Hindi film music
This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2010) |
Music of India | ||||||
Genres | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional
Modern |
||||||
Media and performance | ||||||
|
||||||
Nationalistic and patriotic songs | ||||||
|
||||||
Regional music | ||||||
|
||||||
Hindi film songs, more formally known as Hindi Geet or
The first song recorded in India by Gauhar Jaan in 1902 and the first Bollywood film Alam Ara (1931) were under Saregama, India's oldest music label owned by RPSanjiv Goenka Group.[3] Linguistically, Bollywood songs tend to use vernacular Hindustani, mutually intelligible to self-identified speakers of both Hindi and Urdu, while modern Bollywood songs also increasingly incorporate elements of Hinglish.[4] Urdu poetry has had a particularly strong impact on Bollywood songs, where the lyrics draw heavily from Urdu poetry and the ghazal tradition.[5] In addition, Punjabi is also occasionally used for Bollywood songs.
The
History
Hindi film songs are present in Hindi cinema right from the first sound film Alam Ara (1931) by Ardeshir Irani which featured seven songs. This was closely followed by Shirheen Farhad (1931) by Jamshedji Framji Madan, also by Madan, which had as many as 42 song sequences strung together in the manner of an opera, and later by Indra Sabha which had as many as 69 song sequences. However, the practice subsided and subsequent films usually featured between six and ten songs in each production.[1]: 20
Right from the advent of Indian cinema in 1931, musicals with song numbers have been a regular feature in Indian cinema.[9] In 1934 Hindi film songs began to be recorded on gramophones and later, played on radio channels, giving rise to a new form of mass entertainment in India which was responsive to popular demand.[9] Within the first few years itself, Hindi cinema had produced a variety of films which easily categorised into genres such as "historicals", "mythologicals", "devotional, "fantasy" etc. but each having songs embedded in them such that it is incorrect to classify them as "musicals".[1]
The Hindi song was such an integral features of Hindi mainstream cinema, besides other characteristics, that post-independence alternative cinema, of which the films of Satyajit Ray are an example, discarded the song and dance motif in its effort to stand apart from mainstream cinema[1]
The Hindi film song now began to make its presence felt as a predominating characteristic in the culture of the nation and began to assume roles beyond the limited purview of cinema. In multi-cultural India, as per film historian Partha Chatterjee, "the Hindi film song cut through all the language barriers in India, to engage in lively communication with the nation where more than twenty languages are spoken and ... scores of dialects exist".
For over five decades, these songs formed the staple of popular music in South Asia and along with Hindi films, was an important cultural export to most countries around Asia and wherever the Indian diaspora had spread. The spread was galvanised by the advent of cheap plastic tape cassettes which were produced in the millions until the industry crashed in 2000.[9] Even today Hindi film songs are available on radio, on television, as live music by performers, and on media, both old and new such as cassette tapes, compact disks and DVDs and are easily available, both legally and illegally, on the internet.[1]
Style and format
The various use of languages in Bollywood songs can be complex. Most use variations of Hindi and Urdu, with some songs also including other languages such as
In a film, music, both in itself and accompanied with dance, has been used for many purposes including "heightening a situation, accentuating a mood, commenting on theme and action, providing relief and serving as interior monologue."[11]
In a modern globalisation standpoint, Bollywood music has many non-Indian influences, especially from the West.[12] Many Hindi film music composers learned and mimicked Hollywood's style of matching music to scene atmospheres into their own film songs, the result being Bollywood music. These songs can be considered a combination of Western influences and Hindi music.[13]
Production
Songs in Bollywood movies are deliberately crafted with lyrics often written by distinguished poets or literati (often different from those who write the film script), and these lyrics are often then set to music, carefully choreographed to match the dance routine or script of the film. They are then sung by professional playback singers and lip-synched by the actors. Bollywood cinema is unique in that the majority of songs are seen to be sung by the characters themselves rather than being played in the background.[14] Although protagonists sing often, villains in films do not sing because music and the arts are a sign of humanity.[15] In Western cinema, often a composer who specialises in film music is responsible for the bulk of music on the film's soundtrack, and while in some films songs may play an important part (and have direct relationship to the subject of the film), in Bollywood films, the songs often drive large-scale production numbers featuring elaborate choreography.
The key figure in Bollywood music production and composition is the music director. While in Western films, a "music director" or "music coordinator" is usually responsible for selecting existing recorded music to add to the soundtrack, typically during opening and closing credits, in Bollywood films, the "music director" often has a much broader role encompassing both composing music/songs specifically for the film and (if needed) securing additional (licensed) music. In this sense, a Bollywood music director also plays the role of a composer and music producer.
The lyricist of Bollywood songs is less likely to be the same composer or music director, as Bollywood films often go to great lengths to include lyrics of special significance and applicability to the film's plot and dialogue, and/or the words of highly regarded poets/lyricists set to music written specifically for such words in the film, as noted above.
Bollywood film songs have been described as eclectic both in instrumentation and style.[16] They often employ foreign instruments and rework existing songs, showing remarkable inventiveness in the reinvention of melodies and instrumental techniques.[17]
Bollywood film songs often tend to be accompanied by expensive music videos. Some are among the most expensive music videos of all time.[18] The most expensive Indian music video is "Party All Night" (for the 2013 film Boss), which cost ₹60 million ($1.02 million) to produce.[19] Adjusted for inflation, the most expensive Indian music video was "Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya" (for the 1960 film Mughal-e-Azam), which at the time cost more than ₹1.5 million[20] ($320,000),[21] equivalent to $3 million (₹220 million) adjusted for inflation.
Genres
M.P.
Dance
Hindi dance music encompasses a wide range of songs predominantly featured in the
Disco
In the
In parallel to the
Such experiments eventually culminated in the work of
Along with experiments in electronic disco, another experimental trend in Indian disco music of the early 1980s was the fusion of disco and
Ghazal
The
Music directors like
The filmi-ghazal style experienced a revival in the early 1990s, sparked by the success of Nadeem–Shravan's Aashiqui (1990). It had a big impact on Bollywood music at the time, ushering in ghazal-type romantic music that dominated the early 1990s, with soundtracks such as Dil, Saajan, Phool Aur Kaante and Deewana.[42] A popular ghazal song from Aashiqui was "Dheere Dheere", a cover version of which was later recorded by Yo Yo Honey Singh and released by T-Series in 2015.
Qawwali
It represents a distinct subgenre of film music, although it is distinct from traditional qawwali, which is devotional Sufi music. One example of filmi qawwali is the song "Pardah Hai Pardah" sung by Mohammed Rafi, and composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal, for the Indian film Amar Akbar Anthony (1977).[43]
Within the subgenre of filmi qawwali, there exists a form of qawwali that is infused with modern and Western instruments, usually with techno beats, called techno-qawwali. An example of techno-qawwali is "Kajra Re", a filmi song composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy. A newer variation of the techno-qawwali based on the more dance oriented tracks is known as the "club qawwali". More tracks of this nature are being recorded and released.
Rock
Indian musicians began fusing rock with traditional Indian music from the mid-1960s onwards in filmi songs produced for popular Bollywood films. Some of the more well known early rock songs (including styles such as
Unauthorised contrafacta
The Pakistani
A number of Bollywood soundtracks also plagiarised Guinean singer
Cultural impact
Indian cinema, with its characteristic film music, has not only spread all over Indian society, but also been on the forefront of the spread of India's culture around the world.
Best-selling music directors
Rank | Music director(s) | Name(s) | Sales | Years | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Nadeem–Shravan | Nadeem Akhtar Saifi & Shravan Kumar | 200,100,000 | 1990–2005 | [a] |
2 | Anu Malik | Anwar Malik | 103,100,000 | 1993–2006 | [b] |
3 | A. R. Rahman | Allah-Rakha Rahman | 100,000,000 (including non-Bollywood albums) | 1992–2008 | [54][55] |
4 | Jatin–Lalit | Jatin Pandit & Lalit Pandit | 62,800,000 | 1992–2006 | [c] |
5 | Uttam Singh | Uttam Singh | 42,500,000 | 1989–2003 | [d] |
6 | Raamlaxman | Vijay Patil | 28,100,000 | 1989–1999 | [e] |
7 | Rajesh Roshan | Rajesh Roshan Lal Nagrath | 27,500,000 | 1990–2006 | [f] |
8 | Laxmikant–Pyarelal | Laxmikant Kudalkar & Pyarelal Sharma | 21,100,000 | 1973–1995 | [g] |
9 | Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan | Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan | 19,650,000 | 1996–2007 | [h] |
10 | Nikhil–Vinay | Nikhil Kamath & Vinay Tiwari | 13,600,000 | 1995–2002 | [i] |
- No proper source(s) available, data may be incorrect.
Best-selling soundtrack albums
Top ten
Rank | Year | Soundtrack | Music director(s) | Sales | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1990 | Aashiqui | Nadeem–Shravan | 20,000,000+ (didn't count after) | [56][57] |
2 | 1995 | Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge | Jatin–Lalit | 20,000,000 | [58][59] |
1995 | Bombay |
A.R.Rahman |
15,000,000 | [60] | |
3 | 1997 | Dil Toh Pagal Hai |
Uttam Singh | 12,500,000 | [61] |
4 | 1994 | Hum Aapke Hain Kaun |
Raamlaxman | 12,000,000 | [62] |
5 | 1996 | Raja Hindustani | Nadeem–Shravan | 11,000,000 | [61] |
6 | 1989 | Chandni | Shiv–Hari | 10,000,000 | [63] |
Maine Pyar Kiya | Raamlaxman | 10,000,000 | [63] | ||
1993 | Baazigar | Anu Malik | 10,000,000 | [57] | |
Khalnayak |
Laxmikant–Pyarelal | 10,000,000 | |||
1995 | Bewafa Sanam | Nikhil-Vinay |
10,000,000 | [64] | |
1999 | Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai | Rajesh Roshan | 10,000,000 | [65] |
By decade
Decade | Soundtrack | Sales | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1950s | Awaara (1951) | — | [66] |
1960s | Sangam (1964) | — | [67] |
1970s | Bobby (1973) | 1,000,000 | [68][69][70] |
Sholay (1975) | 1,000,000 | [69][70] | |
1980s | Chandni (1989) | 10,000,000 | [63][71] |
Maine Pyar Kiya | 10,000,000 | [63] | |
1990s | Aashiqui (1990) | 20,000,000+ (Didn't count after) | [56] |
2000s | Mohabbatein (2000) | 5,000,000 | [72] |
2010s | Aashiqui 2 (2010) | 760,000 | [73] |
By year
Year | Soundtrack | Sales | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1960 | Mughal-e-Azam | — | [67] |
1961 | Junglee | ||
1962 | Bees Saal Baad | ||
1963 | Mere Mehboob | ||
1964 | Sangam | ||
1965 | Jab Jab Phool Khile | ||
1966 | Teesri Manzil | ||
1967 | Upkar | ||
1969 | Aradhana | ||
1970 | Johny Mera Naam | — | [68] |
1971 | Haathi Mere Saathi | ||
1972 | Pakeezah | ||
1973 | Bobby | 1,000,000 | [68][69][70] |
1974 | Roti Kapada Aur Makaan | — | [68] |
1975 | Sholay | 1,000,000 | [69][70] |
1976 | Laila Majnu | — | [68] |
1977 | Hum Kisise Kum Nahin
| ||
1978 | Muqaddar Ka Sikander
| ||
1979 | Sargam | ||
1980 | Qurbani | 1,000,000 | [70] |
1981 | Ek Duje Ke Liye |
— | [71] |
1982 | Disco Dancer | 1,000,000 | [74][70] |
1983 | Hero | — | [71] |
1984 | Pyar Jhukta Nahin | ||
1985 | Ram Teri Ganga Maili | 1,000,000 | [75] |
1986 | Bhagwaan Dada | 1,000,000 | [76] |
1987 | Premaloka | 3,800,000 | [77] |
1988 | Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak | 8,000,000 | [71][78] |
Tezaab | 8,000,000 | [78] | |
1989 | Chandni | 10,000,000 | [63][71] |
Maine Pyar Kiya | 10,000,000 | [63] | |
1990 | Aashiqui | 20,000,000+ (didn't count after) | [56] |
1991 | Saajan | 20,000,000 | [60] |
1992 | Deewana | 7,500,000 | [57] |
1993 | Baazigar | 10,000,000 | [57] |
Khalnayak |
10,000,000 | ||
1994 | Hum Aapke Hain Kaun |
12,000,000 | [62] |
1995 | Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge | 20,000,000 | [58][59] |
1996 | Raja Hindustani | 11,000,000 | [61] |
1997 | Dil To Pagal Hai | 12,500,000 | |
1998 | Kuch Kuch Hota Hai | 8,300,000 | [61][79] |
1999 | Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai | 10,000,000 | [65] |
2000 | Mohabbatein | 5,000,000 | [65] |
2001 | Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham |
3,500,000 | [80] |
2002 | Humraaz | 2,200,000 | [81] |
2003 | Tere Naam | 3,000,000 | |
2004 | Veer-Zaara | 3,000,000 | |
2005 | Aashiq Banaya Aapne | 2,000,000 | |
2006 | Dhoom 2 | 2,000,000 | |
2007 | Om Shanti Om | 2,000,000 | |
2008 | Ghajini | 1,900,000 | [81] |
Album streams
The following were the most-streamed Bollywood music albums, as of 2020[update].
Year | Soundtrack | Composer(s) | Lyricist(s) | YouTube streams (billions) | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017
|
Tiger Zinda Hai | Vishal–Shekhar | Irshad Kamil | 1.6 | [82] |
2018
|
Satyameva Jayate | Nadeem–Shravan, Sajid–Wajid, Tanishk Bagchi, Arko, Rochak Kohli | Shabbir Ahmed, Ikka, Kumaar, Arko, Danish Sabri | 1.5 | [83] |
Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety | Zack Knight, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Amaan Mallik, Guru Randhawa | Zack Knight, Kumaar, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Guru Randhawa | 1.5 | [84] | |
2017 | Badrinath Ki Dulhania | Amaan Mallik, Tanishk Bagchi, Bappi Lahiri, Akhil Sachdeva | Shabbir Ahmed, Kumaar, Akhil Sachdeva, Badshah | 1.4 | [85] |
2017 | Ek Haseena Thi Ek Deewana Tha | Nadeem Saifi
|
Nadeem Saifi, Faaiz Anwar
|
1.3 | |
2018 | Simmba | Tanishk Bagchi, Viju Shah, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Kumaar | Shabbir Ahmed, Rashmi Virag, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan | 1.6 | [86] |
2022 | Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva | Pritam | Amitabh Bhattacharya | 1.2 |
See also
- Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se
- Antakshari
- Babul (Hindi word)
- Bhajan
- Binaca Geetmala
- Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist
- Filmi
- Filmi devotional songs
- Hindi dance music
- Hindi wedding songs
- List of Indian playback singers
- Soundtrack album
- Travel Songs
Notes
- ^ See Nadeem–Shravan § Soundtrack album sales.
- ^ See Anu Malik § Discography.
- ^ See Jatin–Lalit § Sales.
- ^ See Uttam Singh § Filmography.
- ^ See Raamlaxman § Sales.
- ^ See Rajesh Roshan § Filmography.
- ^ See Laxmikant–Pyarelal discography § Discography.
- ^ See Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan discography § Sales.
- Nikhil-Vinay § Selected discography.
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8166-4579-4. Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-415-47666-9. Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ^ "Evergreen Hindi Songs, Ghazals & Devotional music from Saregama". Saregama. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- ^ "Decoding the Bollywood poster". National Science and Media Museum. 28 February 2013. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-134-38070-1.
- ^ Malvania, Urvi (21 April 2014). "Sony Music eyes numero uno position in India". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
- ^ "Spotify's plan to beat Apple: sign the rest of the world". Financial Times. 3 January 2019. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Malik, Daniyal (3 March 2021). "Here Are The Channels With Most Number of Subscribers On YouTube". Digital Information World. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7546-5198-7. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-8166-4578-7. Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84331-833-0. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-8166-5644-8.
- S2CID 194048350.
- ^ Team, N. F. I. (19 May 2022). "What Is Bollywood? Everything You Need To Know". NFI. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-138-58545-4.
- ^ Morcom, Anna (2007) Hindi Film Songs and the Cinema. Aldershot: Ashgate.
- ISSN 1754-9892.
- ^ "Here Are The 12 Most Expensive Songs Ever Made In Bollywood". UC News. 19 May 2018. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
- ^ "Get ready to party all night with Akshay Kumar & Sonakshi Sinha". India Today. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ISBN 978-81-291-1321-4. Archivedfrom the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ "Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average)". World Bank. 1960. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
- ^ "Planet Bollywood". Toronto Star. 14 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012.
- ^ a b c d Geeta Dayal (6 April 2010). "Further thoughts on '10 Ragas to a Disco Beat'". The Original Soundtrack. Archived from the original on 2 September 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ^ Geeta Dayal (29 August 2010). "'Studio 84′: Digging into the History of Disco in India". The Original Soundtrack. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ^ "12 x 12: The 12 best Bollywood disco records". The Vinyl Factory. 28 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ James Ellis (27 October 2009). "Biddu". Metro. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
- ^ The Listener, Volumes 100–101. BBC. 1978. p. 216. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
Tony Palmer knocked off a film account of someone called Biddu (LWT), who appears to have been mad enough to invent disco music.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ISBN 0-86547-952-6. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Lobo, Kenneth (30 December 2015). "EDM Nation: How India Stopped Worrying About the Riff and Fell in Love With the Beat". Rolling Stone India. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ Biddu Orchestra – Bionic Boogie at Discogs
- ^ Biddu Orchestra – Soul Coaxing at Discogs
- ^ "Futuristic Journey And Eastern Man CD". CD Universe. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
- ^ Biddu Orchestra – Futuristic Journey at Discogs (list of releases)
- AllMusic
- ^ Captain Zorro – Phantasm Theme at Discogs
- ^ a b "Disco Goes to Bollywood: A Rough Guide". Pitchfork. 26 May 2015. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ William Rauscher (12 May 2010). "Charanjit Singh – Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat". Resident Advisor. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ^ Stuart Aitken (10 May 2011). "Charanjit Singh on how he invented acid house ... by mistake". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
- ^ Geeta Dayal (5 April 2010). "Thoughts on '10 Ragas to a Disco Beat'". The Original Soundtrack. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-19-909177-5. Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-14-306340-7.
- ^ India Today. Living Media: 342. 1994 https://books.google.com/books?id=TmkpAQAAIAAJ. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
In 1990, the super-success of Nadeem-Shravan's Aashiqui ushered in the era of ghazal-type romantic music as in Saajan, Dil, Phool aur Kaante, Deewana.
{{cite journal}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Shabaab Pe Main, Pardaa Hai Pardaa - शबाब पे मैं, पर्दा है पर्दा, archived from the original on 11 March 2023, retrieved 11 March 2023
- ^ Khwaja Mere Khwaja Dil Me Sama Ja - ख्वाजा मेरे ख्वाजा दिल में समा जा, archived from the original on 11 March 2023, retrieved 11 March 2023
- ^ )
- ^ ISBN 9789351952299. Archivedfrom the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
- ^ Rediff. 1997. Archivedfrom the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
- ^ Film Companion. Archivedfrom the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-7486-2345-7. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-8166-4579-4.
- ^ "Pascal of Bollywood" (in French). Radio France Internationale. 11 November 2004. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-8166-4579-4.
- ISBN 978-0-8166-4579-4.
- ^ Das Gupta, Surajeet; Sen, Soumik. "Composing a winning score". Rediff. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
- ^ "A. R. Rahman Songs". saregama.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
- ^ a b c India Today. 19. Aroon Purie for Living Media India Limited: 70. 1994 https://books.google.com/books?id=BHYZAQAAMAAJ&q=two+crore. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
{{cite journal}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ a b c d "Bollywood hinges on Hindi film music industry, fans soak up wacky new sounds". India Today. 15 November 1994. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
- ^ Rediff. 2 September 1997. Archivedfrom the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8223-5213-6. Archivedfrom the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
- ^ a b "Bringing melody back, Nadeem-Shravan churn out hit after hit". India Today. 15 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- ^ a b c d "Music Hits 1990–1999 (Figures in Units)". Box Office India. 2 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-351-56374-1.
- ^ a b c d e f "Audio tape producers ride crest of Bollywoods music boom, composers become stars". India Today. 30 November 1993. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- ^ "Making Music Like Ne'er Before". Outlook. 13 March 1996. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ a b c "Film producers float their own music firms". The Times of India. 11 November 2011. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
- ^ "Music Hits 1950–1959". Box Office India. 5 February 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b "Music Hits 1960–1969". Box Office India. 5 February 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b c d e "Music Hits 1970–1979". Box Office India. 5 February 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b c d "Sûrya India". Sûrya India. 3 (2). A. Anand.: 61 1979. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
Six years after the movie was released, 'Sholay' is still going strong. Polydor records has won a platinum disc for the sale of the 'Sholay' record
- ^ a b c d e f "International". Billboard. Vol. 93, no. 28. 18 July 1981. p. 69. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
- ^ a b c d e "Music Hits 1980–1989". Box Office India. 5 February 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010.
- ^ "As film music industry struggles, Bollywood goes for rightsizing of copyright price tags". India Today. 1 April 2002. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "'Komaram Puli' audio creates latest record!". way2movies. 16 July 2010. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
- ^ "Bappi Lahiri: The golden era of music has ended". Gulf News. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ Rahman, M. (30 November 1987). "Host of new playback singers in the reckoning". India Today. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ Faruk Kaiser's Platinum Disc accolade for Bhagwan Dada
- ^ "Bahubali audio sold for Rs 3 cr, sets record". The Times of India. 21 May 2015. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- ^ a b "Top 25 films between the years 1985–1994". Filmfare. 18 February 2018. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- Nielsen Business Media, Inc. pp. 49, 54 (54). Archivedfrom the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ Unnithan, Sandeep (1 April 2002). "As film music industry struggles, Bollywood goes for rightsizing of copyright price tags". India Today. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
- ^ a b "Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)". Box Office India. 5 February 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010.
- ^ "Tiger Zinda Hai". Yash Raj Films. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Satyameva Jayate". T-Series. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety". T-Series. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Badrinath Ki Dulhaniya". T-Series. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Simmba". T-Series. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019 – via YouTube.
Evergreen Old Hindi songs List
Sources
- Behind the curtain: making music in Mumbai's film studios by Greg Booth
- Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India by Peter Manuel
- Dhunon ki Yatra-Hindi Filmon ke Sangeetkar 1931–2005 by Pankaj Rag
- Early Indian Talkies: Voice, Performance and Aura: by Madhuja Mukherjee
- Echoes from Dharamsala: Music in the Life of a Tibetan Refugee Community by Keila Diehl (Tibetan refugees)
- Film songs and the cultural synergies of Bollywood in and beyond South Asia by Anna Morcom
- Hindi film songs and the cinema by Anna Morcom
- Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the India Diaspora by Helen Myers
- Pandits in the Movies: Contesting the Identity of Hindustani Classical Music and Musicians in the Hindi Popular Cinema by Greg Booth
- Religion, gossip, narrative conventions and the construction of meaning in Hindi film songs by Greg Booth
- The Cultural Economy of Sound: Reinventing Technology in Indian Popular Cinema by Carlo Nardi
- The Indian Diaspora: Dynamics of Migration edited by Narayana Jayaram, p. 164 (Trinidad)
- World Music Volume 2 Latin and North America Caribbean India Asia and: Latin and North America,...by Simon Broughton, Mark Ellingham (History)