Bone pain

• Endocrine, such as hyperparathyroidism, osteoporosis, kidney failure.^[7]
• celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (both often occur without obvious digestive symptoms), inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis).^[7][8][9]
• sickle cell anaemia.^[7]
• Infectious, such as Lyme disease and osteomyelitis.^[7]
• Neurological, such as spinal cord injury and vertebral degeneration.^[7]
• Oncologic, such as bone metastasis and leukemia.^[7]
• Rheumatic, such as ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout.^[7]
• Others, such as fractures, osteoarthritis, Paget's disease of bone (also termed osteitis deformans or just Paget's disease).^[7]

Causes in children

• Acute leukemia^[10]
• Acute rheumatic fever, a very dangerous disease that can cause permanent cardiac damage^[10]
• Untreated
  celiac disease, which can present without gastrointestinal symptoms^[8]
• Fibromyalgia, which affects people of all ages^[11]
• Growing pains^[12]
• Hypermobility syndrome can present with knee or ankle pain^[10]
• Lupus^[13]
• Henoch–Schönlein purpura^[13]
• Fibrous dysplasia of bone^[7][14]
• Infection^[13][14]
• Injury such as a fracture^[13][14]
• Inflammatory bowel disease^[10]
• Juvenile idiopathic arthritis^[7][13]
• Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease^[14]
• Lyme disease, which is transmitted by ticks and is characterized by debilitating polyarthritis, neurologic symptoms, and erythema migrans^[13]
• Lymphoma^[10]
• adolescents^[15]
• Osteopetrosis^[14]
• Osteosarcoma^[10]
• Rickets^[7]
• Septic arthritis, a severe infection of the joint that can lead to permanent joint damage^[16]
• Spondyloarthropathies^[10]
• mononucleosis, chickenpox, and mumps.^{[citation needed}
  ]

Pain caused by cancer within bones is one of the most severe forms of pain. Because of its severity and uniqueness with respect to other forms of pain, it is extensively researched. According to studies of bone cancer in mouse femur models, it has been determined that bone pain related to cancer occurs as a result of destruction of bone tissue. Chemical changes that occur within the spinal cord as a result of bone destruction give further insight into the mechanism of bone pain.^[1]

Metastatic cancer cells often establish themselves within the skeleton. When the cancer cells have metastasized, the mechanical dynamics of the bone matrix become weaker as skeletal strength decreases. This leads to several other complications throughout the body, including pain, thus decreasing the patient's quality of life.^[17]

Bone tumors are composed of a conglomeration of cell types, including cancer and immune system cells. Often, tumor cells secrete growth factors that activate receptors close to primary afferent neurons. Activation of these neural receptors is a contributing factor to pain sensation. Additionally, inflammatory lipids called prostaglandins, which are produced at high rates by cancer cells within tumors, activate nociceptors when they bind together.^[3]

Pathophysiology

Stimulation of specialized pain-sensitive nerve fibers (

Nociceptors responsible for bone pain can be activated via several mechanisms including deterioration of surrounding tissue, bone destruction,[1] and physical stress which shears the bone, vascular, muscle, and nervous tissue.

Treatment

The use of anesthetics within the actual bone has been a common treatment for several years. This method provides a direct approach using analgesics to relieve pain sensations.^[4]

Another commonly used method for treating bone pain is radiotherapy, which can be safely administered in low doses. Radiotherapy utilizes radioactive isotopes and other atomic particles to damage the DNA in cells, thus leading to cell death. By targeting cancer tumors, radiotherapy can lead to decrease in tumor size and even tumor destruction.^[18] A form of radiotherapy that is often used in cases of bone cancer is systemic radioisotope therapy, where the radioisotopes target sections of the bone specifically undergoing metastasis.

In the case of bone fractures, surgical treatment is generally the most effective. Analgesics can be used in conjunction with surgery to help ease pain of damaged bone.^[18]

Research

Mouse and other animal models are being heavily used to determine the neuron tissue densities in bone^[5] and mechanisms for maintenance of bone pain.^[1] This information is pertinent to determining the biological and physiological components of pain in the bone. By creating a detailed map relating the types of nerves going through the different sections of bone, it is possible to pin-point locations in the bone that are at a higher risk of being susceptible to bone pain.^{[citation needed]}

Treatments focusing on biological components such as cannabinoid receptors are being tested for effectiveness. Through testing in mouse models, it has been shown that activation of the CB-1 receptor helps reduce reactions associated with acute pain, indicating that it alleviates bone pain. Thus, a new target for potential treatments is activation of the

Modern research and techniques are attempting to provide longer-lasting and more effective methods of treating bone pain by developing and applying new physiological knowledge of nervous tissue within the bone. If thorough understanding of the intra-neuronal mechanisms relating to pain can be developed, then new and more effective treatment options can be created and tested. Thus, it is critical to fully understand the mechanism which dictates bone pain.^[citation needed]

Names

Bone pain is also known by the following names:

References