Boletaceae

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Boletaceae
Cep, Boletus edulis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Chevall.
(1826)
Type genus
Boletus
Fr. (1821)
Subfamilies[1]
Synonyms
  • Strobilomycetaceae E.-J.Gilbert (1931)
  • Octavianiaceae Locq. ex Pegler & T.W.K.Young (1979)
  • Boletellaceae Jülich (1981)
  • Chamonixiaceae Jülich (1981)
  • Xerocomaceae Pegler & T.W.K.Young (1981)
  • Hapalopilaceae Jülich (1982)

The Boletaceae are a

boletes
.

Boletes are a group of mushrooms reasonably safe for human consumption, as none of them are known to be deadly to adults. Edible bolete species are especially suitable for novice collectors, since they pose little danger of being confused with deadly

poisonous mushrooms, such as deadly Amanita species which bear gills instead of pores in their hymenial
surface. Some boletes are toxic and may cause gastrointestinal poisoning if consumed, but these are unlikely to be confused with popular edible species in the family.

The family has been the subject of extensive

polyphyletic, and the original number of genera within the family had been underestimated. As a result, several new species and genera have been described from Asia, Europe and North America
, while many existing species have been transferred to different genera, in concordance with phylogenetic results.

Description

Most species of Boletaceae produce large, fleshy mushrooms, with a more or less central stipe. The fruit bodies typically have tubular hymenophores, although a small number of species (e.g. Phylloporus) are lamellate. The

oxidation of pulvinic acid derivatives, like variegatic, xerocomic, and atrotomentinic acids.[2]

Taxonomy

Boletaceae were first described by the French botanist

genera were initially included in Chevallier's circumscription: Boletus (which is the type genus of the family), Cladoporus (now synonymous with Laetiporus[3]), Physisporus (now Perenniporia[4]), Polyporus, and Fistulina.[5] However, all of the original genera except Boletus have since been transferred to different families,[6][7]
and several new Boletaceae genera have been described.

Genera

polyphyletic.[10] In the comprehensive work of Wu and colleagues (2014),[1] seven major clades at subfamily level and 59 generic lineages were uncovered, including four new subfamilies (Austroboletoideae, Chalciporoideae, Leccinoideae, and Zangioideae) and 22 potential new genera. To formally name the generic lineages unravelled by molecular phylogenies, several new genera have since been described from Asia, Europe and North America including, among others, Baorangia,[11] Butyriboletus,[12] Cacaoporus,[13] Caloboletus,[14] Exsudoporus,[15] Imperator[16] and Rubroboletus.[17]

Some characters traditionally emphasised in morphology-based taxonomy, such as basidiospore ornamentation and "stuffed" pore morphology, revealed to be incongruent with molecular taxonomy, suggesting that certain traits evolved more than once within the family.[1][18]

Genus Authority  Year No. of species Distribution
Afroboletus Pegler & T.W.K.Young 1981 7 tropical Africa
Alessioporus[19] Gelardi, Vizzini & Simonini 2014 1 southern Europe
Aureoboletus
Pouzar
 1957 17[20] widespread
Australopilus[21] Halling & Fechner 2012 1 Australia
Austroboletus Wolfe 1980 ~30 America, Australasia
Baorangia[11] G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang 2015 >2 East Asia, North America
Boletellus
Murrill
 1909 ~50 widespread
Boletochaete Singer 1944 3 Africa, Southeast Asia
Boletus Fr. 1821 ~300* widespread
Borofutus[22] Hosen & Zhu L.Yang 2012 1 Bangladesh
Bothia Halling, T.J.Baroni, & Binder 2007 1 North America
Buchwaldoboletus Pilát 1962 3 Europe, Australia
Butyriboletus[12] D.Arora & J.L.Frank 2014 18 widespread
Cacaoporus[13] Raspé & Vadthanarat 2019 2 Thailand
Caloboletus[14] Vizzini 2014 13 widespread
Chalciporus Bataille 1908 25 widespread
Chamonixia Rolland 1899 8 widespread
Corneroboletus[23] N.K.Zeng & Zhu L.Yang 2012 1 Singapore, Malaysia, tropical China
Crocinoboletus[24] N.K. Zeng, Zhu L. Yang & G. Wu 2015 2 East Asia, South Asia
Cyanoboletus[25] Gelardi, Vizzini & Simonini 2014 3 widespread
Durianella[26] A.W.Wilson & Manfr.Binder 2008 1 Malaysia, Borneo
Erythrophylloporus[27] Raspé, Vadthanarat & Lumyong 2019 3 China, Thailand
Exsudoporus[15] Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi 2014 3 North America, Europe
Fistulinella
Henn.
 1901 15 pantropical
Gastroboletus Lohwag 1962 13 widespread
Gastroleccinum
Thiers
 1989 1 North America
Harrya[21] Halling, Nuhn & Osmundson 2012 2 Asia, North America, Central America
Heimioporus E.Horak 2004 ~15 widespread
Heliogaster[28] (Kobayasi) Orihara & Iwase 2010 1 Japan
Hemileccinum[29] Šutara 2008 3[20] Europe, North America[20]
Hortiboletus[30] Simonini, Vizzini & Gelardi 2015 4 Europe, North America
Imleria[31] Vizzini 2014 4[32] Europe, Asia, North America[32]
Imperator Assyov et al. 2015 3 Europe, West Asia
Kaziboletus[33] Iqbal Hosen, Zhu L.Yang 2021 1 South Asia
Lanmaoa[11] G. Wu, Zhu L. Yang, Halling 2015 >5 East Asia, North America
Leccinellum Bresinsky & Manfr. Binder 2003 10 widespread
Leccinum Gray 1821 135 widespread
Mucilopilus[1]
 Wolfe 1979 4[34] North America, New Zealand[34]
Mycoamaranthus Castellano, Trappe & Malajczuk 1992 3 Australasia, Africa, Southeast Asia
Neoboletus Gelardi et al. 2014 9 Europe, Asia
Nigroboletus[35] Gelardi, Vizzini, E. Horak, T.H. Li & Ming Zhang 2015 1 China
Octaviania
Vittad.
 1831 15 widespread
Parvixerocomus[11] G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, 2015 2 East Asia
Paxillogaster E.Horak 1966 1 South America
Phylloboletellus Singer 1952 1 Central and South America
Phyllobolites Singer 1942 1 South America
Phylloporus
Quel.
 1888 ~50 cosmopolitan
Pseudoaustroboletus[36] Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2014 1 East Asia, South Asia
Pseudoboletus Šutara 1991 2 north temperate regions
Pulchroboletus[19] Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi 2014 1 southern Europe
Pulveroboletus
Murrill
 1909 25 cosmopolitan
Retiboletus Manfr. Binder & Bresinsky 2002 5 north temperate regions
Rheubarbariboletus[30] Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi 2015 2 Europe
Rhodactina Pegler & T.W.K.Young 1989 2 India, Thailand
Rossbeevera[37] T.Lebel & Orihara 2011 9 Asia, Australia
Royoungia Castellano, Trappe & Malajczuk 1992 1 Australia
Rubroboletus[17] Kuan Zhao & Zhu L.Yang 2014 8 Widespread
Rugiboletus[11] G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang 2015 2 East Asia
Setogyroporus Heinem. & Rammeloo 1999 1 tropical Africa
Singerocomus[38] T.W.Henkel & M.E.Sm. 2016 3 ??
Singeromyces
M.M.Moser
 1966 1 Argentina
Sinoboletus M.Zang 1992 10 China
Solioccasus[39] Trappe, Osmundson, Manfr.Binder, Castellano & Halling 2013 1 Australasia
Spongiforma[40] Desjardin, Manf. Binder, Roekring & Flegel 2009 2 Thailand, Malaysia
Strobilomyces
Berk.
 1851 ~20 cosmopolitan
Suillellus Murrill 1909 11 North America, Europe
Sutorius[41] Halling, Nuhn & Fechner 2012 3 North America, Costa Rica, Africa, S.E. Asia, Australia
Tubosaeta E.Horak 1967 5 Africa, Asia
Tylopilus
P.Karst
 1881 111 widespread
Veloporphyrellus L.D.Gómez & Singer 1984 1 Central America
Wakefieldia Corner & Hawker 1952 2 Asia, Europe
Xanthoconium Singer 1944 7 cosmopolitan
Xerocomellus[29] Šutara 2008 24 North and South America, Europe
Xerocomus[29] Quel 1887 >20 widespread
Zangia[42] Yan C.Li & Zhu L.Yang 2011 6 China

(*) Note that the

phylogenetic and taxonomic position of many taxa currently remaining in genus Boletus has not yet been clarified. The number of species in this genus will therefore significantly reduce in the following years, as more taxa will be transferred to different genera, or found to be synonyms
.

Many other genera formerly part of this family have been moved into other, smaller families, as work with

molecular phylogeny shows that they are more distantly related, even if morphologically similar. Representative of this adjustment, is the move of the slimy-capped genus Suillus to the family Suillaceae
.

Distribution

Wielangta Forest, Tasmania

Boletes are found worldwide, on every continent except Antarctica. Well-known and well-described in the temperate latitudes in the northern hemisphere, newer research has shown significant diversity in tropical and southern hemisphere regions as well.

Mediterranean region, where many rare or range-restricted species can be found.[44]

Ecology

As

South American and African boletes, such as species of Phylloboletellus, is nonetheless not yet fully clarified, as fruit bodies are often found without the presence of ectomycorrhizal vegetation.[7][46]

Most frequently associated tree-hosts are members of the

rockrose.[50][54]

Most

chalk.[56][57] Other species, such as Hemileccinum impolitum or Leccinellum lepidum, are indifferent to the substrate and frequently occur on both calcareous and acidic soil.[44]

Conservation

A number of Boletaceae species are considered rare, vulnerable or endangered, and some have been included in regional or national

critically endangered in the Czech Republic.[60] Also critically endangered in the Czech Republic are Aureoboletus moravicus, Buchwaldoboletus sphaerocephalus, Butyriboletus fuscoroseus, Imperator rhodopurpureus, Leccinum roseotinctum and Rubroboletus rubrosanguineus.[60] Eleven species of Boletaceae, Boletus aereus, Boletus pinophilus, Butyriboletus regius, Hemileccinum impolitum, Imperator luteocupreus, I. rhodopurpureus, I. torosus, Rubroboletus dupainii, R. lupinus, R. pulchrotinctus and R. satanas, are considered vulnerable or endangered in North Macedonia and have been included in the national Red List of fungi.[61] Similarly, twenty species of Boletaceae are included in the Red List of fungi in Bulgaria.[62]

Research from the

climate changes and long-term drought. In a ten-year study from the island of Cyprus, most bolete species were found to be rare, highly restricted by low soil moisture and exhibited very erratic fruiting patterns strongly correlating to annual, late summer and early autumn precipitation.[44]

Edibility

A large number of boletes are edible, few are delicious and some are considered to be true culinary

champignons, shiitake, or portobellos
.

Two species of Butyriboletus, the royal bolete (B. regius) and the butter bolete (B. appendiculatus) are also culinary valued, though much less common than the ceps. In northern Europe, two of the commonest and most frequently collected edible boletes are the bay bolete (Imleria badia), whose pores bruise blue-green, and the orange birch bolete, which is a Leccinum with an orange cap and which bruises a bluish grey.[citation needed]

Several guidebooks recommend avoiding all red-pored boletes, but both Neoboletus luridiformis (= Neoboletus erythropus) and Suillellus luridus are edible when well-cooked and widely consumed in certain parts of Europe.

Lookalikes

Poisonous or otherwise inedible species are also present in the family, however, such as the unpalatable bitter species Caloboletus calopus and the aptly named bitter bolete (Tylopilus felleus), with a taste compared to bile, as well as some orange-capped species of Leccinum. As the bitter bolete resembles somewhat the king bolete, it can produce literally a bitter disappointment to the mushroom hunter. The rule of thumb is that the bitter bolete has pink pores, and a brownish stipe with a dark brown (sometimes approaching black) reticulum, while the cep has whitish pores, which in maturity become yellowish or sometimes with a faint olivaceous tint, a light-colored (white and/or similar in color to the rest of the stipe) reticulum and white hyphae tufts at the base of the stipe. The bitter bolete also lacks the stuffed or plugged pore appearance (caused by a hyphal mat of cheilocystidia) that is common in the cep and its allies. If uncertain, tasting a small piece of cap context should clinch the identification, since Tylopilus felleus has a strong, foul bitter taste.

Toxicity

Devil's bolete (Rubroboletus satanas)

T lymphocytes.[68] A similar compound, bolevenine, has been isolated from the poisonous Neoboletus venenatus in Japan.[69]

More recent studies have associated the poisoning caused by R. satanas with hyperprocalcitonemia,[70] and classified it as a distinct syndrome among fungal poisonings.[71] Several other boletes are known to cause varying degrees of gastrointestinal symptoms, especially if eaten raw or insufficiently cooked.

One incident of death associated with Rubroboletus pulcherrimus was reported in 1994; a couple developed gastrointestinal symptoms after eating this fungus, with the husband finally succumbing. An autopsy revealed infarction of the midgut.[72]

See also

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Cited texts

  • Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
    ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8
    .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boletaceae.
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