Bohemond IV of Antioch

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Bohemond IV
Catholicism

Bohemond IV of Antioch, also known as Bohemond the One-Eyed (

Raymond, but their father sent Bohemond to Tripoli in late 1187. Saladin, the Ayyubid
sultan of Egypt and Syria, conquered the county, save for the capital and two fortresses, in summer 1188.

Raymond died in early 1197, leaving a

Hospitallers
, and the Italian merchants.

Bohemond made an alliance with

Latin Patriarchs of Antioch enabled Raymond-Roupen to seize Antioch in 1216, but Bohemond regained the principality in 1219. After Leo I's death, Bohemond tried to secure Cilicia to his younger son, Philip, but Constantine of Baberon, who had administered Cilicia during the previous years, imprisoned Philip in 1224. Bohemond allied with Kayqubad I
, sultan of Rum, but he could not prevent Philip's murder in 1225.

Early life

Bohemond was the younger son of

excommunicated Bohemond's father for his third marriage.[7]

Reign

Count of Tripoli

The crusader states around 1190

The childless

Raymond, who was Bohemond's elder brother.[8] Bohemond III of Antioch sent Bohemond to Tripoli, because the union of Antioch and Tripoli under one monarch could jeopardize the defence of both crusader states.[8][9] Raymond III of Tripoli ordered his vassals to do homage to Bohemond.[5][9] The dying count, who was a member of the House of Toulouse, also prescribed that should another member of his family come from Toulouse, Bohemond should cede the County of Tripoli to him.[8] Raymond died in late 1187.[9] Charters issued during the first years of Bohemond's rule imply that his elder brother was regarded a titular count of Tripoli for a while.[5]

After Saladin conquered almost the whole

Tyros.[10] Saladin decided to invade the crusader states in Syria.[11] He started his military campaign against Tripoli in May 1188, but the arrival of the fleet of William II of Sicily saved the town.[8][12] After Saladin captured Tortosa and Jabala (present-day Tartus and Jableh in Syria) in July, only Tripoli, Krak des Chevaliers, and the citadel at Tortosa remained under Christian rule in the county.[13]

Saladin released Guy of Lusignan who joined his wife.

siege to Acre in August 1189.[15] The siege was the first sign of a new Christian offensive.[15] Richard I of England could not reoccupy Jerusalem during the Third Crusade, but he ensured the survival of the Kingdom of Jerusalem before leaving the Holy Land on 9 October 1192.[16] Taking advantage of the crusade, Bohemond's father made a ten-year truce with Saladin on 30 October 1192.[17][18] The truce covered both Antioch and Tripoli.[17][18]

Bohemond's stepmother, Sybil, wanted to secure the succession of Antioch to her son, William.[5] Leo, Lord of Armenian Cilicia exploited her ambitions.[5][19] With her assistance, he captured and imprisoned Bohemond III in early 1194.[5][20][21] Leo also forced Bohemond III to surrender Antioch to him, but the Latin and Greek burghers formed a commune and prevented the Armenian soldiers from seizing the town.[21] The commune proclaimed Bohemond III's elder son, Raymond, regent.[21] Bohemond hurried from Tripoli to Antioch at the head of his army to help his brother, compelling the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia.[22] Leo released their father only after Bohemond III renounced his claim to suzerainty over Cilicia.[22]

Raymond died in early 1197.

Archbishop of Mainz, to visit Antioch.[24] On the archbishop's demand, Bohemond III declared Raymond-Roupen his heir and ordered the Antiochene noblemen to swear fealty to the boy.[24] Raymond-Roupen was the only son of the first-born son of Bohemond III and thus heir by primogeniture, but Bohemond was Bohemond III's closest male relative and so heir by proximity of blood.[25]

In early 1198, Bohemond marched to Antioch and gained the support of the military orders and the Italian merchants, promising new grants to them.

by the grace of God count of Tripoli" to emphasize his right to inherit Antioch.[29]

War of Succession

Main article: War of the Antiochene Succession
Coat of arms of Poitiers of Antioch

Bohemond hurried to Antioch when his father died in April 1201.

sultan of Rum, who forced the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia.[32][29]

Leo tried to gain the support of the Holy See against Bohemond, promising to

Soffred Gaetani to Antioch in late spring 1203.[34] Bohemond declined to meet the papal legate, stating that the patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem had excommunicated him for his debate with the Hospitallers.[34] Gaetani mediated a reconciliation between Bohemond and the Hospitallers, but Bohemond insisted that the papal legate could not be mentioned in the agreement, because the Holy See could not make a judgement about feudal rights in the principality.[34]

In 1203,

emperor in Constantinople.[36][37] He did homage to her, acknowledging the suzerainty of the Latin emperors over Antioch.[38][39] Marie tried to mediate a reconciliation between Bohemond and Leo of Cilicia, but she died in August.[40]

Renoart of Nephin pillaged the countryside and led his troops to Tripoli in late 1204.[32] Bohemond lost an eye in a battle at the gates of the town.[32] He could only crush the rebellion after Aimery died in April 1205.[32] He captured both Nephin and Gibelcar before the end of the year, forcing Renart to flee to Cyprus.[35] Before long, Bohemond returned to Antioch.[39]

Bohemond had already been on bad terms with the Latin patriarch of Antioch,

interdict on Antioch, but the burghers ignored his decision and visited the Greek churches.[39][41]

Peter of Angoulême helped Raymond-Roupen's supporters to return from Cilicia to Antioch in late 1207.

Peter of Ivrea, the new Latin patriarch of Antioch, to visit his see.[43] He also debated the right of the Holy See to make a judgement about the succession in Antioch, stating that the principality was a fief of the Latin emperors of Constantinople.[44]

The Hospitallers made raids against Hama, Homs and Latakia from their castles in Bohemond's realms.[45] Al-Adil I, the Ayyubid ruler of Damascus and Egypt, blamed Bohemond for the knights' actions.[46] Al-Adil broke into the County of Tripoli, forcing Bohemond to pay a compensation in 1208 or 1209.[45]

Az-Zahir Ghazi invaded Cilicia to prevent Leo from attacking Antioch in 1209.

grand master of the Knights Templar Guillaume de Chartres, in a skirmish on the plains near Antioch in 1211.[47] Their action annoyed Pope Innocent who excommunicated Leo of Cilicia.[47] Bohemond expelled the Eastern Orthodox patriarch from Antioch, allowing Peter of Ivrea to take charge of his see.[47] John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem, sent reinforcements to Antioch to fight against the Armenians.[45] Leo dispatched Raymond-Roupen to attack the Templars' domains in Bohemond's principality in 1212.[47][45]

A group of Assassins murdered Bohemond's eldest son, Raymond, in 1213.[45] At the time, the Assassins were tributaries to the Hospitallers and Bohemond suspected the Hospitallers had been involved in the murder.[48] After Bohemond and the Templars laid siege their fortress at Khawabi, the Assassins sought assistance from Bohemond's old ally, Az-Zahir Ghazi.[49] Az-Zahir Ghazi appealed to Al-Adil, although they had been enemies.[49] Their alliance forced Bohemond to lift the siege and to send an apology to Az-Zahir Ghazi.[49]

Bohemond preferred to stay in Tripoli which caused discontent among the citizens of Antioch.[45] Peter of Ivrea, the Hospitallers and Acharie of Sermin, who was the senechal of Antioch and head of the commune, started negotiations with Leo of Cilicia about the surrender of Antioch to Raymond-Roupen.[50] They helped the Cilician troops to enter Antioch on 14 February 1216.[50] The Templars abandoned the citadel without resistance and Raymond-Roupen was installed as prince.[50]

Duke

Leopold VI of Austria, who landed at Acre in late summer 1217, invited Bohemond to join the Fifth Crusade.[51][52] Bohemond and his vassals marched to Acre.[51] However, the crusade ended in failure because of the lack of a united command.[53] Bohemond left the Kingdom of Jerusalem together with Andrew II of Hungary and Hugh I of Cyprus in January 1218.[54] Andrew attended at the wedding of Bohemond and Hugh's half-sister Melisende in Tripoli.[54] During the same year, Moslem troops made a plundering raid against the County of Tripoli.[55]

Conflicts

In 1219, a group of Antiochene noblemen rose up against Raymond-Roupen who had lost Leo of Cilicia's support.[55][56] Their leader, William Farabel, urged Bohemond to come to Antioch.[55] Raymond-Roupen sought refuge in the citadel, but he was forced to leave Antioch.[55][56] He entrusted the citadel to the Hospitallers.[57] Bohemond hurried to Antioch and seized the principality.[55][56] The Hospitallers abandoned the citadel without resistance.[57]

Before long, Bohemond granted Jabala (which was still to be conquered) to the Templars although Raymond-Roupen had promised the town to the Hospitallers.[57] The papal legate, Cardinal Pelagius, brokered an agreement between the military orders, dividing the town between them.[57] However, Bohemond remained hostile to the Hospitallers.[57] After he confiscated their property in Antioch, Pelagius excommunicated him.[57]

Constantine of Baberon, the regent for Isabella of Cilicia, offered her hand to Bohemond's son, Philip, because he needed Bohemond's assistance against Kayqubad I, Sultan of Rum.[57][58] Bohemond accepted the offer and his son married Isabella in June 1222.[57][59] Bohemond and Philip repelled a Seldjuq attack against Cilicia.[59] Philip's blatant favoritism towards his Frankish retainers enabled Constantine of Baberon to hatch a plot against him.[59] Philip and his supporters were captured and imprisoned at the end of 1224.[59] Bohemond tried to ensure his son's liberation through negotiations.[59] He appealed to Pope Honorius III, but the pope confirmed his excommunication and forbade the Templars to assist him.[59][57] Bohemond persuaded Kayqubad I to invade Cilicia.[59][60] Although Bohemond's son had already been poisoned, Constantine of Baberon promised that Philip would be released if Bohemond come to Cilicia.[61] Shortly after Bohemond's departure, Shihab ad-Din Toghrul, atabeg of Aleppo, broke into the Principality of Antioch.[61] After learning of his son's death and Toghrul's invasion, Bohemond hurried back.[59][61]

The Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, summoned the Christian rulers of Syria and the Holy Land to Cyprus.[62] Bohemond joined him while Frederick was marching from Limassol to Nicosia in August 1228.[62] Frederick demanded an oath of fealty for Antioch and Tripoli from Bohemond, but Bohemond feigned a nervous breakdown and returned to Nephin.[63][64] Bohemond again met Frederick in Acre in 1229, but Bohemond's realms were not included in the peace treaty between Frederick and Al-Kamil, sultan of Egypt, on 18 February 1229.[64][65]

At the Hospitallers' request,

Gerald of Lausanne, Patriarch of Jerusalem, to lift the ban if Bohemond agreed to make peace with the Hospitallers.[66] With the mediation of Gerald and the Ibelins, Bohemond and the Hospitallers made a treaty which was signed on 26 October 1231.[66] Bohemond confirmed the Hospitallers' right to hold Jabala and a nearby fortress and granted them money fiefs in both Tripoli and Antioch.[66] The knights renounced the privileges that Raymond-Roupen had granted to them.[66] Before long, Gerald of Lausanne lifted the excommunication and sent the treaty to Rome to be confirmed by the Holy See.[66]

Balian, to Tripoli to negotiate with Bohemond, but the elderly Bohemond remained neutral in the conflict.[68][69] Bohemond died in March 1233, a few weeks before the pope's confirmation of his treaty with the Hospitallers came to Tripoli.[70] He was regarded as a great jurist by his contemporaries.[69]

Family

Bohemond's family (selective chart)[71]
Raymond of PoitiersConstance of AntiochRaynald of Châtillon
OrgueilleuseBohemond III of AntiochSybilPhilippaMariaBaldwinAgnes
Raymond IV of Tripoli
Bohemond IV of AntiochWilliamAliceAlexios II KomnenosAndrew II of Hungary
Raymond-RoupenRaymondBohemond V of AntiochPhilipHenryMaria
Bohemond VI of AntiochHugh III of Cyprus

Bohemond's first wife,

Stephanie of Milly.[5][72] The marriage secured Bohemond's position in the County of Tripoli.[5] Raymond, the eldest son of Bohemond and Plaisance, was murdered at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa in 1213 at the age of 18.[73] Bohemond was succeeded by his second son, Bohemond, in both Antioch and Tripoli.[74][75] Bohemond's and Plaisance's third son, Philip, who was the first husband of Isabella of Cilicia, ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1222 and 1224.[76] He died in prison.[58] Bohemond's youngest son, Henry, married Isabella of Cyprus; their son, Hugh, inherited Cyprus in 1267 and the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1268.[77]

Bohemond's second wife, Melisende, was the youngest daughter of King Aimery of Cyprus and Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem.[78] Their daughter, Maria, laid claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem against her nephew, Hugh, in 1268.[79] She died after 1307.[80]

References

  1. ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 418.
  2. ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (2016). "Bohemond IV Prince of Antioch". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  3. ^ Burgtorf 2016, pp. 197–198.
  4. ^ a b Barber 2012, pp. 277, 418.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Burgtorf 2016, p. 198.
  6. ^ Runciman 1989a, pp. 429–430.
  7. ^ Barber 2012, p. 277.
  8. ^ a b c d Runciman 1989a, p. 470.
  9. ^ a b c Lock 2006, p. 72.
  10. ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 20.
  11. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 307–311, 316.
  12. ^ Barber 2012, p. 316.
  13. ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 471.
  14. ^ Barber 2012, p. 317.
  15. ^ a b Runciman 1989b, p. 22.
  16. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 353–354.
  17. ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 354.
  18. ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 76.
  19. ^ Der Nersessian 1969, p. 646.
  20. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 87.
  21. ^ a b c Lock 2006, p. 79.
  22. ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 89.
  23. ^ Lock 2006, p. 80.
  24. ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 99.
  25. ^ a b Burgtorf 2016, p. 199.
  26. ^ a b Runciman 1989b, p. 100.
  27. ^ Lock 2006, p. 81.
  28. ^ Burgtorf 2016, pp. 199–200.
  29. ^ a b Burgtorf 2016, p. 200.
  30. ^ Lock 2006, p. 83.
  31. ^ a b Hardwicke 1969, p. 533.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h Hardwicke 1969, p. 534.
  33. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 135.
  34. ^ a b c d Burgtorf 2016, p. 204.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g Burgtorf 2016, p. 201.
  36. ^ a b Van Tricht 2011, p. 434.
  37. ^ a b Runciman 1989b, p. 136.
  38. ^ Van Tricht 2011, pp. 434–435.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g Hardwicke 1969, p. 535.
  40. ^ Van Tricht 2011, pp. 435–436.
  41. ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 136–137.
  42. ^ Hardwicke 1969, pp. 535–536.
  43. ^ a b c Hardwicke 1969, p. 536.
  44. ^ Van Tricht 2011, p. 436.
  45. ^ a b c d e f Burgtorf 2016, p. 202.
  46. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 137.
  47. ^ a b c d Hardwicke 1969, p. 537.
  48. OCLC 951512444
    .
  49. ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 138.
  50. ^ a b c Hardwicke 1969, p. 538.
  51. ^ a b Van Cleve 1969, p. 388.
  52. ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 147–148.
  53. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 148.
  54. ^ a b Van Cleve 1969, p. 393.
  55. ^ a b c d e Hardwicke 1969, p. 540.
  56. ^ a b c Burgtorf 2016, p. 203.
  57. ^ a b c d e f g h i Runciman 1989b, p. 172.
  58. ^ a b Der Nersessian 1969, p. 651.
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h Hardwicke 1969, p. 541.
  60. ^ Der Nersessian 1969, p. 651 (note 25).
  61. ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 173.
  62. ^ a b Runciman 1989b, p. 182.
  63. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 183.
  64. ^ a b Hardwicke 1969, p. 545.
  65. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 187.
  66. ^ a b c d e f Hardwicke 1969, p. 547.
  67. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 197.
  68. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 198.
  69. ^ a b Hardwicke 1969, p. 549.
  70. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 206.
  71. ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 88, Appendix III (Genealogical trees No. 1-2.).
  72. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 149, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 3.).
  73. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 138, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 3.).
  74. ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 138, 207, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 3.).
  75. ^ Hardwicke 1969, pp. 549–550.
  76. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 172, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 3.).
  77. ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 206, 327–328, Appendix III (Genealogical trees No. 1, 3.).
  78. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 95, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 1.).
  79. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 95, Appendix III (Genealogical trees No. 1., 3.).
  80. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 329.

Sources

Further reading

Bohemond IV of Antioch
House of Poitiers
Born: c. 1175 Died: March 1233
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Raymond IV
 Count of Tripoli
1187–1233 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince of Antioch
1201–1216 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince of Antioch
1219–1233 		Succeeded by

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