Bordeaux
Bordeaux
Bordèu ( Place de la Bourse, Cité du Vin, Monument aux Girondins, Tour Pey-Berland, Grosse Cloche, Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux, Saint-André Cathedral and Pont de pierre on the Garonne | |
---|---|
Motto(s): Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem. "The fleur-de-lis alone rules over the moon, the waves, the castle, and the lion" (in French: "Les lys règnent seuls sur la lune, les ondes, la forteresse et le lion.")[1] | |
The Greens) | |
Area 1 | 49.36 km2 (19.06 sq mi) |
• Urban (2020[3]) | 1,287.3 km2 (497.0 sq mi) |
• Metro (2020[4]) | 6,315.6 km2 (2,438.5 sq mi) |
Population (2021)[5] | 261,804 |
• Rank | 9th in France |
• Density | 5,300/km2 (14,000/sq mi) |
• Urban (Jan. 2020[6]) | 994,920 |
• Urban density | 770/km2 (2,000/sq mi) |
• Metro (Jan. 2020[7]) | 1,376,375 |
• Metro density | 220/km2 (560/sq mi) |
Demonym | Bordelais |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
INSEE/Postal code | 33063 / |
Website | www |
Official name | Bordeaux, Port of the Moon |
Criteria | Cultural: ii, iv |
Reference | 1256 |
Inscription | 2007 (31st Session) |
Area | 1,731 ha |
Buffer zone | 11,974 ha |
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. |
Bordeaux (
The city of Bordeaux proper had a population of 259,809 in 2020 within its small municipal territory of 49 km2 (19 sq mi),[8] but together with its suburbs and exurbs the Bordeaux metropolitan area had a population of 1,376,375 that same year (Jan. 2020 census),[7] the sixth-most populated in France after Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Lille, and Toulouse.
Bordeaux and 27 suburban municipalities form the Bordeaux Metropolis, an indirectly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of wider metropolitan issues. The Bordeaux Metropolis, with a population of 819,604 at the January 2020 census,[9] is the fifth most populated metropolitan council in France after those of Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Lille.
Bordeaux is a world capital of wine:
Bordeaux is an international tourist destination for its architectural and cultural heritage with more than 362 historic
History
Roman Republic c. 60–27 BC
Roman Empire 27 BC–AD 395
Gallic Empire 260–274
Western Roman Empire 395–418
Visigothic Kingdom 395–6th century
Francia 6th century–843
West Francia 843–987
Kingdom of France 987–1154
Angevin Empire 1154–1214
Kingdom of England 1214–1453
Kingdom of France 1453–1792
French First Republic 1792–1804
First French Empire 1804–1814
Kingdom of France 1814–1815
First French Empire 1815
Kingdom of France 1815–1830
July Monarchy 1830–1848
French Second Republic 1848–1852
Second French Empire 1852–1870
French Third Republic 1870–1940
Military Administration in France 1940–1944
∟ part of German-occupied Europe from 1940 to 1944
Provisional Government of the French Republic 1944–1946
French Fourth Republic 1946–1958
French Fifth Republic 1958–present
5th century BC to 11th century AD
Around 300 BC, the region was the settlement of a
In 107 BC, the Battle of Burdigala was fought by the Romans who were defending the Allobroges, a Gallic tribe allied to Rome, and the Tigurini led by Divico. The Romans were defeated and their commander, the consul Lucius Cassius Longinus, was killed in battle.[16]
The city came under Roman rule around 60 BC, and it became an important commercial centre for tin and lead.[17] During this period were built the amphitheatre and the monument Les Piliers de Tutelle.
-
Les Piliers de Tutelle
-
The Roman amphitheatre
In 276, it was sacked by the Vandals. The Vandals attacked again in 409, followed by the Visigoths in 414, and the Franks in 498, and afterwards the city fell into a period of relative obscurity.
In the late sixth century the city re-emerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the
In 732, the city was plundered by the troops of
In 737, following his father Eudes's death, the Aquitanian duke Hunald led a rebellion to which Charles responded by launching an expedition that captured Bordeaux. However, it was not retained for long, during the following year the Frankish commander clashed in battle with the Aquitanians but then left to take on hostile Burgundian authorities and magnates. In 745 Aquitaine faced another expedition where Charles's sons Pepin and Carloman challenged Hunald's power and defeated him. Hunald's son Waifer replaced him and confirmed Bordeaux as the capital city (along with Bourges in the north).
During the last stage of the war against Aquitaine (760–768), it was one of Waifer's last important strongholds to fall to the troops of King Pepin the Short. Charlemagne built the fortress of Fronsac (Frontiacus, Franciacus) near Bordeaux on a hill across the border with the Basques (Wascones), where Basque commanders came and pledged their loyalty (769).
In 778,
Although the
12th century to 15th century, the English era
From the 12th to the 15th century, Bordeaux flourished once more following the marriage of
15th century to 17th century
In 1462, Bordeaux created a local parliament.
Bordeaux adhered to the
18th century, the golden era
The 18th century saw another golden age of Bordeaux.
Bordeaux was also a major trading centre for slaves.[23] In total, the Bordeaux shipowners deported 150,000 Africans in some 500 expeditions.[24]
French Revolution: political disruption and loss of the most profitable colony
At the beginning of the
At the same time, in 1791, a slave revolt broke out at Saint-Domingue (current Haiti), the most profitable of the French colonies. Three years later, the Montagnard Convention abolished slavery. In 1802, Napoleon revoked the manumission law but lost the war against the army of former slaves. In 1804, Haiti became independent. The loss of this "Pearl" of the West Indies generated the collapse of Bordeaux's port economy, which was dependent on the colonial trade and trade in slaves.
Towards the end of the
19th century, rebirth of the economy
From the Bourbon Restoration, the economy of Bordeaux was rebuilt by traders and shipowners. They engaged to construct the first bridge of Bordeaux, and customs warehouses. The shipping traffic grew through the new African colonies.
In 1870, at the beginning of the
20th century
During World War II, Bordeaux fell under German occupation.
In May and June 1940, Bordeaux was the site of the life-saving actions of the Portuguese consul-general, Aristides de Sousa Mendes, who illegally granted thousands of Portuguese visas, which were needed to pass the Spanish border, to refugees fleeing the German occupation.
From 1941 to 1943, the
21st century, listed as World heritage
In 2007, 40% of the city surface area, located around the
Geography
Bordeaux is located close to the European Atlantic coast, in the southwest of France and in the north of the Aquitaine region. It is around 500 km (310 mi) southwest of Paris. The city is built on a bend of the river Garonne, and is divided into two parts: the right bank to the east and left bank in the west. Historically the left bank is more developed because when flowing outside the bend, the water makes a furrow of the required depth to allow the passing of merchant ships, which used to offload on this side of the river. But, today, the right bank is developing, including new urban projects. In Bordeaux, the Garonne River is accessible to ocean liners through the Gironde estuary. The right bank of the Garonne is a low-lying, often marshy plain.
Climate
Bordeaux's climate can be classified as oceanic (Köppen climate classification Cfb), bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Cfa).[27] However, the Trewartha climate classification system classifies the city as solely humid subtropical, due to a recent rise in temperatures related – to some degree or another – to climate change and the city's urban heat island.
The city enjoys cool to mild, wet winters, due to its relatively southerly
Climate data for Bordeaux (BOD), elevation: 47 m (154 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1920–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 20.8 (69.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
31.1 (88.0) |
35.4 (95.7) |
40.5 (104.9) |
41.2 (106.2) |
40.7 (105.3) |
37.0 (98.6) |
32.2 (90.0) |
26.7 (80.1) |
22.5 (72.5) |
41.2 (106.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.5 (50.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.5 (59.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
21.7 (71.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.6 (81.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
19.6 (67.3) |
14.1 (57.4) |
11.0 (51.8) |
18.9 (66.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) |
7.8 (46.0) |
10.7 (51.3) |
13.0 (55.4) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.8 (67.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.9 (71.4) |
18.8 (65.8) |
15.2 (59.4) |
10.4 (50.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.7 (38.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
5.8 (42.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
11.4 (52.5) |
14.6 (58.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
16.3 (61.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.7 (51.3) |
6.7 (44.1) |
4.4 (39.9) |
9.6 (49.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −16.4 (2.5) |
−14.8 (5.4) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
2.5 (36.5) |
5.2 (41.4) |
4.7 (40.5) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
−16.4 (2.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 86.9 (3.42) |
66.9 (2.63) |
63.3 (2.49) |
75.6 (2.98) |
71.1 (2.80) |
70.4 (2.77) |
48.6 (1.91) |
56.7 (2.23) |
81.2 (3.20) |
83.3 (3.28) |
114.5 (4.51) |
106.4 (4.19) |
924.9 (36.41) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.2 | 10.1 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 10.0 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 9.3 | 10.7 | 13.3 | 12.7 | 122.5 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 89.8 | 117.4 | 170.2 | 186.0 | 220.8 | 237.7 | 256.0 | 248.8 | 208.8 | 150.3 | 100.0 | 84.1 | 2,069.8 |
Source: Meteo France[30]
|
Climate data for Bordeaux (Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport), elevation: 47 m or 154 ft, 1961–1990 normals and extremes | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 19.1 (66.4) |
25.0 (77.0) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.6 (83.5) |
32.6 (90.7) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.8 (101.8) |
38.3 (100.9) |
37.0 (98.6) |
31.5 (88.7) |
24.7 (76.5) |
22.5 (72.5) |
38.8 (101.8) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 12.6 (54.7) |
16.3 (61.3) |
17.1 (62.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
29.3 (84.7) |
29.2 (84.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
27.0 (80.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
16.1 (61.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
29.4 (84.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.9 (49.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
23.2 (73.8) |
25.9 (78.6) |
25.5 (77.9) |
24.0 (75.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
13.2 (55.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
17.6 (63.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.2 (43.2) |
7.5 (45.5) |
8.7 (47.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
14.2 (57.6) |
17.7 (63.9) |
20.2 (68.4) |
19.6 (67.3) |
17.9 (64.2) |
14.3 (57.7) |
9.1 (48.4) |
6.6 (43.9) |
12.8 (55.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) |
3.6 (38.5) |
4.2 (39.6) |
6.3 (43.3) |
9.1 (48.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
13.9 (57.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
4.7 (40.5) |
3.2 (37.8) |
8.0 (46.3) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −3.1 (26.4) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
3.7 (38.7) |
7.8 (46.0) |
9.4 (48.9) |
12.4 (54.3) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.2 (48.6) |
5.3 (41.5) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −16.4 (2.5) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
4.0 (39.2) |
6.9 (44.4) |
6.0 (42.8) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
−16.4 (2.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 92.4 (3.64) |
86.9 (3.42) |
74.0 (2.91) |
69.4 (2.73) |
67.4 (2.65) |
51.3 (2.02) |
41.2 (1.62) |
45.3 (1.78) |
72.0 (2.83) |
67.8 (2.67) |
96.7 (3.81) |
79.7 (3.14) |
844.1 (33.22) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 13.1 | 11.5 | 11.7 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 8.5 | 6.7 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 10.1 | 11.9 | 12.3 | 125.4 |
Average snowy days | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 3.9 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
88 | 84 | 78 | 76 | 77 | 76 | 75 | 76 | 79 | 85 | 87 | 88 | 80.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 86.3 | 108.8 | 161.9 | 189.6 | 211.1 | 242.2 | 276.3 | 248.7 | 207.1 | 165.4 | 103.2 | 83.0 | 2,083.6 |
Percent possible sunshine | 31 | 38 | 45 | 47 | 47 | 53 | 59 | 58 | 56 | 49 | 36 | 31 | 46 |
Source 1: NOAA[31] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity)[32] |
Economy
Bordeaux is a major centre for business in France as it has the sixth largest metropolitan population in France. It serves as a major regional center for trade, administration, services and industry.
Wine
The vine was introduced to the Bordeaux region by the Romans, probably in the mid-first century, to provide wine for local consumption, and wine production has been continuous in the region since.[33]
Bordeaux wine growing area has about 116,160 hectares (287,000 acres) of
Both red and
.White Bordeaux is made from Sauvignon blanc, Sémillon, and Muscadelle. Sauternes is a sub-region of Graves known for its intensely sweet, white, dessert wines such as Château d'Yquem.
Because of a wine glut (wine lake) in the generic production, the price squeeze induced by an increasingly strong international competition, and vine pull schemes, the number of growers has recently dropped from 14,000 and the area under vine has also decreased significantly. In the meantime, the global demand for first growths and the most famous labels markedly increased and their prices skyrocketed.[citation needed]
The
Others
The Laser Mégajoule will be one of the most powerful lasers in the world, allowing fundamental research and the development of the laser and plasma technologies.
Some 20,000 people work for the aeronautic industry in Bordeaux.[
Tourism, especially
Access to the port from the Atlantic is via the Gironde estuary. Almost nine million tonnes of goods arrive and leave each year.[37]
Major companies
This list includes indigenous Bordeaux-based companies and companies that have major presence in Bordeaux, but are not necessarily headquartered there.
- Arena
- Groupe Bernard
- Groupe Castel
- Cdiscount
- Dassault
- Jock
- Marie Brizard
- McKesson Corporation
- Oxbow
- Ricard
- Sanofi Aventis
- Smurfit Kappa
- Snecma
- Solectron
- Thales Group
Population
Largest groups of immigrants[a] living in the Bordeaux metropolitan area | |
Country of birth | Population (2019)[38] |
---|---|
Portugal | 15,551 |
Morocco | 15,207 |
Algeria | 10,006 |
Spain | 7,756 |
Turkey | 4,231 |
Tunisia | 2,875 |
Italy | 2,683 |
Senegal | 2,373 |
Romania | 2,197 |
Madagascar | 1,784 |
Cameroon | 1,759 |
China | 1,724 |
United Kingdom | 1,603 |
Côte d'Ivoire | 1,589 |
In January 2020, there were 259,809 inhabitants in the city proper (commune) of Bordeaux.
The built-up area has grown for more than a century beyond the municipal borders of Bordeaux due to the small size of the commune (49 km2 (19 sq mi)) and urban sprawl, so that by January 2020 there were 1,376,375 people living in the overall 6,316 km2 (2,439 sq mi) metropolitan area (aire d'attraction) of Bordeaux,[7] only a fifth of whom lived in the city proper.
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Source: EHESS[40] and INSEE[8] |
Politics
Municipal administration
The Mayor of the city is the environmentalist Pierre Hurmic.
Bordeaux is the capital of five cantons and the Prefecture of the Gironde and Aquitaine.
The town is divided into three districts, the first three of Gironde. The headquarters of Urban Community of Bordeaux Mériadeck is located in the neighbourhood and the city is at the head of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry that bears his name.
The number of inhabitants of Bordeaux is greater than 250,000 and less than 299,999 so the number of municipal councilors is 65.[41] They are divided according to the following composition:
Party | Political line | President | Seats | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ecologist and left | Pierre Hurmic | 48 | majority | |
LREM |
Right and centre-right | Nicolas Florian | 14 | opposition |
NPA – LFI – PG – E ! | Anticapitalist left | Philippe Poutou | 3 | opposition |
Mayors of Bordeaux
Since the Liberation (1944), there have been six mayors of Bordeaux:
Mayor | Term start | Term end | Party | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fernand Audeguil | August 1944 | 19 October 1947 | SFIO | |
Jacques Chaban-Delmas | 19 October 1947 | 19 June 1995 | RPR | |
Alain Juppé | 19 June 1995 | 13 December 2004 | RPR / UMP | |
Hugues Martin | 13 December 2004 | 8 October 2006 | UMP | |
Alain Juppé | 8 October 2006 | 7 March 2019 | LR
| |
Nicolas Florian | 7 March 2019 | 3 July 2020 | LR
| |
Pierre Hurmic | 3 July 2020 | Incumbent | EELV
|
- LRin 2015.
Elections
Presidential elections of 2007
At the 2007 presidential election, the Bordelais gave 31.37% of their votes to Ségolène Royal of the Socialist Party against 30.84% to Nicolas Sarkozy, president of the UMP. Then came François Bayrou with 22.01%, followed by Jean-Marie Le Pen who recorded 5.42%. None of the other candidates exceeded the 5% mark. Nationally, Nicolas Sarkozy led with 31.18%, then Ségolène Royal with 25.87%, followed by François Bayrou with 18.57%. After these came Jean-Marie Le Pen with 10.44%, none of the other candidates exceeded the 5% mark. In the second round, the city of Bordeaux gave Ségolène Royal 52.44% against 47.56% for Nicolas Sarkozy, the latter being elected President of the Republic with 53.06% against 46.94% for Ségolène Royal. The abstention rates for Bordeaux were 14.52% in the first round and 15.90% in the second round.
Parliamentary elections of 2007
In the parliamentary elections of 2007, the left won eight constituencies against only three for the right. It should be added that after the partial 2008 elections, the eighth district of Gironde switched to the left, bringing the count to nine. In Bordeaux, the left was for the first time in its history the majority as it held two of three constituencies following the elections. In the first division of the Gironde, the outgoing UMP MP Chantal Bourragué was well ahead with 44.81% against 25.39% for the Socialist candidate Beatrice Desaigues. In the second round, it was Chantal Bourragué who was re-elected with 54.45% against 45.55% for his socialist opponent. In the second district of Gironde the UMP mayor and all new Minister of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and the Sea Alain Juppé confronted the General Counsel PS Michèle Delaunay. In the first round, Alain Juppé was well ahead with 43.73% against 31.36% for Michèle Delaunay. In the second round, it was finally Michèle Delaunay who won the election with 50.93% of the votes against 49.07% for Alain Juppé, the margin being only 670 votes. The defeat of the so-called constituency "Mayor" showed that Bordeaux was rocking increasingly left. Finally, in the third constituency of the Gironde, Noël Mamère was well ahead with 39.82% against 28.42% for the UMP candidate Elizabeth Vine. In the second round, Noël Mamère was re-elected with 62.82% against 37.18% for his right-wing rival.
Municipal elections of 2008
In 2008 municipal elections saw the clash between mayor of Bordeaux, Alain Juppé and the President of the Regional Council of Aquitaine Socialist Alain Rousset. The PS had put up a Socialist heavyweight in the Gironde and had put great hopes in this election after the victory of Ségolène Royal and Michèle Delaunay in 2007. However, after a rather exciting campaign it was Alain Juppé who was widely elected in the first round with 56.62%, far ahead of Alain Rousset who has managed to get 34.14%. At present, of the eight cantons that has Bordeaux, five are held by the PS and three by the UMP, the left eating a little each time into the right's numbers.
European elections of 2009
In the European elections of 2009, Bordeaux voters largely voted for the UMP candidate Dominique Baudis, who won 31.54% against 15.00% for PS candidate Kader Arif. The candidate of Europe Ecology José Bové came second with 22.34%. None of the other candidates reached the 10% mark. The 2009 European elections were like the previous ones in eight constituencies. Bordeaux is located in the district "Southwest", here are the results:
UMP candidate Dominique Baudis: 26.89%. His party gained four seats. PS candidate Kader Arif: 17.79%, gaining two seats in the European Parliament. Europe Ecology candidate Bove: 15.83%, obtaining two seats. MoDem candidate Robert Rochefort: 8.61%, winning a seat. Left Front candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon: 8.16%, gaining the last seat. At regional elections in 2010, the Socialist incumbent president Alain Rousset won the first round by totaling 35.19% in Bordeaux, but this score was lower than the plan for Gironde and Aquitaine. Xavier Darcos, Minister of Labour followed with 28.40% of the votes, scoring above the regional and departmental average. Then came Monique De Marco, Green candidate with 13.40%, followed by the member of Pyrenees-Atlantiques and candidate of the MoDem Jean Lassalle who registered a low 6.78% while qualifying to the second round on the whole Aquitaine, closely followed by Jacques Colombier, candidate of the National Front, who gained 6.48%. Finally the candidate of the Left Front Gérard Boulanger with 5.64%, no other candidate above the 5% mark. In the second round, Alain Rousset had a tidal wave win as national totals rose to 55.83%. If Xavier Darcos largely lost the election, he nevertheless achieved a score above the regional and departmental average obtaining 33.40%. Jean Lassalle, who qualified for the second round, passed the 10% mark by totaling 10.77%. The ballot was marked by abstention amounting to 55.51% in the first round and 53.59% in the second round.
Only candidates obtaining more than 5% are listed
Candidate | 1st round | 2nd round | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Bordeaux | National | Bordeaux | National | |
Nicolas Sarkozy | 30.84% | 31.18% | 47.56% | 53.06% |
Ségolène Royal | 31.37% | 25.87% | 52.44% | 46.94% |
François Bayrou | 22.01% | 18.57% | ||
Jean-Marie Le Pen | 5.42% | 10.44% | ||
Total votes | 85.48% | 83.77% | 84.10% | 83.97% |
Candidate | 1st round | 2nd round | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Bordeaux | National | Bordeaux | National | |
François Hollande | 33.05% | 28.63% | 57.18% | 51.64% |
Nicolas Sarkozy | 28.68% | 27.18% | 42.82% | 48.36% |
Jean-Luc Mélenchon | 12.16% | 11.10% | ||
François Bayrou | 10.91% | 9.13% | ||
Marine Le Pen | 8.22% | 17.90% | ||
Total votes | 79.25% | 79.48% | 80.44% | 80.35% |
2017 elections
Bordeaux voted for
2019 European elections
Bordeaux voted in the 2019 European Parliament election in France.
Municipal elections of 2020
After 73 years of right-of-centre rule, the ecologist Pierre Hurmic (
Parliamentary representation
The city area is represented by the following constituencies: Gironde's 1st, Gironde's 2nd, Gironde's 3rd, Gironde's 4th, Gironde's 5th, Gironde's 6th, Gironde's 7th.
Education
University
During Antiquity, a first university had been created by the Romans in 286.[45] The city was an important administrative centre and the new university had to train administrators. Only rhetoric and grammar were taught. Ausonius and Sulpicius Severus were two of the teachers.
In 1441, when Bordeaux was an English town, the Pope Eugene IV created a university by demand of the archbishop Pey Berland. In 1793, during the French Revolution, the National Convention abolished the university, and replace them with the École centrale in 1796. In Bordeaux, this one was located in the former buildings of the college of Guyenne. In 1808, the university reappeared with Napoleon. Bordeaux accommodates approximately 70,000 students on one of the largest campuses of Europe (235 ha).[46]
Schools
Bordeaux has numerous public and private schools offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs.
Engineering schools:
- Arts et Métiers ParisTech, graduate school of industrial and mechanical engineering
- ESME-Sudria, graduate school of engineering
- École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématique et mécanique de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB-MATMECA)
- École supérieure de technologie des biomolécules de Bordeaux
- École nationale supérieure des sciences agronomiques de Bordeaux Aquitaine
- École nationale supérieure de chimie et physique de Bordeaux
- École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
- Institut des sciences et techniques des aliments de Bordeaux
- Institut de cognitique
- École supérieure d'informatique
- École privée des sciences informatiques
Business and management schools:
- The Bordeaux MBA (International College of Bordeaux)
- IUT Techniques de Commercialisation of Bordeaux (business school)
- Institut des hautes études économiques et commerciales)
- KEDGE Business School (former BEM – Bordeaux Management School)
- Vatel Bordeaux International Business School
- E-Artsup
- Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
- Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action
Other:
- École nationale de la magistrature (National school for the judiciary)
- École d'architecture et de paysage de Bordeaux
- École des beaux-arts de Bordeaux
- École française des attachés de presse et des professionnels de la communication (EFAP)
- Conservatoire national des arts et métiers d'Aquitaine (CNAM)
- École des Avocats ALIENOR de Bordeaux (law school)
Weekend education
The École Compleméntaire Japonaise de Bordeaux (ボルドー日本語補習授業校, Borudō Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a
Main sights
Heritage and architecture
Bordeaux is classified "City of Art and History". The city is home to 362
Bordeaux is home to one of Europe's biggest 18th-century architectural urban areas, making it a sought-after destination for tourists and cinema production crews. It stands out as one of the first French cities, after
Saint-André Cathedral, Saint-Michel Basilica and Saint-Seurin Basilica are part of the
Buildings
Main sights include:
- Place de la Bourse (1735–1755), designed by the Royal architect Jacques Gabriel as landscape for an equestrian statueof Louis XV, now replaced by the Fountain of the Three Graces.
- Grand Théâtre (1780), a large neoclassical theater built in the 18th century.
- Allées de Tourny
- Cours de l'Intendance
- Place du Chapelet
- Place du Parlement
- Place des Quinconces, the largest square in France.
- Monument aux Girondins
- Place Saint-Pierre
- Pont de pierre (1822)
- Bordeaux Cathedral (Saint André), consecrated by Pope Urban II in 1096 and dedicated to the Apostle Saint Andrew. Of the original Romanesque edifice only a wall in the nave remains. The Royal Door is from the early 13th century, while the rest of the construction is mostly from the 14th and 15th centuries.
- Tour Pey-Berland (1440–1450), a massive, quadrangular Gothic tower annexed to the cathedral.
- Sainte-Croix church: This church, dedicated to the Holy Cross, stands on the site of a seventh-century abbey destroyed by the Saracens. Rebuilt under the Carolingians, it was again destroyed by the Normans in 845 and 864. The present building was erected and was built in the late 11th and early 12th centuries. The façade is in Romanesque style.
- The Gothic Saint Michel Basilica, constructed between the end of the 14th century and the 16th century.
- are from the 12th. The 13th-century nave has chapels from the 11th and the 14th centuries. The ancient crypt houses tombs of the Merovingian family.
- Église Saint-Pierre, Gothic church
- Église Saint-Éloi, Gothic church
- Église Saint-Bruno, baroque church decorated with frescoes
- Église Notre-Dame, baroque church
- Église Saint-Paul-Saint-François-Xavier, baroque church
- Palais Rohan, once the archbishop's residence, now city hall
- Palais Gallien , the remains of a late second-century Roman amphitheatre
- Porte Cailhau, a medieval gatehouse in the old city walls.
- La Grosse Cloche (15th century), the second remaining gate in the medieval walls. It was the bellweighing 7,800 kilograms (17,200 lb). The clock is from 1759.
- Grande Synagogue, completed 1882
- Rue Sainte-Catherine, the longest pedestrian street in France
- Darwin ecosystem, alternative place into former military barracks
- The BETASOM submarine base
-
Palais Gallien
-
Porte Cailhau
-
Grand Théâtre
-
The Notre Dame church
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Grosse cloche
-
Palais Rohan (town hall)
-
Sainte-Croix church
-
Place du Parlement
-
The Grand Synagogue
-
Facades of theArt décodistrict
-
Darwin district
-
Submarine Pen
Contemporary architecture
- Cité Frugès, district of Pessac, built by Le Corbusier, 1924–1926, listed as UNESCO heritage
- Fire Station, la Benauge, Claude Ferret/Adrien Courtois/Yves Salier, 1951–1954
- Mériadeck district, 1960-70's
- Court of first instance, Richard Rogers, 1998
- CTBA, wood and furniture research center, A. Loisier, 1998
- Hangar 14 on the Quai des Chartrons, 1999
- The Management Science faculty on the Bastide, Anne Lacaton/Jean-Philippe Vassal, 2006
- The Jardin botanique de la Bastide, Catherine Mosbach/Françoise Hélène Jourda/Pascal Convert, 2007
- The Nuyens School complex on the Bastide, Yves Ballot/Nathalie Franck, 2007
- Seeko'o Hotel on the Quai de Bacalan, King Kong architects, 2007
- Matmut Atlantique stadium, Herzog & de Meuron, 2015
- Cité du Vin, XTU architects, Anouk Legendre & Nicolas Desmazières, 2016
- MECA, Maison de l'Économie Créative et de la culture de la Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bjarke Ingels, 2019
-
Mériadeck district
-
Court of first instance
-
Seeko'o hotel
Museums
- Picasso.
- Musée d'Aquitaine (archeological and history museum)
- Musée du Vin et du Négoce (museum of the wine trade)
- Musée des Arts Décoratifs et du Design (museum of decorative arts and design)
- Musée d'Histoire Naturelle (natural history museum)
- Musée Mer Marine (Sea and Navy museum)
- Cité du Vin
- CAPC musée d'art contemporain de Bordeaux (modern art museum)
- Musée national des douanes (history of French customs)
- Bordeaux Patrimoine Mondial (architectural and heritage interpretation centre)[49]
- Musée d'ethnologie (ethnology museum)
- Institut culturel Bernard Magrez, modern and streetart museum into an 18th-century mansion
- Cervantez Institute (into the house of Goya)
- Cap Sciences
- Centre Jean Moulin
-
Musée du vin et du négoce de Bordeaux
Memory of slavery
Slavery was part of a growing drive for the city. Firstly, during the 18th and 19th centuries, Bordeaux was an important
A statue of Modeste Testas, an Ethiopian woman who was enslaved by the Bordeaux-based Testas brothers was unveiled in 2019. She was trafficked by them from West Africa, to Philadelphia (where one of the brother coerced her to have two children by him) and was ultimately freed and lived in Haiti. The bronze sculpture was created by the Haitian artists Woodly Caymitte.[54]
A number of traces and memorial sites are visible in the city. Moreover, in May 2009, the
The region of Bordeaux was also the land of several prominent
-
African faceplace de la Bourse
-
Allegory of Bordeaux and her wealth, including two African slaves, ceiling of the Grand-Théâtre de Bordeaux
-
Spaces dedicated to slave trade, Musée d'Aquitaine
-
Fon fetish, Musée d'Aquitaine
-
Bronze bust of Toussaint Louverture
-
Bronze Statue of Modeste Testas, Ethiopian woman enslaved by two Bordeaux plantation owners
Parks and gardens
- Jardin public de Bordeaux, with inside the Jardin botanique de Bordeaux
- Jardin botanique de la Bastide
- Parc bordelais
- Parc aux Angéliques
- Jardin des Lumières
- Parc Rivière
- Parc Floral
-
Jardin public
-
Jardin des Lumières
-
Parc floral, Casablanca pavilion
Pont Jacques Chaban-Delmas
Europe's longest-span vertical-lift bridge, the Pont Jacques Chaban-Delmas, was opened in 2013 in Bordeaux, spanning the River Garonne. The central lift span is 117-metre-long (384-foot), weighs 4,600 tons and can be lifted vertically up to 53 metres (174 feet) to let tall ships pass underneath. The €160 million bridge was inaugurated by President François Hollande and Mayor Alain Juppé on 16 March 2013. The bridge was named after the late Jacques Chaban-Delmas, who was a former Prime Minister and Mayor of Bordeaux.
Shopping
Bordeaux has many shopping options. In the heart of Bordeaux is
Culture
Bordeaux is also the first city in France to have created, in the 1980s, an architecture exhibition and research centre, Arc en rêve.[citation needed] Bordeaux offers a large number of cinemas, theatres, and is the home of the Opéra national de Bordeaux. There are many music venues of varying capacity. The city also offers several festivals throughout the year. In October 2021, Bordeaux was shortlisted for the European Commission's 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award along with Copenhagen, Dublin, Florence, Ljubljana, Palma de Mallorca and Valencia.[55]
-
Théâtre Femina
-
MECA, Maison de l’Économie Créative et de la Culture en Aquitaine
Transport
Road
Bordeaux is an important road and
Bordeaux has five road bridges that cross the
Lacking any steep hills, Bordeaux is relatively friendly to cyclists. Cycle paths (separate from the roadways) exist on the highway bridges, along the riverfront, on the university campuses, and incidentally elsewhere in the city. Cycle lanes and bus lanes that explicitly allow cyclists exist on many of the city's boulevards. A paid bicycle-sharing system with automated stations was established in 2010.
Rail
The main railway station,
Historically the train line used to terminate at a station on the right bank of the river Garonne near the Pont de Pierre, and passengers crossed the bridge to get into the city. Subsequently, a double-track steel railway bridge was constructed in the 1850s, by Gustave Eiffel, to bring trains across the river direct into Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean. The old station was later converted and in 2010 comprised a cinema and restaurants.
The two-track Eiffel bridge with a speed limit of 30 km/h (19 mph) became a bottleneck and a new bridge was built, opening in 2009. The new bridge has four tracks and allows trains to pass at 60 km/h (37 mph).[57] During the planning there was much lobbying by the Eiffel family and other supporters to preserve the old bridge as a footbridge across the Garonne, with possibly a museum to document the history of the bridge and Gustave Eiffel's contribution. The decision was taken to save the bridge, but by early 2010 no plans had been announced as to its future use. The bridge remains intact, but unused and without any means of access.
The LGV Sud Europe Atlantique became fully operational in July 2017, shortening the journey time from Bordeaux city to Paris to 2hrs 4mins.
Air
Bordeaux is served by Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport, located 8 km (5.0 mi) from the city centre in the suburban city of Mérignac.
Trams, buses and boats
Bordeaux has an important public transport system called Transports Bordeaux Métropole (TBM). This company is run by the Keolis group. The network consists of:
- Four D)
- 75 bus routes, all connected to the tramway network (from 1 to 96)
- 13 night bus routes (from 1 to 16)
- An electric bus shuttle in the city centre
- A boat shuttle on the Garonne river
This network is operated from 5 am to 2 am.
There had been several plans for a subway network to be set up, but they stalled for both geological and financial reasons. Work on the
The planned Bordeaux tramway system is to link with the airport to the city centre towards the end of 2019.[58]
Taxis
There are more than 400
Public transportation statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bordeaux, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 51 min. 12.% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 13 min, while 15.5% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km (4.3 mi), while 8% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.[59]
Sport
The 41,458-capacity
There are two major sport teams in Bordeaux, Girondins de Bordeaux is the football team, playing in Ligue 2, the second tier of French football. Union Bordeaux Bègles is a rugby team in the Top 14 in the Ligue Nationale de Rugby. Skateboarding, rollerblading, and BMX biking are activities enjoyed by many young inhabitants of the city. Bordeaux is home to a quay which runs along the Garonne river. On the quay there is a skate-park divided into three sections. One section is for Vert tricks, one for street style tricks, and one for little action sports athletes with easier features and softer materials. The skate-park is very well maintained by the municipality.
Bordeaux is also the home to one of the strongest cricket teams in France and are champions of the South West League.
There is a 250 m (820 ft) wooden
The 2015 Trophee Eric Bompard was in Bordeaux. But the Free Skate was cancelled in all of the divisions due to the Paris bombing(s) and aftermath. The Short Program occurred hours before the bombing. French skaters Chafik Besseghier (68.36) in tenth place, Romain Ponsart (62.86) in 11th. Mae-Berenice-Meite (46.82) in 11th and Laurine Lecavelier (46.53) in 12th. Vanessa James/Morgan Cipres (65.75) in second.
Between 1951 and 1955, an annual Formula 1 motor race was held on a 2.5-kilometre circuit which looped around the Esplanade des Quinconces and along the waterfront, attracting drivers such as Juan Manuel Fangio, Stirling Moss, Jean Behra and Maurice Trintignant.[60]
Notable people
- Ausonius (310–395), Roman poet and teacher of rhetoric
- Jean Alaux (1786–1864), painter
- Bertrand Andrieu (1761–1822), engraver
- Jean Anouilh (1910–1987), dramatist
- Lucien Arman (1811–1873), shipbuilder and politician
- Yvonne Arnaud (1892–1958), pianist, singer and actress
- Xavier Arnozan (1852–1928), physician
- Floyd Ayité (born 1988), Togolese footballer
- Jonathan Ayité (born 1985), Togolese footballer
- Christine Barbe, winemaker
- Jean-Baptiste Barrière (1707–1747), cellist, composer
- Gérard Bayo (born 1936), writer and poet,
- François Bigot (1703–1778), last "Intendant" of New France
- Arnaud Binard (born 1971), actor and producer
- Rosa Bonheur (1822–1899), animal painter and sculptor
- Grégory Bourdy (born 1982), golfer
- Samuel Boutal (born 1969), footballer
- Edmond de Caillou (died c. February 1316) Gascon knight fighting in Scotland
- Gérald Caussé, Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
- Leopold Chasseriau (1825–1891), planter
- René Clément (1913–1996), actor, director, writer
- Jean-René Cruchet (1875–1959), pathologist
- Boris Cyrulnik (born 1937), psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
- Damia (1899–1978), singer and actress
- Étienne Noël Damilaville (1723–1768), encyclopédiste
- Lili Damita (1901–1994), actress
- Frédéric Daquin, (born 1978), footballer
- Danielle Darrieux (1917–2017), actress
- Bernard Delvaille (1931–2006), poet, essayist
- David Diop (1927–1960), poet
- Jean-Francois Domergue, footballer
- Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204), duchess of Aquitaine, queen of France and queen of England
- Jacques Ellul (1912–1994), sociologist, theologian, Christian anarchist
- Jean Eustache (1938–1981), Nouvelle Vague director
- Marie Fel (1713–1794), opera singer
- Jean-Luc Fournet (1965), papyrologist
- Pierre-Jean Garat (1762–1823), singer
- Armand Gensonné (1758–1793), politician
- Sébastien Gervais (born 1976), professional footballer
- Stephen Girard (1750–1831), merchant, banker, and Philadelphia philanthropist
- Jérôme Gnako (born 1968), footballer
- Randolphe Gohi (born 1969), former professional footballer
- Eugène Goossens (1867–1958), conductor, violinist
- Anna Hamilton (1864–1935), doctor, superintendent of the Protestant Hospital at Bordeaux (1901–1934)
- Adolphe Jacquies (c. 1798–1860), Canadian shopkeeper, printer, trade unionist, and newspaper publisher
- Pierre Lacour (1745–1814), painter
- Léopold Lafleurance (1865–1953), flautist
- Joseph Henri Joachim Lainé(1767–1835), statesman
- Sainte Jeanne de Lestonnac (1556–1640), Roman Catholic saint and foundress of the Sisters of the Company of Mary, Our Lady
- Christophe Lestrade (born 1969), former professional footballer
- André Lhote (1885–1962), cubist painter
- Jeanne Henriette Louis, (1938), professor of North American civilization
- Jean-Baptiste Lynch (1749–1835), politician
- Lucenzo (born 1983), singer
- Jean-Jacques Magendie (1766–1835), officer
- François Magendie (1783–1855), physiologist
- Bruno Marie-Rose (born 1965), athlete (sprinter)
- Albert Marquet, (1875–1947), painter
- François Mauriac (1885–1970), writer, Nobel laureate 1952
- Benjamin Millepied (born 1977), dancer and choreographer
- Édouard Molinaro (1928–2013), film director, screenwriter
- Pierre Molinier (1900–1976), painter, photographer
- Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592), essayist
- Montesquieu (1689–1755), man of letters and political philosopher
- Olivier Mony (1966–), writer and literary critic
- Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty (1768–1815), general
- Elie Okobo, basketball player
- Pierre Palmade (born 1968), actor and comedian
- St. Paulinus of Nola (354–431), educator, religious figure
- Émile Péreire(1800–1875), banker and industrialist
- Sophie Pétronin (born 1945), aid worker and humanitarian
- Albert Pitres (1848–1928), neurologist
- Hippolyte Pradelles (1824–1913), naturalist painter
- Georges Antoine Pons Rayet (1839–1906), astronomer, discoverer of the Wolf-Rayet stars, & founder of the Bordeaux Observatory
- Odilon Redon (1840–1916), painter
- Richard II of England (1367–1400), king
- Pierre Rode (1774–1830), violinist
- Olinde Rodrigues (1795–1851), mathematician, banker and social reformer
- Marie-Sabine Roger (born 1957), writer
- Eugenie Santa Coloma Sourget(1827–1895), composer, pianist and singer
- Bernard Sarrette (1765–1858), conductor and music pedagogue
- Jean-Jacques Sempé (1932–2022), cartoonist
- Florent Serra (born 1981), tennis player
- Alfred Smith, (1854–1932), painter
- Soko (born 1985), singer
- Philippe Sollers, (born 1936), writer
- Wilfried Tekovi, (born 1989), Togolese footballer
- Elie Vinet(1509–1587), historian and humanist of the Renaissance
International relationships
Twin towns – sister cities
Bordeaux is
- Ashdod, Israel, since 1984[61][62]
- Bilbao, Spain[61][62]
- Baku, Azerbaijan, since 1985[62][64]
- Bristol, United Kingdom, since 1947[61][62][65][66]
- Casablanca, Morocco, since 1988[61][62]
- Fukuoka, Japan, since 1982[61][62]
- Kraków, Poland, since 1993[61][62][67]
- Lima, Peru, since 1957[61][62]
- Los Angeles, California United States, since 1968[61][62][68]
- Madrid, Spain, since 1984[61][62]
- Munich, Germany, since 1964[61][62][69]
- Oran, Algeria, since 2003[61][62]
- Porto, Portugal, since 1978[61][62][70]
- Quebec City, Quebec Canada, since 1962[61][62]
- Ramallah, Palestine[62]
- Riga, Latvia[61][62][71]
- Saint Petersburg, Russia, since 1993[61][62][72]
- Wuhan, China, since 1998[61][62]
Partnerships
See also
- Atlantic history
- Bordeaux wine regions
- Bordeaux–Paris, a formerly professional road bicycle racing annual event
- The Burdigalian Age of the Miocene Epoch is named for Bordeaux
- Canelé, a local pastry
- Communes of the Gironde department
- Dogue de Bordeaux, a breed of dog originally bred for dog fighting
- French wine
- Girondins
- History of slavery
- List of mayors of Bordeaux
- Operation Frankton, a British Combined Operations raid on shipping in the harbour at Bordeaux, in December 1942, during World War II
- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bordeaux
Explanatory notes
- ^ An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.
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Further reading
- Chantal Callais and Thierry Jeanmonod (2019). Bordeaux: a history of architecture. La Crèche: La Geste. ISBN 979-10-353-0188-0.
- François Hubert, Christian Block and Jacques de Cauna (2018). Bordeaux in the 18th century: trans-Atlantic trading and slavery (2nd ed.). Bordeaux: Le Festin. ISBN 978-2-36062-009-8.
External links
- Bordeaux: the world capital of wine – Official French website (in English)
- Bordeaux city council website