Boletus pinophilus

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Boletus pinophilus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Boletus
Species:
B. pinophilus
Binomial name
Boletus pinophilus
Pilát & Dermek (1973)[1]
Synonyms
  • Boletus aestivalis var. pinicola
    (Vittad.) Sacc[2]
  • Boletus edulis var. pinicola
    Vitt.[3]
  • Boletus edulis f. pinicola
    (Vittad.) Vassilkov[4]
  • Boletus pinicola
    (Vitt.) Venturi[3]
Boletus pinophilus
mycorrhizal
Edibility is choice

Boletus pinophilus, commonly known as the pine bolete or pinewood king bolete, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Boletus found throughout Europe and western Asia. Described by Italian naturalist Carlo Vittadini in 1835, B. pinophilus was for many years considered a subspecies or form of the porcini mushroom B. edulis before genetic studies confirmed its distinct status. In 2008, B. pinophilus in western North America were reclassified as a new species, B. rex-veris. B. pinophilus is edible, and may be preserved and cooked.

The fungus grows predominantly in

boletes
, the size of the fruiting body is variable.

Description

The fruiting body has a convex-shaped cap, at first small in relation to its stipe, expanding in volume as it matures. The skin of the cap is dry, matte and can be coloured from maroon to chocolate brown with a reddish tint.[5] It is thicker than other porcini-like boletes and is gelatinous.[6] These characteristics distinguish it visually from relatives such as Boletus edulis, B. reticulatus and B. aereus. The young, immature cap may have a pale pink colour and a white, powdery flush.

As with all boletes, the size of the

fruiting body can vary greatly. The cap diameter can be as much as 40 centimetres (16 inches), the stem height 25 cm (10 in) and stem diameter 16 cm (6+1⁄4 in).[5] Measuring 4 to 10 cm (1+1⁄2 to 4 in) tall by 3 to 8 cm (1+1⁄4 to 3+1⁄4 in) wide, the bulbous stipe is often large, swollen and imposing, bearing a network pattern, much coarser in this species than other porcinis.[6] The overall colour may have an orange-red tinge which is more obvious in the lowest parts, although this is also common in other species. Like other boletes, B. pinophilus has small pores on the underside of its cap rather than gills. These are coloured white at first, becoming yellow with age and olive-brown at full maturity. The spores are cylindric-ellipsoid, smooth, with oil drops and dimensions 15.5–20 by 4.5–5.5 μm. They produce an olive-brown spore print.[5]

  • Wild specimens
    Wild specimens
  • Specimen pushing up needles
    Specimen pushing up needles
  • Undersides of collected specimens
    Undersides of collected specimens

Taxonomy

Italian naturalist

specific epithet is a mix of Latin pinus "pine",[10] and Ancient Greek philus "loving".[11] B. pinophilus is classified in Boletus section Boletus; genetic analysis of European members in this group confirmed it is close to but genetically distinct from B. edulis and proposed maintaining its status as a separate species.[6]

In 2008, a

taxonomic revision of western North American populations of this species was published, formally establishing them as a distinct species, B. rex-veris.[12] Populations from eastern North America under pine have been reclassified as a new species B. pseudopinophilus. Conversely, B. vinosulus—described from the Czech Republic in 1992—has been since synonymised to this species.[13]

Phylogenetic analysis has shown B. pinophilus as a member of a clade, or closely related group, with the North American species B. subcaerulescens, B. subalpinus, B. regineus, B. fibrillosus, and B. rex-veris.[14] Despite the diverse appearances, these taxa are close genetically, leading Feng and colleagues to speculate on combining the first four taxa above as a single species.[15] These four diverged from the lineage that gave rise to B. fibrillosus and B. rex-veris around 5 million years ago; the common ancestor of all these diverged from the ancestor of B. edulis around 10 million years ago.[15]

The British Mycological Society approved the name "pine bolete" for B. pinophilus.[16] Other common names include red king bolete,[13] the pinewood king bolete,[17] and cèpe des pins ("pine tree cep").[18]

Distribution and habitat

Boletus pinophilus is the rarest of the porcini-like mushrooms in Europe, though is found across temperate regions.

pine plantations (such as Pinus sylvestris) in eastern North America, Mexico, Chile, South Africa and New Zealand.[13] Native populations from China and North America have been mostly confirmed as other distinct species.[13]

Ecology

B. pinophilus forms

soil samples were taken from directly beneath the mushroom; the study concluded that the triggers leading to formation of mycorrhizae and production of the fruit bodies appear to be more complex than previously thought.[26]

Uses

Boletus pinophilus is edible,

Black Sea regions, and is exported to Europe.[33] It is sold commercially in Finland.[34]

Fresh mushrooms are up to 90% water, and rich in carbohydrates.[31] Unsaturated alcohols are a major component of the aroma of porcini mushrooms; 1-Octen-3-ol, 2-octen-1-ol, 3-Octanone, (E)-2-octenal, oct-1-en-3-one and 1,7,7-trimethyl-heptan-2-one, 2-propenoic acid and 1,3-octadiene are the main volatile compounds in B. pinophilus.[33] B. pinophilus is known to be a bioaccumulator of the heavy metals mercury, cadmium and selenium.[17][35] To reduce exposure, authorities recommend avoiding mushrooms from polluted areas such as those near mines, smelters, roadways, incinerators and disposal sites. Furthermore, pores should be removed as they contain the highest concentrations of pollutants.[36]

References

  1. ^ "Boletus pinophilus taxon record details at Index Fungorum". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  2. ^ "Boletus aestivalis var. pinicola taxon record details at Index Fungorum". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-330-26441-9
    .
  4. ^ "Boletus edulis f. pinicola taxon record details at Index Fungorum". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
  5. ^
    ISBN 0-330-44237-6
    .
  6. ^
    PMID 20467482. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2011-07-27.
  7. ^ Vittadini, Carlo (1835). Descrizione dei funghi mangerecci più comuni dell'Italia e de' velenosi che possono co' medesimi confondersi. Milan: Rusconi. pp. 168–170.
  8. ^ Saccardo, Pier Andrea; Traverso, Giovanni Battista (1910). Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Vol. 9. Patavii,sumptibus auctoris. p. 154.
  9. ^ Pilát, Albert (1973). "Boletus pinophilus nomen novum pro Boletum pinicolam (Vittadini 1835) Venturi 1836" (PDF). Česká Mykologie. 27: 6–8.
  10. ISBN 0-304-52257-0
    .
  11. ISBN 0-19-910207-4
    .
  12. S2CID 23176365. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2012-03-12. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-3-030-37378-8
    .
  14. PMID 20970511. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2013-05-23.
  15. ^
    PMID 22629418
    . e37567.
  16. ^ Holden, Liz (June 2014). "English Names for fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
  17. ^
    PMID 14581048
    .
  18. ISBN 0-584-10324-7
    .
  19. ^
    ISBN 3-8331-1239-5
    .
  20. ^
    ISSN 0026-3648
    .
  21. ^ Akulov, O.Yu; Pryidiuk, M.P. (2007). "The preliminary checklist of boletoid fungi of Ukraine". Pagine di Micologia. 27 (117–144).
  22. doi:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2011.12.003
    .
  23. ISSN 0554-5579
    .
  24. ^ "Boletus pinophilus record at BioImages UK". BioImages (UK). Archived from the original on September 2, 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  25. ^ "Boletus pinophilus description by Gruppo Micologico "G. Bresadola"" (in Italian). Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  26. PMID 17359260
    .
  27. ^ a b c Ts. Hinkova (1986). Нашите Гъби. Zemizdat (Bulgaria). p. 41.
  28. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7894-1073-3
    .
  29. ^ a b Montoya A, Kong A, Estrada-Torres A, Cifuentes J, Caballero J. "Useful wild fungi of La Malinche National Park, Mexico" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. Chiang Mai, Thailand: The Mushroom Research Foundation. pp. 115–43. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  30. ^ "Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme". Danish Mycological Society. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
  31. ^
    Comptes Rendus de l'Académie Bulgare des Sciences
    . 70 (6).
  32. S2CID 44274570
    .
  33. ^
    doi:10.15835/nbha4319731
    .
  34. ISBN 978-952-11-3153-0. Archived from the original
    on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
  35. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.068
    .
  36. ISBN 0-7167-2600-9
    .

External links

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