Bolu
Bolu | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 40°44′05″N 31°36′27″E / 40.73472°N 31.60750°E | |
Country | Turkey |
Province | Bolu |
District | Bolu |
Government | |
• Mayor | Tanju Özcan (Ind.) |
Elevation | 726 m (2,382 ft) |
Population (2021)[1] | 184,682 |
Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
Website | www |
Bolu, formerly Claudiopolis (Greek: Κλαυδιούπολις), is a city in northern Turkey, and administrative center of the Bolu Province and of Bolu District,[2] located on the highway between Istanbul and Ankara. Its population is 184,682 (2021).[1]
The city has been governed by mayor Tanju Özcan (CHP) since local elections in 2019. It was the site of Ancient Claudiopolis and has also been called Eskihisar ("old fortress") (and as such has several Turkish namesakes).
The old highway (D-100) between Ankara and Istanbul climbs over Mount Bolu, while the new motorway (E-80) passes through Mount Bolu Tunnel, a little distance from the town. It is situated at 742 m (2,434 ft) above sea level on the southern slopes of a bare hill.[3]
History
Antiquity until the Seljuk Turks
Bolu was part of one of the
In the
The city was known under
The Ottoman era
In 1325, the town was conquered by the
Ecclesiastical history
(Arch)Bishopric
As secular capital of the
The city, known as Hadrianopolis (like many others) under Byzantine rule fell to Turkmens migrating west in the 11th century who called it Boli, was recaptured by Byzantines in 1097, besieged unsuccessfully by the Sultanate of Rum in 1179 and conquered in 1197. Under Ottoman rule since the 14th century it lost to Heraclea Pontica the Metropolitan dignity. It ceased to exist as a residential bishopric in the 15th century.
Michel
- the first is St. Autonomus, said to be an Italian missionary who suffered martyrdom under Diocletian.
- Callicrates (mentioned in 363 in Socrates Scolasticus' church history)
- Gerontius (first actual historically documented bishop, in 394 attending the council against Metropolitan Bagadius of Bosra.
- Olympius (in 431)
- Calogerus (449 - 458)
- Carterius (menzionato nel 459)
- Hypatus (circa 518) [dismissed by Janin]
- Epictetus (in 536)
- Vincentius (in 553) [dismissed by Janin]
- Ciprianus I (in 680)
- only Janin also includes a bishop Sisinnius, attending the Claudiopolis in Isauria
- only Janin also includes a bishop Sisinnius, attending the
- Nicetas I (in 787)
- Ignatius, a friend and correspondent of Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople
- Ciprianus II (869 – 879)
- Nicetas II (10th–11th centuries)[6]
- John (1028 - 1029).
Titular see
The archdiocese was nominally restored by the
It has been held by:
- Alfredo Bruniera (1954.12.12 – 2000.03.26)
- Alain Guynot de Boismenu, Sacred Heart Missionaries(M.S.C.) (1945.01.18 – 1953.11.05)
- Georges-Prudent-Marie Bruley des Varannes (1924.02.13 – 1943.05.29)
- Giuseppe Fiorenza (1905.12.11 – 1924.01.27)
- Giovanni Battista Bertagna (1901.03.26 – 1905.02.11)
- Joseph-Adolphe Gandy, M.E.P. (1889.01.15 – 1892.09.29)
- Eugène-Jean-Claude-Joseph Desflèches (范若瑟), Paris Foreign Missions Society (M.E.P.) (1883.02.20 – 1887.11.07)
- Carlo Gigli (1880.12.13 – 1881.08.24)
- Stephanus Antonius Aucher (1796.07.05 – ?)
- Tommaso Battiloro (1767.11.20 – 1767.12.14)
- Titular Bishop: Joannes Nicastro (1724.09.11 – ?)
- Titular Bishop: Walenty Konstantyn Czulski (1721.02.12 – 1724.02.10?)
- Titular Bishop: Piotr Tarło (1713.01.30 – 1720.12.16)
- Jean-Baptiste Adhémar de Monteil de Grignan (1667.08.03 – 1689.03.09)
- Titular Bishop: Tomás de Paredes, Augustinians (O.E.S.A.) (1652.10.14 – 1667.02.17)
Places of interest
The countryside around Bolu offers excellent walking and other outdoor pursuits. There are hotels in the town. Sights near the town include:
- The 14th-century grand mosque, Yıldırım Bayezid Camii (C pronounced as J).
- Bolu Museum holding artifacts from Hittite, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk and Ottoman periods.
- The hot springs, Kaplıcalar.
- Lake Abantand village of Gölköy, near the university campus.
- The famous volcanic crater lake called Gölcük.
- Yedigöller National Park
- Aslahaddin Mosque, where an early Muslim martyr rests
- The ruins of the ancient stadion of Claudiopolis
Culture
Architecture and sights
Bolu is home to examples of
The remains of the ancient city of Bithynium have been found in four hills in the city centre, Kargatepe, Hisartepe, Hıdırlıktepe and the Uğurlunaip Hill. In Hıdırlıktepe, a tomb and the remains of a theatre have been uncovered. In Hisartepe, a temple believed to have been built by the Roman emperor Hadrian for his lover Antinous has been excavated.[12] In 1911, it was noted that "in and around [Bolu] are numerous marbles with Greek inscriptions, chiefly sepulchral, and architectural fragments."[15]
Bolu Museum was established in 1975 to display and protect artifacts found in the Bolu area. It functions as both an archaeological and an ethnographic museum and is home to 3286 archaeological and 1677 ethnographic artifacts, as well as 12,095 historical coins. The archaeological artifacts chronicle the history of the area from Neolithic to Byzantine eras.[16]
-
Bolu Izzet Baysal Street
-
Bolu Lower Tashhan and Bayezid Mosque
-
Bolu Siteler Mosque
-
Bolu Aktaş hamam
-
Bolu street fountain
-
Bolu Ulu Cami or Beyazıt Mosque interior
-
Bolu Ulu Cami or Beyazıt Mosque entrance
-
Bolu Saraçhane Mosque
-
Bolu Yukarı Taş Han
Cuisine
Local specialities include a sweet made of hazelnuts (which grow in abundance here) and an eau-de-cologne with the scent of grass. One feature of Bolu dear to the local people is the soft spring water (kökez suyu) obtained from fountains in the town.
Media
Bolu is home to 12 local newspapers published in the city centre, two local TV channels (Köroğlu TV and Abant TV), three local radio stations and six local magazines.[17]
Economy
Bolu is a busy market town rather than a large city. It has one long shopping street and an attractive forested mountain countryside. Students from the university and soldiers based in Bolu make an important contribution to the local economy, which traditionally depended on forestry and handicrafts. Market day is Monday, when people from the surrounding villages come into town for their weekly shop.
The main road from Istanbul to Ankara used to cross Mount Bolu, although more people would stop at the roadside restaurants than actually come into the town, and anyway now the Mount Bolu Tunnel is open most people will rush by on the motorway rather than climb up into Bolu, especially in winter when the road has often been closed due to ice and snow. Some of the service stations on the mountain road have already announced their closure or moved elsewhere.
Climate
Bolu has a borderline oceanic climate and humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb, or Trewartha climate classification: Dcb), with chilly, snowy winters and warm summers with cool nights. Bolu is a fairly cloudy and foggy city and annual sunshine hours are about 1,800. Unlike the low-lying, sheltered city center, many parts of the province, like Gerede, have a colder humid continental climate (Dfb/Dcb), due to cold winters.
Climate data for Bolu (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 19.8 (67.6) |
24.1 (75.4) |
29.3 (84.7) |
31.8 (89.2) |
34.6 (94.3) |
37.0 (98.6) |
39.3 (102.7) |
39.8 (103.6) |
38.5 (101.3) |
34.4 (93.9) |
27.0 (80.6) |
23.5 (74.3) |
39.8 (103.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.8 (42.4) |
8.1 (46.6) |
11.8 (53.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
25.3 (77.5) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.7 (83.7) |
25.0 (77.0) |
19.7 (67.5) |
13.5 (56.3) |
7.6 (45.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) |
2.5 (36.5) |
5.4 (41.7) |
9.9 (49.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
20.5 (68.9) |
20.7 (69.3) |
16.6 (61.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
6.9 (44.4) |
2.9 (37.2) |
10.9 (51.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.4 (27.7) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
0.6 (33.1) |
4.2 (39.6) |
8.5 (47.3) |
11.7 (53.1) |
14.0 (57.2) |
14.2 (57.6) |
10.7 (51.3) |
7.3 (45.1) |
2.4 (36.3) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −31.5 (−24.7) |
−25.8 (−14.4) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.8 (37.0) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−24.8 (−12.6) |
−29.1 (−20.4) |
−31.5 (−24.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 55.6 (2.19) |
50.6 (1.99) |
56.2 (2.21) |
52.8 (2.08) |
64.2 (2.53) |
68.9 (2.71) |
28.4 (1.12) |
27.4 (1.08) |
26.5 (1.04) |
48.5 (1.91) |
40.4 (1.59) |
54.1 (2.13) |
573.6 (22.58) |
Average precipitation days | 12.97 | 11.50 | 13.03 | 13.00 | 14.47 | 12.53 | 6.23 | 6.00 | 8.13 | 10.97 | 10.50 | 12.83 | 132.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 52.7 | 76.3 | 117.8 | 156.0 | 198.4 | 225.0 | 260.4 | 251.1 | 186.0 | 127.1 | 90.0 | 52.7 | 1,793.5 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 1.7 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 6.4 | 7.5 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 6.2 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 1.7 | 4.9 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[18] |
Notable people
- Alexandru Callimachi(1737–1821), Prince of Moldavia
- Antinous (c. 111 - c. 130), lover of Roman Emperor Hadrian, posthumously worshiped as a god
- Köroğlu
References
- ^ TÜİK. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
- ^ İl Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
- ^ "Bolu | Turkey". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
- ^ History of Bolu (tr) Archived May 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Bolu". Archived from the original on 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
- ISBN 0-88402-282-X.
- ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 838
- ^ Hayreddin-i Tokadi site
- ^ Location of Hayreddin-i Tokadi
- ^ "BOLU YILDIRIM BAYEZİD CAMİİ". Kültür Portalı. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
- ^ "Büyük Cami (Yıldım Bayezit Camii)". Bolu Directorate of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ^ a b c Büyük Larousse, vol. 4 (1992), p. 1781, Milliyet Gazetesi Yayınları, "Bolu".
- ^ "Kadı Camii". Bolu Directorate for Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ^ "İmaret Camii". Bolu Directorate for Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ "Bolu Müzesi". Bolu Directorate for Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ^ "BOLU İLİ MAHALLİ BASIN KURULUŞLARI". Bolu Governorship. Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
Sources and external links
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Pétridès, Sophrone (1908). "Claudiopolis". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Izzet Baysal University official website
- Anatolia.com - Bolu Archived 2020-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
- Pictures of the city
- Information about Bolu city
- Bolu News
- Bibliography - ecclesiastical history
- Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 2, p. 130; vol. 4, p. 153; vol. 5, p. 161; vol. 6, p. 169
- Raymond Janin, lemma '1. Claudiopolis', in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XII, Paris 1953, coll. 1077–1079
- Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. I, coll. 567-572
- Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, in: 'Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historische classe der bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1901, pp. 529–641
- Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 442