Boris Shturmer
Nicholas II | |
---|---|
Preceded by | Ivan Goremykin |
Succeeded by | Alexander Trepov |
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia | |
In office 7 July 1916 – 10 November 1916 | |
Preceded by | Sergey Sazonov |
Succeeded by | Nikolai Pokrovsky |
Minister of the Interior of Russia | |
In office 3 March 1916 – 7 July 1916 | |
Preceded by | Alexei Khvostov |
Succeeded by | Aleksandr Khvostov |
Yaroslavl Governor | |
In office 30 July 1896 – 10 August 1902 | |
Preceded by | Alexey Fride |
Succeeded by | Alexey Rogovich |
Novgorod Governor | |
In office 14 April 1894 – 30 July 1896 | |
Preceded by | Alexander Molosolov |
Succeeded by | Otton Medem |
Personal details | |
Born | Baykovo, Petrograd Governorate, Russia | 27 July 1848
Nationality | Russian |
Alma mater | Saint Petersburg State University |
Baron Boris Vladimirovich Shturmer[a] (Russian: Бори́с Влади́мирович Штю́рмер; 27 July [O.S. 15 July] 1848 – 2 September [O.S. 20 August] 1917) was a Russian lawyer, a Master of Ceremonies at the Russian Court, and a district governor. He became a member of the Russian Assembly and served as prime minister in 1916. A confidant of the Empress Alexandra, under his administration the country suffered drastic inflation and a transportation breakdown, which led to severe food shortages. Stürmer simply let matters drift until he was able to be relieved of this post. He was during the course of his career Minister of Internal Affairs and Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire.
Biography
Stürmer was born into a landowning family in Baykovo, Kesovogorsky District, Tver Governorate. His father Vladimir Vilgelmovich Stürmer was of German descent and a retired Captain of Cavalry in the Imperial Russian Army. His mother was Ermoniya Panina.
A graduate of the
Governor
In 1891 he became chairman of the district council in Tver. An appointment as Governor of Novgorod in 1894 and Yaroslavl in 1896 followed. Stürmer avoided any clash with the zemstvo, remaining patient.[1][2] In a very delicate situation he declared himself a "conservative not out of fear but out of conscience".[3]
In 1902
In the State Council, he supported
In the 1913 countrywide celebrations of the Romanov Tercentenary, he accompanied the tsar and his family on a journey to Tver. In autumn of the same year, he was appointed as mayor of Moscow as the candidate from the left was unacceptable to the tsar. He became a member of the Domestic Patriotic Union (OPS) – a moderately right-monarchist organization, founded in 1915. In November 1915 it was proposed the old prime minister Ivan Goremykin should be replaced by Alexei Khvostov. Though on 18 January 1916 the tsar invited Stürmer to discuss the possibility of a new job.
Prime minister
Stürmer petitioned Nicholas II to sanction the change of his German-surname to Panin.[4] Since the Panins were a distinguished family of Russian nobility, the monarch could not agree to Stürmer's request until he had consulted all members of the Panin family. The tsarina and Grigori Rasputin had the opinion it was not necessary for Stürmer to change his name. Pending these proceedings, Stürmer was appointed prime minister on 20 January 1916, following the 76-year-old Ivan Goremykin, who was opposed to the convening of the Duma. Nicholas ordered the new prime minister to "take all measures" to ensure that "the government avoided any conflicts with the State Duma", and gave "specific instructions" to "improve relations between the government and the Romanovs".
On the eve of the opening of the Duma, the Prime Minister told Mikhail Rodzianko that "the government is ready to make a concession to the Progressive Bloc, provided that the unit itself is also ready to make compromises". It was a shift to the left; they expected he would launch a more liberal and conciliatory politics.[3] The Duma gathered on 9 February 1916. The deputies were disappointed when Stürmer held his speech, as the politicians tried to bring the government under the control of the Duma.[5] For the first time in his life, the tsar had made a visit to the Tauride Palace, which made it practically impossible to hiss at the new prime minister.
"As Director of his Secretariat Sturmer selected Manasyevich-Manuilov . This choice, which is regarded as scandalous, is significant."[6] "The extreme right-wing deputy (A.I. Savenko, a leader of the Black Hundreds) could declare at the session of the Duma on February 29, 1916:
What a terrible thing it is for the country that, during the time of the greatest trials experienced by our fatherland, the country does not trust the government; no one trusts the government, even the right does not trust the government – in fact, the government does not trust itself and is not sure about tomorrow.[7]
A strongly prevailing opinion that
From then everything went down, according to Alexei Khvostov. For War Minister Alexei Polivanov – who both had to leave politics in March 1916 – it was the beginning of the end.[20] Stürmer took over the Ministry of Interior. After he was simultaneously acting as Minister of the Interior and Minister of Foreign Affairs, he was regarded by Rodzianko as a "dictator with full powers". Under his administration, the country suffered drastic inflation and a transportation breakdown, which led to severe food shortages.[21] Russia's economy, which had been growing until the beginning of the Great War, was now declining at a very rapid rate. Stürmer was inclined to peace negotiations[22] but his appointment was received with consternation, as an open affront to the whole nation.[23] In June the tsar had to decide on the question of Polish autonomy, already academic given that Poland had been occupied by the Germans the previous year. Stürmer and most of his colleagues were more hostile to the idea than ever.[24] The Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Sazonov, who had pleaded for an independent and autonomous Congress Poland, was replaced on 23 July ("Sturmer is secretly carrying on a very active campaign against him"[18]). They disagreed on too many questions. "After Sazonov's dismissal Stürmer took the portfolio of Foreign Affairs; the emperor had ordered him to conduct the foreign policy of the Empire on the same principles as before, i.e., in the closest co-operation with the Allied Governments. His activities in this department resulted in the premature declaration of war by Romania, so disastrous for that country and for Russia."[25] In July
Downfall
On 1 November,
He was arrested by the Russian Provisional Government after the February Revolution in 1917 and died of uremia in September at the hospital of the Peter and Paul Fortress (or the Kresty Prison).
Notes
- ^ Also spelled Shtyurmer, Stürmer or Sturmer
References
- ^ https://archive.org/stream/featuresandfigur011843mbp#page/n209/mode/2up/search/Sturmer Vladimir I. Gurko (1939) Features And Figures Of The Past Covernment And Opinion In The Reign Of Nicholas]
- ^ Paul N. Miliukov (1978) The Russian Revolution I, p. 16. Academic International )Press
- ^ a b "Штюрмер Борис Владимирович". Archived from the original on 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2015-01-29.
- ^ Letters of Nicholas II to his wife, Jan. 1916
- ^ O. Antrick, (1938) "Rasputin und die politischen Hintergründe seiner Ermordung", p. 79, 117.
- ^ Memoirs by Paléologue
- ^ Cherniavsky, p.18
- ^ Vladimir I. Gurko (1939) "Features and Figures of the Past", p. 10. [1]
- ^ Kerensky, p. 160
- ^ Nelipa, p. 163-164
- ^ Vyrubova, pp. 289–290
- ^ Moe, p. 387.
- ^ "The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra - Chapter XXIII - Before the Storm". Retrieved 27 December 2014.
- ^ Radzinsky asserted that it was the Germans who had spread the rumor that Rasputin was being told military secrets by the "'debauched German tsarina".Nelipa, p. 162, 505
- ^ King, p. 258
- ^ Pares, p. 400.
- ^ a b Memoirs by Paléologue
- ^ a b Memoirs by Paléologue
- ^ Walter G. Moss, A History of Russia: Volume I: to 1917 (1997) pp 499-504, quote on page 503
- ^ B. Pares (1939), The Fall of the Russian Monarchy. A Study of the Evidence, p. 318. Jonathan Cape. London.
- ^ "First World War.com - Boris Sturmer". Archived from the original on 2002-06-25.
- ^ Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Russian Empire) By Fedor Aleksandrovich Gaida
- ^ Memoirs by Paléologue
- ^ "Maurice Paléologue. An Ambassador's Memoirs. 1925. Vol. II, Chapter X".
- ^ Wikisource:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stürmer, Boris Vladimirovich
- ^ ISBN 1443730297.
- ^ Figes, p. 286.
- ^ Gytis Gudaitis (2005) Armeen Rußlands und Deutschlands im 1. Weltkrieg und in den Revolutionen von 1917 und 1918 : ein Vergleich. Thesis. Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt. p. 142.
- ^ "The News from Frederick, Maryland · Page 21". Newspapers.com. 15 December 1966. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
- ^ "Boris Vladimirovich Sturmer | prime minister of Russia". 12 July 2023.
- ^ Gytis Gudaitis (2005) Armeen Rußlands und Deutschlands im 1. Weltkrieg und in den Revolutionen von 1917 und 1918 : ein Vergleich. Thesis. Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt. p. 142 [2]; Nelipa, p. 132.
- ^ Alexanderpalace
- ^ The Russian Provisional Government, 1917: Documents, Volume 1, p. 16 by Robert Paul Browder, Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky [3]
- ISBN 0-345-43831-0.
- ^ Memoirs by Paléologue
External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). 1922. .
- Shti︠u︡rmer, Boris Vladimirovich
- Frankfurter Zeitung 25 November 1916: summary of his ministry (German)