazi who made a surprise attack on Bohemond's army.[35] Bohemond and his soldiers were massacred in the battle.[36][37] According to Michael the Syrian, the Turks killed Bohemond because they did not recognize him; had they recognized him, they would have saved him so they could demand a ransom from him.[38] Gümüshtigin had Bohemond's head embalmed and sent to Al-Mustarshid, the Abbasid caliph.[35]
Family
Bohemond's wife, Alice, was the second daughter of Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Morphia of Melitene.[39] Their only child, Constance, was two when Bohemond died in 1130.[40] Alice tried to secure the regency for Constance for herself, but the Antiochene noblemen preferred her father, Baldwin II of Jerusalem.[40] After Bohemond's death, Roger II of Sicily laid claim to Antioch, but he could never assert it against Constance.[41]
Genealogy of the Norman rulers of Antioch and southern Italy[42] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 125, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 2.).
- ^ a b Houben 2002, p. 31.
- ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (2016). "Bohemond II Prince of Antioch". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 83.
- ^ Asbridge 2000, p. 137.
- ^ Asbridge 2000, pp. 137–138.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 51.
- ^ Norwich 1992, p. 304.
- ^ Asbridge 2000, p. 138.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 103.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 124.
- ^ a b Asbridge 2000, p. 139.
- ^ Asbridge 2000, pp. 141–142.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 126.
- ^ a b c Asbridge 2000, p. 141.
- ^ Asbridge 2000, p. 142.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 123–124.
- ^ Runciman 1989, pp. 149, 152.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 152.
- ^ a b c Asbridge 2000, p. 146.
- ^ Nicholson 1969, p. 419.
- ^ a b c d Nicholson 1969, p. 428.
- ^ a b Houben 2002, p. 43.
- ^ a b Norwich 1992, p. 307.
- ^ a b c d e Norwich 1992, p. 312.
- ^ a b c d Runciman 1989, p. 176.
- ^ a b c d Asbridge 2000, p. 147.
- ^ a b c Asbridge 2000, p. 127.
- ^ a b c d Runciman 1989, p. 181.
- ^ Nicholson 1969, pp. 428–429.
- ^ Runciman 1989, pp. 181–182.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 180.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 182.
- ^ Runciman 1989, pp. 182–183.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 183.
- ^ Nicholson 1969, p. 431.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 152.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 395.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 176, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 1.).
- ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 184.
- ^ Houben 2002, pp. 44, 78.
- ^ Runciman 1989, Appendix III.
Sources
- ISBN 978-0-85115-661-3.
- ISBN 978-0-300-11312-9.
- ISBN 0-521-65208-1.
- Nicholson, Robert L. (1969). "The Growth of the Latin States, 1118–1144". In ISBN 0-299-04844-6.
- ISBN 978-0-14-015212-8.
- ISBN 0-521-06162-8.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-521-62566-1.