Book of Common Prayer
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The Book of Common Prayer (BCP) is the name given to a number of related
The 1549 book was soon succeeded by a
In 1604, James I ordered some further changes, the most significant being the addition to the Catechism of a section on the Sacraments; this resulted in the 1604 Book of Common Prayer. Following the tumultuous events surrounding the English Civil War, when the Prayer Book was again abolished, another revision was published as the 1662 prayer book.[2] That edition remains the official prayer book of the Church of England, although throughout the later twentieth century, alternative forms which were technically supplements have largely displaced the Book of Common Prayer for the main Sunday worship of most English parish churches.
Various permutations of the Book of Common Prayer with local variations are used in churches within and exterior to the Anglican Communion in over 50 countries and over 150 different languages.[3] In many of these churches, the 1662 prayer book remains authoritative even if other books or patterns have replaced it in regular worship.
Traditional English-language
Full name
The full name of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer is The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church, according to the use of the Church of England, Together with the Psalter or Psalms of David, pointed as they are to be Sung or said in churches: And the Form and Manner of Making, ordaining, and Consecrating of Bishops, Priests, and Deacons.[4]
History
Background
The forms of
The work of producing a
1549 prayer book
Only after the death of Henry VIII and the accession of Edward VI in 1547 could revision of prayer books proceed faster.
The prayer book had provisions for the daily offices (Morning and Evening Prayer), scripture readings for Sundays and holy days, and services for
The BCP represented a "major theological shift" in England towards Protestantism.
As a compromise with conservatives, the word Mass was kept, with the service titled "The Supper of the Lord and the Holy Communion, commonly called the Mass".
A priority for Protestants was to replace the Roman Catholic teaching that the
Many of the other services were little changed. Cranmer based his baptism service on
1552 prayer book
The 1549 book was, from the outset, intended only as a temporary expedient, as German reformer Bucer was assured on meeting Cranmer for the first time in April 1549: "concessions … made both as a respect for antiquity and to the infirmity of the present age," as he wrote.[32] According to historian Christopher Haigh, the 1552 prayer book "broke decisively with the past".[33] The services for baptism, confirmation, communion and burial were rewritten, and ceremonies hated by Protestants were removed. Unlike the 1549 version, the 1552 prayer book removed many traditional sacramentals and observances that reflected belief in the blessing and exorcism of people and objects. In the baptism service, infants no longer received minor exorcism.[34] Anointing was no longer included in the services for baptism, ordination and visitation of the sick.[34] These ceremonies were altered to emphasise the importance of faith, rather than trusting in rituals or objects.[35]
Many of the traditional elements of the communion service were removed in the 1552 version.[36] The name of the service was changed to "The Order for the Administration of the Lord's Supper or Holy Communion", removing the word Mass. Stone altars were replaced with communion tables positioned in the chancel or nave, with the priest standing on the north side. The priest was to wear the surplice instead of traditional Mass vestments.[37] The service appears to promote a spiritual presence view of the Eucharist, meaning that Christ is spiritually but not corporally present.[38]
There was controversy over how people should receive communion: kneeling or seated.
The burial service was removed from the church. It was to now take place at the graveside.[41] In 1549, there had been provision for a Requiem (not so called) and prayers of commendation and committal, the first addressed to the deceased. All that remained was a single reference to the deceased, giving thanks for their delivery from 'the myseryes of this sinneful world.' This new Order for the Burial of the Dead was a drastically stripped-down memorial service designed to undermine definitively the whole complex of traditional Catholic beliefs about Purgatory and intercessory prayer for the dead.[42][43]
The Orders of
The 1552 book, however, was used only for a short period, as Edward VI had died in the summer of 1553 and, as soon as she could do so,
Hundreds of English Protestants fled into exile, establishing an English church in
1559 prayer book
Under
The alterations, though minor, were, however, to cast a long shadow over the development of the
However, beginning in the 17th century, some prominent Anglican theologians tried to cast a more traditional Catholic interpretation onto the text as a Commemorative Sacrifice and Heavenly Offering even though the words of the Rite did not support such interpretations.
Another move, the "
The instruction to the congregation to kneel when receiving communion was retained, but the
Among Cranmer's innovations, retained in the new Prayer Book, was the requirement of weekly Holy Communion services. In practice, as before the English
Many ordinary churchgoers — that is, those who could afford one, as it was expensive — would own a copy of the Prayer Book. Judith Maltby cites a story of parishioners at Flixton in Suffolk who brought their own Prayer Books to church in order to shame their vicar into conforming with it. They eventually ousted him.[63] Between 1549 and 1642, roughly 290 editions of the Prayer Book were produced.[64] Before the end of the English Civil War (1642–1651) and the introduction of the 1662 prayer book, something like a half a million prayer books are estimated to have been in circulation.[64]
The 1559 prayer book was also translated into other languages within the English sphere of influence. A translation into Latin was made in the form of Walter Haddon's Liber Precum Publicarum of 1560. Intended for use in the worship of the collegiate chapels of Oxford, Cambridge, Eton, and Winchester, it was resisted by some Protestants.[65] The Welsh edition of the Book of Common Prayer for use in the Church in Wales was published in 1567. It was translated by William Salesbury assisted by Richard Davies.[66]
Changes in 1604
On Elizabeth's death in 1603, the 1559 book, substantially that of 1552 which had been regarded as offensive by some, such as Bishop
The business of making the changes was then entrusted to a small committee of bishops and the Privy Council and, apart from tidying up details, this committee introduced into Morning and Evening Prayer a prayer for the royal family; added several thanksgivings to the Occasional Prayers at the end of the Litany; altered the rubrics of Private Baptism limiting it to the minister of the parish, or some other lawful minister, but still allowing it in private houses (the Puritans had wanted it only in the church); and added to the Catechism the section on the sacraments. The changes were put into effect by means of an explanation issued by James in the exercise of his prerogative under the terms of the 1559 Act of Uniformity and Act of Supremacy.[68]
The accession of Charles I (1625–1649) brought about a complete change in the religious scene in that the new king used his supremacy over the established church "to promote his own idiosyncratic style of sacramental Kingship" which was "a very weird aberration from the first hundred years of the early reformed Church of England". He questioned "the populist and parliamentary basis of the Reformation Church" and unsettled to a great extent "the consensual accommodation of Anglicanism".[69] These changes, along with a new edition of the Book of Common Prayer, led to the Bishops' Wars and later to the English Civil War.
With the defeat of Charles I (1625–1649) in the Civil War, the Puritan pressure, exercised through a much-changed Parliament, had increased. Puritan-inspired petitions for the removal of the prayer book and episcopacy "
John Evelyn records, in Diary, receiving communion according to the 1604 Prayer Book rite:
- Christmas Day 1657. I went to London with my wife to celebrate Christmas Day. … Sermon ended, as [the minister] was giving us the holy sacrament, the chapel was surrounded with soldiers, and all the communicants and assembly surprised and kept prisoners by them, some in the house, others carried away. … These wretched miscreants held their muskets against us as we came up to receive the sacred elements, as if they would have shot us at the altar.
Changes made in Scotland
In 1557, the Scots Protestant lords had adopted the English Prayer Book of 1552, for reformed worship in Scotland. However, when John Knox returned to Scotland in 1559, he continued to use the Form of Prayer he had created for the English exiles in Geneva and, in 1564, this supplanted the Book of Common Prayer under the title of the Book of Common Order.
Following the accession of King
Between then and 1764, when a more formal revised version was published, a number of things happened which were to separate the Scottish Episcopal liturgy more firmly from either the English books of 1549 or 1559. First, informal changes were made to the order of the various parts of the service and inserting words indicating a sacrificial intent to the Eucharist clearly evident in the words, "we thy humble servants do celebrate and make before thy Divine Majesty with these thy holy gifts which we now OFFER unto thee, the memorial thy Son has commandeth us to make;" secondly, as a result of Bishop Rattray's researches into the liturgies of St James and St Clement, published in 1744, the form of the invocation was changed. These changes were incorporated into the 1764 book which was to be the liturgy of the Scottish Episcopal Church (until 1911 when it was revised) but it was to influence the liturgy of the Episcopal Church in the United States. A new revision was finished in 1929, the Scottish Prayer Book 1929, and several alternative orders of the Communion service and other services have been prepared since then.
1662
The 1662 Prayer Book was printed two years after the restoration of the monarchy, following the
The Savoy Conference ended in disagreement late in July 1661, but the initiative in prayer book revision had already passed to the
While intended to create unity, the division established under the Commonwealth and the licence given by the Directory for Public Worship were not easily passed by. Unable to accept the new book, 936 ministers were deprived.
It was this edition which was to be the official Book of Common Prayer during the growth of the British Empire and, as a result, has been a great influence on the prayer books of Anglican churches worldwide, liturgies of other denominations in English, and of the English people and language as a whole.
Further attempts at revision
1662–1832
Between 1662 and the 19th century, further attempts to revise the Book in England stalled. On the death of Charles II, his brother James, a Roman Catholic, became James II. James wished to achieve toleration for those of his own Roman Catholic faith, whose practices were still banned. This, however, drew the Presbyterians closer to the Church of England in their common desire to resist 'popery'; talk of reconciliation and liturgical compromise was thus in the air. But with the flight of James in 1688 and the arrival of the Calvinist William of Orange the position of the parties changed. The Presbyterians could achieve toleration of their practices without such a right being given to Roman Catholics and without, therefore, their having to submit to the Church of England, even with a liturgy more acceptable to them. They were now in a much stronger position to demand changes that were ever more radical. John Tillotson, Dean of Canterbury pressed the king to set up a commission to produce such a revision.[81] The so-called Liturgy of Comprehension of 1689, which was the result, conceded two thirds of the Presbyterian demands of 1661; but, when it came to convocation the members, now more fearful of William's perceived agenda, did not even discuss it and its contents were, for a long time, not even accessible.[82] This work, however, did go on to influence the prayer books of many British colonies.
1833–1906
By the 19th century, pressures to revise the 1662 book were increasing. Adherents of the
One branch of the Ritualism movement argued that both "Romanisers" and their Evangelical opponents, by imitating, respectively, the Church of Rome and Reformed churches, transgressed the Ornaments Rubric of 1559 ("… that such Ornaments of the Church, and of the Ministers thereof, at all Times of their Ministration, shall be retained, and be in use, as were in this Church of England, by the Authority of Parliament, in the Second Year of the Reign of King Edward the Sixth"). These adherents of ritualism, among whom were
Following a royal commission report in 1906, work began on a new prayer book. It took twenty years to complete, prolonged partly due to the demands of the
1906–2000
In 1927, the work on a new version of the prayer book reached its final form. In order to reduce conflict with traditionalists, it was decided that the form of service to be used would be determined by each congregation. With these open guidelines, the book was granted approval by the Church of England Convocations and Church Assembly in July 1927. However, it was defeated by the
The effect of the failure of the 1928 book was salutary: no further attempts were made to revise the Book of Common Prayer. Instead a different process, that of producing an alternative book, led to the publication of Series 1, 2 and 3 in the 1960s, the 1980 Alternative Service Book and subsequently to the 2000 Common Worship series of books. Both differ substantially from the Book of Common Prayer, though the latter includes in the Order Two form of the Holy Communion a very slight revision of the prayer book service, largely along the lines proposed for the 1928 Prayer Book. Order One follows the pattern of the modern Liturgical Movement.
In the Anglican Communion
With British colonial expansion from the 17th century onwards, Anglicanism spread across the globe. The new Anglican churches used and revised the use of the Book of Common Prayer, until they, like the English church, produced prayer books which took into account the developments in liturgical study and practice in the 19th and 20th centuries which come under the general heading of the Liturgical Movement.
Africa
In South Africa a Book of Common Prayer was "Set Forth by Authority for Use in the
Asia
Bangladesh
The Book of Common Prayer of the Church of Bangladesh, translated literally as "prayer book" (Bengali: প্রার্থনা বই) was approved by synod in 1997.[86] The book contains prayers translated from the traditional Book of Common Prayer as well as those from the Church of North India and the CWM's Prayer Letter, along with original compositions by the Church of Bangladesh.
China
The Book of Common Prayer is translated literally as (公禱書) in
India
The Church of South India was the first modern Episcopal uniting church, consisting as it did, from its foundation in 1947, at the time of Indian independence, of Anglicans, Methodists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians and Reformed Christians. Its liturgy, from the first, combined the free use of Cranmer's language with an adherence to the principles of congregational participation and the centrality of the Eucharist, much in line with the Liturgical Movement. Because it was a minority church of widely differing traditions in a non-Christian culture (except in Kerala, where Christianity has a long history), practice varied wildly.
Japan
The BCP is called "Kitōsho" (
After the end of the War, the Kitōsho of 1959 became available, using
Korea
In 1965, the Anglican Church of Korea first published a translation of the 1662 BCP into Korean and called it gong-dong-gi-do-mun (공동기도문) meaning "common prayers". In 1994, the prayers announced "allowed" by the 1982 Bishops Council of the Anglican Church of Korea was published in a second version of the Book of Common Prayers In 2004, the National Anglican Council published the third and the current Book of Common Prayers known as "seong-gong-hwe gi-do-seo (성공회 기도서)" or the "Anglican Prayers", including the Calendar of the Church Year, Daily Offices, Collects, Proper Liturgies for Special Days, Baptism, Holy Eucharist, Pastoral Offices, Episcopal Services, Lectionary, Psalms and all of the other events the Anglican Church of Korea celebrates.
The Diction of the books has changed from the 1965 version to the 2004 version. For example, the word "God" has changed from classical Chinese term "Cheon-ju (천주)" to native Korean word "ha-neu-nim (하느님)," in accordance with the Public Christian translation, and as used in 1977 Common Translation Bible (gong-dong beon-yeok-seong-seo, 공동번역성서) that the Anglican Church of Korea currently uses.
Philippines
As the Philippines is connected to the worldwide Anglican Communion through the Episcopal Church in the Philippines, the main edition of the Book of Common Prayer in use throughout the islands is the same as that of the United States.
Aside from the American version and the newly published Philippine Book of Common Prayer,
The ECP has since published its own Book of Common Prayer upon gaining full autonomy on 1 May 1990. This version is notable for the inclusion of the
Europe
Ireland
The first printed book in Ireland was in
After its independence and disestablishment in 1871, the Church of Ireland developed its own prayer book which was published in 1878.[95][96] It has been revised several times, and the present edition has been used since 2004.[97]
Isle of Man
The first
Portugal
The Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church formed in 1880. A Portuguese language Prayer Book is the basis of the Church's liturgy. In the early days of the church, a translation into Portuguese from 1849 of the 1662 edition of the Book of Common Prayer was used. In 1884 the church published its own prayer book based on the Anglican, Roman and Mozarabic liturgies. The intent was to emulate the customs of the primitive apostolic church.[99] Newer editions of their prayer book are available in Portuguese and with an English translation.[100]
Spain
The Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church (Spanish: Iglesia Española Reformada Episcopal, IERE) is the church of the Anglican Communion in Spain. It was founded in 1880 and since 1980 has been an extra-provincial church under the metropolitan authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Previous to its organisation, there were several translations of the Book of Common Prayer into Spanish in 1623[101] and in 1707.[102]
In 1881 the church combined a Spanish translation of the 1662 edition of the Book of Common Prayer with the Mozarabic Rite liturgy, which had recently been translated. This is apparently the first time the Spanish speaking Anglicans inserted their own "historic, national tradition of liturgical worship within an Anglican prayer book."[103] A second edition was released in 1889, and a revision in 1975. This attempt combined the Anglican structure of worship with indigenous prayer traditions.[104]
Wales
An Act of Parliament passed in 1563, entitled "An Act for the Translating of the Bible and the Divine Service into the Welsh Tongue", ordered that both the Old and New Testament be translated into
The Church in Wales began a revision of the book of Common Prayer in the 1950s. Various sections of authorised material were published throughout the 1950s and 1960s; however, common usage of these revised versions only began with the introduction of a revised order for the Holy Eucharist. Revision continued throughout the 1960s and 1970s, with definitive orders being confirmed throughout the 70s for most orders. A finished, fully revised Book of Common Prayer for use in the Church in Wales was authorised in 1984, written in traditional English, after a suggestion for a modern language Eucharist received a lukewarm reception.
In the 1990s, new initiation services were authorised, followed by alternative orders for morning and evening prayer in 1994, alongside an alternative order for the Holy Eucharist, also in 1994. Revisions of various orders in the Book of Common Prayer continued throughout the 2000s and into the 2010s.
Oceania
Aotearoa, New Zealand, Polynesia
As for other parts of the British Empire, the 1662 Book of Common Prayer was initially the standard of worship for Anglicans in New Zealand. The 1662 Book was first translated into Māori in 1830, and has gone through several translations and a number of different editions since then. The translated 1662 BCP has commonly been called Te Rawiri ("the David"), reflecting the prominence of the Psalter in the services of Morning and Evening Prayer, as the Māori often looked for words to be attributed to a person of authority.[citation needed] The Māori translation of the 1662 BCP is still used in New Zealand, particularly among older Māori living in rural areas.
After earlier trial services in the mid-twentieth century, in 1988 the
Australia
The Anglican Church of Australia, known officially until 1981 as the Church of England in Australia and Tasmania, became self-governing in 1961. Its general synod agreed that the Book of Common Prayer was to "be regarded as the authorised standard of worship and doctrine in this Church". After a series of experimental services offered in many dioceses during the 1960s and 70s, in 1978 An Australian Prayer Book was produced, formally as a supplement to the book of 1662, although in fact it was widely taken up in place of the old book. The AAPB sought to adhere to the principle that, where the liturgical committee could not agree on a formulation, the words or expressions of the Book of Common Prayer were to be used,[106] if in a modern idiom. The result was a conservative revision, including two forms of eucharistic rite: a First Order that was essentially the 1662 rite in more contemporary language, and a Second Order that reflected the Liturgical Movement norms, but without elements such as a eucharistic epiclesis or other features that would have represented a departure from the doctrine of the old book. An Australian Prayer Book has been formally accepted for usage in other churches, including the Reformed Episcopal Church in the United States.[107]
A Prayer Book for Australia, produced in 1995 and again not technically a substitute for the 1662 prayer book, nevertheless departed from both the structure and wording of the Book of Common Prayer, prompting conservative reaction. Numerous objections were made and the notably conservative evangelical
North and Central America
Canada
The Anglican Church of Canada, which until 1955 was known as the Church of England in the Dominion of Canada, or simply the Church of England in Canada, developed its first Book of Common Prayer separately from the English version in 1918, which received final authorisation from General Synod on 16 April 1922.[111] The revision of 1959 was much more substantial, bearing a family relationship to that of the abortive 1928 book in England. The language was conservatively modernised, and additional seasonal material was added. As in England, while many prayers were retained though the structure of the Communion service was altered: a prayer of oblation was added to the eucharistic prayer after the "words of institution", thus reflecting the rejection of Cranmer's theology in liturgical developments across the Anglican Communion. More controversially, the Psalter omitted certain sections, including the entirety of Psalm 58.[b] General Synod gave final authorisation to the revision in 1962, to coincide with the 300th anniversary of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. A French translation, Le Recueil des Prières de la Communauté Chrétienne, was published in 1967.
After a period of experimentation with the publication of various supplements, the Book of Alternative Services was published in 1985.
Indigenous languages
The Book of Common Prayer has also been translated into these North American indigenous languages: Cowitchan, Cree, Haida, Ntlakyapamuk, Slavey, Eskimo-Aleut, Dakota, Delaware, Mohawk, Ojibwe.[112]
Ojibwa
United States
The
The preface to the 1789 Book of Common Prayer says, "this Church is far from intending to depart from the Church of England in any essential point of doctrine, discipline, or worship … further than local circumstances require." There were some notable differences. For example, in the Communion service the prayer of consecration follows mainly the Scottish orders derived from 1549 [115] and found in the 1764 Book of Common Prayer. The compilers also used other materials derived from ancient liturgies especially Eastern Orthodox ones such as the Liturgy of St. James.[115] An epiclesis or invocation of the Holy Spirit in the eucharistic prayer was included, as in the Scottish book, though modified to meet reformist objections. Overall however, the book was modelled on the English Prayer Book, the Convention having resisted attempts at more radical deletion and revision.[116]
Article X of the Canons of the Episcopal Church provides that "[t]he Book of Common Prayer, as now established or hereafter amended by the authority of this Church, shall be in use in all the Dioceses of this Church,"[117] which is a reference to the 1979 Book of Common Prayer.[c]
The Prayer Book Cross was erected in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in 1894 as a gift from the Church of England.[d] Created by Ernest Coxhead, it stands on one of the higher points in Golden Gate Park. It is located between John F. Kennedy Drive and Park Presidio Drive, near Cross Over Drive. This 57 ft (17 m) sandstone cross commemorates the first use of the Book of Common Prayer in California by Sir Francis Drake's chaplain on 24 June 1579.
In 2019, the Anglican Church in North America released its own revised edition of the BCP.[118][119] It included a modernised rendering of the Coverdale Psalter, "renewed for contemporary use through efforts that included the labors of 20th century Anglicans T.S. Eliot and C.S. Lewis..."[120] According to Robert Duncan, the first archbishop of the ACNA, "The 2019 edition takes what was good from the modern liturgical renewal movement and also recovers what had been lost from the tradition."[121] The 2019 edition does not contain a catechism, but is accompanied by an extensive ACNA catechism, in a separate publication, To Be a Christian: An Anglican Catechism.[122]
Modern Catholic adaptations
Under
To complement the forthcoming Divine Worship missal, the newly erected Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham in the UK authorised the usage of an interim Anglican Use Divine Office in 2012.[125] The Customary of Our Lady of Walsingham followed from both the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer tradition and that of the Catholic Church's Liturgy of the Hours, introducing hours–Terce, Sext, and None–not found in any standard Book of Common Prayer. Unlike other contemporary forms of the Catholic Divine Office, the Customary contained the full 150 Psalm psalter.[126]
In 2019, the St. Gregory's Prayer Book was published by Ignatius Press as a resource for all Catholic laity, combining selections from the Divine Worship missal with devotions drawn from various Anglican prayer books and other Anglican sources approved for Catholic use in a format that somewhat mimics the form and content of the Book of Common Prayer.[127]
In 2020, the first of two editions of Divine Worship: Daily Office was published. While the North American Edition was the first Divine Office introduced in the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter, the Commonwealth Edition succeeded the previous Customary for the Personal Ordinariates of Our Lady of Walsingham and Our Lady of the Southern Cross. The North American Edition more closely follows the American 1928, American 1979, and Canadian 1962 prayer books, while the Commonwealth Edition more closely follows the precedents set by the Church of England's 1549 and 1662 Book of Common Prayer.[128]
Religious influence
The Book of Common Prayer has had a great influence on a number of other denominations. While theologically different, the language and flow of the service of many other churches owe a great debt to the prayer book. In particular, many Christian prayer books have drawn on the Collects for the Sundays of the Church Year—mostly freely translated or even "rethought" [129] by Cranmer from a wide range of Christian traditions, but including a number of original compositions—which are widely recognised as masterpieces of compressed liturgical construction.
John Wesley, an Anglican priest whose revivalist preaching led to the creation of Methodism wrote in his preface to The Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America (1784), "I believe there is no Liturgy in the world, either in ancient or modern language, which breathes more of a solid, scriptural, rational piety than the Common Prayer of the Church of England."[130] Many Methodist churches in England and the United States continued to use a slightly revised version of the book for communion services well into the 20th century. In the United Methodist Church, the liturgy for eucharistic celebrations is almost identical to what is found in the Book of Common Prayer, as are some of the other liturgies and services.
A unique variant was developed in 1785 in Boston, Massachusetts when the historic King's Chapel (founded 1686) left the Episcopal Church and became an independent Unitarian church. To this day, King's Chapel uniquely uses The Book of Common Prayer According to the Use in King's Chapel in its worship; the book eliminates trinitarian references and statements.
Literary influence
Along with the
… Therefore if any man can shew any just cause, why they may not lawfully be joined together, let him now speak, or else hereafter for ever hold his peace …
Blessed Lord, who hast caused all holy Scriptures to be written for our learning: Grant that we may in such wise hear them, read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest them, that by patience and comfort of thy holy Word, we may embrace and ever hold fast the blessed hope of everlasting life, which thou hast given us in our Saviour Jesus Christ. Amen.
Some examples of well-known phrases from the Book of Common Prayer are:
- "Speak now or forever hold your peace" from the marriage liturgy.
- "Till death us do part", from the marriage liturgy.[e][131]
- "Earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust" from the funeral service.
- "In the midst of life, we are in death." from the committal in the service for the burial of the dead (first rite).
- "From all the deceits of the world, the flesh, and the devil" from the litany.
- "Read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest" from the collect for the second Sunday of Advent.
- "Evil liver" from the rubrics for Holy Communion.
- "All sorts and conditions of men" from the Order for Morning Prayer.
- "Peace in our time" from Morning Prayer, Versicles.
References and allusions to Prayer Book services in the works of Shakespeare were tracked down and identified by Richmond Noble.
As novelist
Copyright status
In England there are only three bodies entitled to print the Book of Common Prayer: the two privileged presses (Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press), and The King's Printer. Cambridge University Press holds letters patent as The King's Printer and so two of these three bodies are the same. The Latin term cum privilegio ("with privilege") is printed on the title pages of Cambridge editions of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer (and the King James Version of the Bible) to denote the charter authority or privilege under which they are published.
The primary function for Cambridge University Press in its role as King's Printer is preserving the integrity of the text, continuing a long-standing tradition and reputation for textual scholarship and accuracy of printing. Cambridge University Press has stated that as a university press, a charitable enterprise devoted to the advancement of learning, it has no desire to restrict artificially that advancement, and that commercial restrictiveness through a partial monopoly is not part of its purpose. It therefore grants permission to use the text, and licence printing or the importation for sale within the UK, as long as it is assured of acceptable quality and accuracy.[f]
The Church of England, supported by the Prayer Book Society, publishes an online edition of the Book of Common Prayer with permission of Cambridge University Press.
In accordance with Canon II.3.6(b)(2) of the Episcopal Church (United States), the church relinquishes any copyright for the version of the Book of Common Prayer currently adopted by the Convention of the church (although the text of proposed revisions remains copyrighted).[g]
Editions
- Anglican Church of Canada (1962), The Book Of Common Prayer, Toronto: Anglican Book Centre Publishing, p. 736, ISBN 0-921846-71-1
- Anglican Church of Canada (1964). The Canadian Book of Occasional Offices: Services for Certain Occasions not Provided in the Book of Common Prayer, compiled by the Most Rev. Harold E. Sexton, Abp. of British Columbia, published at the request of the House of Bishops of the Anglican Church of Canada. Toronto: Anglican Church of Canada, Dept. of Religious Education. x, 162 p.
- Anglican Catholic Church of Canada (198-?). When Ye Pray: Praying with the Church, [by] Roland F. Palmer [an editor of the 1959/1962 Canadian B.C.P.]. Ottawa: Anglican Catholic Convent Society. N.B.: "This book is a companion to the Prayer Book to help … to use the Prayer Book better."—Pg. 1. Without ISBN
- Reformed Episcopal Church in Canada and Newfoundland (1892). The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church, According to the Use of the Reformed Episcopal Church in the Dominion of Canada, Otherwise Known as the Protestant Church of England. ... Toronto, Ont.: Printed ... by the Ryerson Press ... for the Synod of Canada, 1951, t.p. verso 1892. N.B.: This is the liturgy as it had been authorised in 1891.
- Church of England (1977) [1549 & 1552], The First and Second Prayer Books of King Edward VI, London: Everyman's Library, ISBN 0-460-00448-4
- Church of England (1999) [1662], The Book of Common Prayer, London: Everyman's Library, ISBN 1-85715-241-7
- Church in Wales (1984). The Book of Common Prayer, for the Use in the Church in Wales. Penarth, Wales: Church in Wales Publications. 2 vol. N.B.: Title also in Welsh on vol. 2: Y Llfr Gweddi Giffredin i'w arfer yn Yr Eglwys yng Nghymru; vol. 1 is entirely in English; vol. 2 is in Welsh and English on facing pages. Without ISBN
- Cummings, Brian, ed. (2011) [1549, 1559 & 1662]. The Book of Common Prayer: The Texts of 1549, 1559, and 1662. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-964520-6.
- Reformed Episcopal Church (U.S.)(1932). The Book of Common Prayer, According to the Use of the Reformed Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Rev. fifth ed. Philadelphia, Penn.: Reformed Episcopal Publication Society, 1963, t.p. 1932. xxx, 578 p. N.B.: On p. iii: "[T]he revisions made … in the Fifth Edition [of 1932] are those authorized by the [Reformed Episcopal] General Councils from 1943 through 1963."
- The Episcopal Church (1979), The Book of Common Prayer (1979), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-528713-4
- The Episcopal Church (2003). The Book of Common Prayer: Selected Liturgies … According to the Use of the Episcopal Church = Le Livre de la prière commune: Liturgies sélectionnées … selon l'usage de l'Eglise Épiscopale. Paris: Convocation of American Churches in Europe. 373, [5] p. N.B.: Texts in English and as translated into French, from the 1979 B.C.P. of the Episcopal Church (U.S.), on facing pages. ISBN 0-89869-448-5
- The Episcopal Church (2007). The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church Together with The Psalter or Psalms of David According to the use of The Episcopal Church". New York, Church Publishing Incorporated. N.B.: "…amended by action of the 2006 General Convention to include the Revised Common Lectionary." (Gregory Michael Howe, February 2007) ISBN 0-89869-060-9
- The Church of England in Australia Trust Corporation (1978), An Australian Prayer Book, St.Andrew's House, Sydney Square, Sydney: Anglican Information Office Press, pp. 636 p, ISBN 0-909827-79-6
- A Book of Common Prayer: … Set Forth by Authority for Use in the Church of the Province of South Africa. Oxford. 1965.
See also
- Anglican devotions
- Anglican Service Book
- Prayer Book Rebellion
- Prayer Book Society of Canada
- The Books of Homilies
- Metrical psalter
- Book of Common Prayer (1843 illustrated version)
- Book of Common Prayer (1845 illuminated version)
16th century Protestant hymnals
Anabaptist
Anglican
Lutheran
- First Lutheran hymnal
- Erfurt Enchiridion
- Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
- Swenske songer eller wisor 1536
- Thomissøn's hymnal
Presbyterian
Reformed
References
Notes
- ^ Widely varying figures are quoted. Procter & Frere 1902 gave 2000; Neill 1960, p. 165, 1760. Spurr gives the following breakdown for the period 1660–63: Total ministers forced out of English parishes about 1760. This includes 695 parish ministers ejected under the 1660 act for settling clergy; 936 more forced out under the 1662 Act of Uniformity. In addition 200 non-parochial ministers from lectureships, universities and schools, and 120 in Wales were excluded. He adds that 171 of the 1760 are "known to have conformed later". In a footnote he cites Pruett 1978, pp. 17, 18, 23.
- ^ According to the "Tables of Proper Psalms". Archived from the original on 3 September 2009., "The following passages in the Psalter as hitherto used are omitted: Psalm 14. 5–7; 55. 16; 58 (all); 68. 21–23; 69. 23–29; 104. 35 (in part); 109. 5–19; 136. 27; 137. 7–9; 140. 9–10; 141. 7–8. The verses are renumbered." See also the "Psalter from 1962 Canadian Book of Common Prayer". Archived from the original on 21 May 2009.
- ^ Some parishes continued to use the 1928 book either regularly or occasionally, for pastoral sensitivity, for doctrinal reasons and for the beauty of its language. See "Parishes using the Historic Book of Common Prayer". Archived from the original on 22 June 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010. The controversies surrounding the Book of Common Prayer contrasts with the Episcopal Church's description of it as "the primary symbol of our unity." Diverse members "come together" through "our common prayer." See "The Book of Common Prayer". episcopalchurch.org. 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
- ^ A picture of the Prayer Book Cross can be seen at "Prayer Book Cross". Archived from the original on 11 February 2005. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
- ^ The phrase "till death us do part" ("till death us depart" before 1662) has been changed to "till death do us part" in some more recent prayer books, such as the 1962 Canadian Book of Common Prayer.
- ^ See "The Queen's Printer's Patent". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
- ^ See the "Constitution & Canons" (PDF). generalconvention.org. The General Convention of the Episcopal Church. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
Citations
- ^ Careless 2003, p. 26.
- ^ Church of England 1662.
- ^ Careless 2003, p. 23.
- ^ "The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments". brbl-dl.library.yale.edu. Yale University. Retrieved 11 December 2017 – via Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
- ^ Harrison & Sansom 1982, p. 29.
- ^ Leaver 2006, p. 39.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 331.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 60.
- ^ Procter & Frere 1965, p. 31.
- ^ a b Jeanes 2006, p. 23.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 417.
- ^ Jeanes 2006, p. 27.
- ^ Gibson 1910.
- ^ a b c Jeanes 2006, p. 26.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 418.
- ^ Jeanes 2006, p. 30.
- ^ a b MacCulloch 1996, p. 412.
- ^ Jeanes 2006, p. 31.
- ^ Moorman 1983, p. 26.
- ^ Duffy 2005, pp. 464–466.
- ^ Jeanes 2006, p. 28.
- ^ Moorman 1983, p. 27.
- ^ Marshall 2017, p. 324.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 413.
- ^ Jones et al. 1992, p. 36.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 392.
- ^ Jeanes 2006, p. 32.
- ^ Jeanes 2006, p. 33–34.
- ^ Marshall 2017, pp. 324–325.
- ^ Marshall 2017, p. 325.
- ^ Procter & Frere 1965, p. 27.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 411.
- ^ Haigh 1993, p. 179.
- ^ a b Duffy 2005, p. 473.
- ^ a b c d Marshall 2017, p. 348.
- ^ Marshall 2017, p. 347.
- ^ a b Jeanes 2006, p. 33.
- ^ a b Haigh 1993, p. 180.
- ^ Jeanes 2006, p. 25.
- ^ Duffy 2005, p. 474.
- ^ Spinks 1999, p. 187.
- ^ Procter & Frere 1965, p. 81.
- ^ Duffy 2005, pp. 472–5.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 510.
- ^ Maxwell 1965, p. 5.
- ^ Procter & Frere 1965, p. 94.
- ^ a b MacCulloch 1990, p. 27.
- ^ Starkey 2001, p. 284f.
- ^ Guy 1988, p. 262.
- ^ Clarke 1954, p. 182.
- ^ Jones et al. 1992, pp. 313–314.
- ^ Jones et al. 1992, p. 104.
- ^ Jones et al. 1992, pp. 106–109.
- ^ Jones et al. 1992, p. 108.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 528.
- ^ Marsh 1998, p. 50.
- ^ Maltby 1998, p. 123.
- ^ a b Furlong 2000, p. 43.
- ^ Chapman 2006, p. 29.
- ^ Maltby 1998, p. 67.
- ^ Procter & Frere 1965, p. 125.
- ^ Marsh 1998, p. 31.
- ^ Maltby 1998, p. 44.
- ^ a b c Maltby 1998, p. 24.
- ^ Spinks 2017, p. 10.
- ^ Mathias 1959.
- ^ Procter & Frere 1965, pp. 138–140.
- ^ Procter & Frere 1965, pp. 140–143.
- ^ Davies 1992, p. 2,3.
- ^ Perry 1922.
- ^ Durston 1998, p. 27.
- ^ Perry 1922, Chapter 4.
- ^ Procter & Frere 1965, p. 169, 170.
- ^ Harrison & Sansom 1982, p. 53.
- ^ Thompson 1961, p. 378.
- ^ Procter & Frere 1965, p. 192f.
- ^ Spurr 1991, p. 40.
- ^ Edwards 1983, p. 312.
- ^ Griffith Thomas 1963, pp. 508–521.
- ^ Spurr 1991, p. 43.
- ^ Fawcett 1973, p. 26.
- ^ Fawcett 1973, p. 45.
- ^ Carpenter 1933, p. 234.
- ^ Carpenter 1933, p. 246.
- ^ Neill 1960, p. 395.
- ^ প্রার্থনা বই [Prayer Book] (in Bengali). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Church of Bangladesh. 1997.
- ^ "Sei Kōkai Tōbun". Printed Books. (Japanese: 聖公会祷文). 1879.
- ^ "The 1959 Japanese Book of Common Prayer". Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
- ^ "Nippon Seikōkwai Kitō Bun, Translated by the Rev. John Batcheler". 1889.
- ^ "Japanese Translation of the Bible by Each Denomination (1895 Kitōsho)" (in Japanese).
- ^ "Nihon Sei Ko Kwai Kitosho (1938, Revised and Enlarged)".
- ^ "Printing of Ireland's first book, the 'Book of Common Prayer', to be commemorated". The Irish Times. 17 April 2001. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ Miller 2006, p. 431.
- ^ Richardson 1712.
- ^ "The Book of Common Prayer of the Church of Ireland". justus.anglican.org. 5 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- ^ "Book of Common Prayer". ireland.anglican.org. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- ^ Anon 2004.
- ^ a b Muss-Arnolt 1914, Ch VII.
- ^ Rowthorn 2006, p. 440.
- ^ Iglesia Española Reformada Episcopal, and Colin Ogilvie Buchanan. Liturgies of the Spanish and Portuguese Reformed Episcopal Churches. Grove, 1985.; Igreja Lusitana Católica Apostólica Evangélica. Eucaristia ou Ceia do Senhor. [Pôrto]: [Imprensa Social], 1963.; Igreja Lusitana Católica Apostólica Evangélica. O livro de oração comum; administração dos sacramentos e outros ofícios divinos na Igreja Lusitana. Porto, Portugal: Tipo-Lito de Gonçalves & Nogueira, 1928.
- ^ Church of England, and Tejeda, Fernando de n. 1595 tr. Liturgia Inglesa o Libro del rezado publico, de la administracion de los Sacramentos, y otros Ritos y ceremonias de la Iglesia de Ingalaterra [Texto impreso]. Augusta Trinobantum [s.n.], n.d.
- ^ Church of England, Felix Antonio de Alvarado, William Bowyer, and Fran Coggan. Liturgia ynglesa, o El libro de oracion commun y administracion de los sacramentos … segun el uso de la Yglesia de Inglaterra. Londres: impresso por G. Bowyer, 1707.
- ^ Oliver 2006, p. 384.
- ^ Rowthorn 2006, pp. 439–442.
- ^ Procter & Frere 1902, p. 125.
- ^ The Church of England in Australia Trust Corporation 1978.
- ^ Journal of the Proceedings of the Fifty-First General Council of the Reformed Episcopal Church held at Hyatt Regency Hotel Orlando, Florida (PDF). Reformed Episcopal Church. 2005. p. 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
- Sydney, Australia: Archbishop of Sydney's Liturgical Panel. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ "Better Gatherings — new look". Anglican Church League. 24 October 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- Sydney, Australia: Christian Education Publications. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ Armitage 1922.
- ^ Wohlers 2008.
- ^ Wohlers 2007, Chapter 68.
- ^ Cross & Livingstone 1975.
- ^ a b Shepherd 1965, 82.
- ^ McGarvey & Gibson 1907.
- ^ "Constitutions and Canons (1964-2018)". The Archives of the Episcopal Church. The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ^ "2019 Book of Common Prayer". Anglican Church in North America. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
- ^ Crosby 2019.
- ^ "2019 BCP History".
- ^ "Book of Common Prayer 2019".
- ISBN 9781433566776.
- ^ The Book of Divine Worship (PDF). Newman House Press. 2003. pp. 1–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ Steenson, Msgr. N. Jeffrey; Brand, Clint (2015). "Divine Worship: The Missal expands Church's diversity in expression, unity in faith". The Ordinariate Observer. Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ISBN 9781848251229. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ Clayton, David (12 February 2016). "The Anglican Ordinariate Divine Office - A Wonderful Gift For Lay People and Hope for the Transformation of Western Culture". The Way of Beauty. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ Smith, Peter Jesserer (7 September 2019). "St. Gregory's Prayer Book: A Primer for Holiness From the English Patrimony". National Catholic Register. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ Smith, Peter (7 October 2020). "Coming Soon: Ordinariate Daily Office 'Commonwealth Edition' Expected Advent 2021". Anglicanorum Coetibus Society. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ Neill 1960, p. 69.
- ^ Westerfield Tucker 2006, p. 209.
- ^ Diarmaid MacCulloch notes in his book A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (London/New York: Penguin Books, 2010) in footnote 40 on page 631/1065: "'Death us do part' was 'death us depart', when Cranmer wrote it, but the phrase has effortlessly survived the changing meaning of 'depart'.
- ^ Noble 1935, p. 82.
- ^ James 2011, p. 48.
Sources
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- Chapman, Mark (2006), Anglicanism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280693-9
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- Crosby, Ben (7 August 2019). "The ACNA BCP 2019: A Critical Appreciation". Covenant. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
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- ISBN 0-340-69399-1
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- Gibson, E.C.S (1910), The First and Second Prayer Books of Edward VI, Everyman's Library
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- Guy, John (1988), Tudor England, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-285213-2
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- Harrison, D.E.W.; Sansom, Michael C (1982), Worship in the Church of England, London: SPCK, ISBN 0-281-03843-0
- Harrison, Douglas, ed. (1975). The First and Second Prayer Books of Edward VI. Dent. ISBN 978-0-460-00448-0.
- ISBN 978-1-4411-6041-6.
- Jeanes, Gordon (2006). "Cranmer and Common Prayer". In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia L. (eds.). OCLC 265711704.
- Jones, Cheslyn; Wainwright, Geoffrey; Yarnold, Edward; Bradshaw, Paul F., eds. (1992). The Study of Liturgy. SPCK. ISBN 978-0-19-520922-8.
- King, John N. (1982). English Reformation Literature: The Tudor Origins of the Protestant Tradition. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-06502-1.
- Kings Chapel (2007), History, archived from the original on 19 October 2014, retrieved 10 October 2007
- Leaver, Robin A. (2006). "The Prayer Book 'Noted'". In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia L. (eds.). The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey. Oxford University Press. OCLC 265711704.
- Lewis, C.S. (196–). "Miserable Offenders": an Interpretation of [sinfulness and] Prayer Book Language [about it], in series, The Advent Papers. Cincinnati, Ohio: Forward Movement Publications.
- ISBN 0-333-92139-9
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{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Richardson, John (1712). Leabhar na nornaighheadh ccomhchoitchoinn [Book of Common Prayer] (in Irish). Translated by John Richardson. London: Eleanor Everingham. OCLC 931252681.
- Rowthorn, Jeffery (2006). "Anglican Churches in Europe". In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia L. (eds.). The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey. Oxford University Press. OCLC 265711704.
- Spinks, Bryan D. (1999). "Cranmer's Methods of Liturgical Compilation". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.). Thomas Cranmer:Churchman and Scholar. Woodbridge(UK): The Beydell Press.
- Shepherd, Massey J. jr. (1965), El Culto de la Iglesia, CPC, San José, Costa Rica — Original in English is The Worship of the Church Seabury Press (1952)}}
- ISBN 978-0-281-07605-5.
- Spurr, John (1991), The Restoration Church of England, Yale
- Starkey, David (2001), Elizabeth, Vintage Books
- Thompson, Bard (1961). Liturgies of the Western church. Meridian Books.
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- Winship, Michael P. (2018). Hot Protestants: A History of Puritanism in England and America. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12628-0.
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Further reading
- Order for Celebrating Mass: being a complete calendar for mass and vespers ... in strict accordance with the use of the Western Church. Wantage: St Mary's Press, printed for the compiler, 1953
- The Order of Divine Service for the year of Our Lord 1966, eightieth year of issue. London: W. Knott & Son Ltd, [1965]
- Harrison, D. E. W (1969), Common Prayer in the Church of England, London: SPCK
- Forbes, Dennis (1992). Did the Almighty intend His book to be copyrighted?, European Christian Bookstore Journal, April 1992
- Hatchett, M. J. (1995), Commentary on the American Prayer Book, Harper Collins
- Griffiths, David N. (2002). The Bibliography of the Book of Common Prayer, 1549–1999. British Library. ISBN 978-0-7123-4772-3.
- Dailey, Prudence, ed. (2011). The Book of Common Prayer: Past, Present and Future. London; New York: Continuum International. ISBN 978-1-4411-4279-5.
- Jacobs, Alan (2013). The Book of Common Prayer: A Biography. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691154817.
External links
- Full text online edition of The Book of Common Prayer at The Church of England
- The Book of Common Prayer, 1662: selections public domain audiobook at LibriVox
- The full text of The Book of Common Prayer according to the use of The Episcopal Church, 1979 edition
- The online text of The Book of Common Prayer according to the use of The Episcopal Church, 1979 edition
- Links to various editions of the Book of Common Prayer from various Provinces of the Anglican Communion, curated by Charles Wohlers at the Society of Archbishop Justus: Books of Common Prayer
- The Book of Common Prayer in many languages
- The Prayer Book Society of England
- Prayer Book Society USA