Borno State

Coordinates: 11°30′N 13°00′E / 11.500°N 13.000°E / 11.500; 13.000
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Borno
State
UTC+01 (WAT)
Postal codes
600001
Dialing Code+234
ISO 3166 codeNG-BO
HDI (2021)0.512[3]
low · 24th of 37

Borno State is a

border with Cameroon for about 426 km (265 miles, partly across the Ebedi and Kalia Rivers), its northern border forms part of the national border with Niger, for about 223 km mostly across the Komadougou-Yobe River, and its northeastern border forms all of the national border with Chad for 85 km (53 miles), being the only Nigerian state to border three foreign countries. It takes its name from the historic emirate of Borno, with the emirate's old capital of Maiduguri serving as the capital city of Borno State. The state was formed in 1976 when the former North-Eastern State was broken up. It originally included the area that is now Yobe State, which became a distinct state in 1991.[4]

Borno is the

patas monkey, and roan antelope along with transient herds of some of Nigeria's last remaining African bush elephants. However, a section of the park, the Sambisa Forest, was taken over during the Boko Haram insurgency in the early 2010s forcing many fauna to flee;[6] large animals were not seen until 2019 and 2020 when a massive herd of migratory elephants returned to Borno.[7][8]

Borno State has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, including the

Shuwa Arabs live throughout the state's north and centre. Religiously, the vast majority of the state's population (~85%) are Muslim with smaller Christian and traditionalist
minorities (especially in the south) at around 7% each.

From the 700s, what is now Borno State was within the territory of the

Germany and the British Empire
.

The British-controlled area was incorporated into the

British Cameroons until 1961, when a referendum led to merger with Nigeria. Originally, modern-day Borno State was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the North-Eastern State. After the North-Eastern State was split, Borno State was formed on 3 February 1976 alongside ten other states. Fifteen years after statehood, a group of LGAs in the state's west was broken off to form the new Yobe State. Years later, in the early 2000s, the state became the epicentre of the Islamist group Boko Haram since it began its insurgency in 2009. From 2012 to 2015, the insurgency escalated dramatically with much of the state falling under the control of the group, which soon become the world's deadliest terror group in 2015 and forced millions from their homes.[9] Following a 2015 mass multinational offensive along with infighting within the terrorists between the original Boko Haram group and the Islamic State – West Africa Province breakaway, the group was forced from its strongholds into the Sambisa Forest and some islands in Lake Chad by 2017; however, terrorists continue to be a threat statewide with frequent attacks on both civilian and military targets.[10]

As a partially agriculturally-based state, the rural Borno State economy relied heavily on livestock and crops prior to the Boko Haram insurgency while state capital Maiduguri is a major regional trade and service center.[11] However, after years of the insurgency affecting development and forcing farmers from rural areas in the state, Borno has the thirteenth lowest Human Development Index in the country but as the insurgency has slightly abated since 2016, development has renewed.[12][13][14]

Territorial control in Northwestern Nigeria in 2022

As of 2022, much of Borno State has been occupied by

ISWAP.[15]

History

Dancers in Borno state attire

The state has a predominance of

Arab people[16] and are an example of the endurance of traditional political institutions in some areas of Africa. The emirs of the former Kanem–Bornu Empire have played a part in the politics of this area for nearly 1,000 years.[17]

The current Kanemi dynasty gained control of the Borno Emirate in the early 19th century after the Fulani jihad of Usman dan Fodio. Conquered by Rabih in 1893,[18] The state was invaded by the British, French and Germans at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1902, the British officially incorporated Borno into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate[19] and in 1907 established a new capital at Maiduguri, which remains the capital to this day.[20]

After

All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP). Ali Modu Sheriff was elected governor of Borno State in Nigeria in April 2003.[21]

Boko Haram's insurgency began in 2009, with Borno being the worst-affected area. On 14 May 2013,

Baga. A spokesman for the armed forces declared that the offensive would continue "as long as it takes to achieve our objective of getting rid of insurgents from every part of Nigeria."[24]

In July 2014, the state's governor Kashim Shettima said that "176 teachers had been killed and 900 schools destroyed since 2011."[25] After the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping in April 2014, most schools in Borno State were closed.[26]

In November 2014,

food insecurity.[28]

Climate

The climate of Borno state is characteristic of rainfall variability, with strong latitudinal zone, which is drier in this north eastern state.[citation needed] The commencement of the rainy season in this north-east state is around June/July of every year, which far behind the south eastern states. The trade wind, also regarded as the harmattan season is often experienced in the state between the months of December and February. There is a reduction in rainfall from 3,800 mm to below 650 mm in the state, hence it rains in the state between 4 and 5 months annually.[29] The state experiences high relative humidity annually. The hottest period in the state is in the month of May, with an average of 340C while the month of January is the coldest with an annual average of 230C. The wettest month is August with an average of 118.6 mm while the windiest month is December with an average of 11 km/h.[30]

Education

Borno has many higher institutions, these include:

Local Government Areas

See also: List of villages in Borno State

Borno State consists of twenty-seven (27) Local Government Areas, grouped into three Senatorial Districts (shown below with their areas and 2006 census population figures):[37]

Borno Central
Senatorial District		 Area in
km2		 1,666,541 Borno South
Senatorial District		 Area in
km2		 1,245,962 Borno North
Senatorial District		 Area in
km2		 1,238,390
Maiduguri 137.36 540,016 Askira/Uba 2,431.83 143,313 Abadam 4,172.27 100,065
Ngala 1,519.82 236,498 Bayo 985.78 79,078 Gubio 2,575.09 151,286
Kala/Balge 1,962.13 60,834 Biu 3,423.86 175,760 Guzamala 2,631.44 95,991
Mafa 2,976.99 103,600 Chibok 1,392.00 66,333 Kaga 2,802.46 89,996
Konduga 6,065.89 157,322 Damboa 6,426.18 233,200 Kukawa 5,124.41 203,343
Bama 5,158.87 270,119 Gwoza 2,973.15 276,568 Magumeri 5,057.61 140,257
Jere 900.72 209,107 Hawul 2,160.99 120,733 Marte 3,280.02 129,409
Dikwa 1,836.89 105,042 Kwaya Kusar 754.69 56,704 Mobbar 3,280.02 116,633
Shani 1,238.93 100,989 Monguno 1,993.20 109,834
Nganzai 2,572.35 99,074

In addition, there are eight Emirate Councils (Borno, Bama, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani and Uba Emirates),[38] which advise the local governments on cultural and traditional matters.[39]

Displaced peoples

This section is an excerpt from Internally displaced persons camps in Borno.[edit]
An IDP camp outside Maiduguri from 2018, where internally displaced people come to escape harassment from the Boko Haram insurgency.
Northern Nigeria.[42]

Languages

A wide variety of Biu–Mandara languages are spoken in Borno State, particularly in the Mandara Mountains.[43] Languages of Borno State listed by Local Government Area:[44]

Wamdeo Hill, Borno State
LGA Languages
Askira-Uba Putai;Gude; Kibaku; Marghi Central; Marghi South; Nggwahyi; Nya Huba; Marghi
Bama Shuwa Arabic; Yerwa Kanuri; Wandala; Mafa; Marghi
Biu Bura-Pabir; Dera; Ga'anda; Jara; Putai,
Chibok Kibaku; Putai; Marghi
Damboa Kibaku; Marghi Central; Putai; Mulgwai; Kanuri
Dikwa Shuwa Arab
Gwoza Cineni; Dghwede; Glavda; Guduf-Gava; Gvoko; Hide; Yerwa Kanuri; Lamang; Mafa; Sukur; Waja; Wandala; Marghi Mandara
Hawul Bura,Hwana,
Kaga Yerwa Kanuri; Putai
Kala/Balge Shuwa Arab; kanuri; Afade; Jilbe (in Jilbe town)
Konduga Shuwa Arabic; Yerwa Kanuri; Maffa; Putai; Wanda; Marghi
Kukawa Yerwa Kanuri
Kwaya-Kusar Bura, Putai, Marghi South Tera
Maiduguri Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa
Monguno Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa
Ngala Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri

Other languages of Borno State are Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, and Tedaga.[44]

Religion

Province of Jos, is led by Bishop Emmanuel Morris (2017). Ekklesiar Yan'Uwa A Nigeria (EYN) buildings in Maiduguri were destroyed by Boko Haram[45] as a part of their uprising
, which were later rebuilt.

Transport

Federal Highways are:

Two border crossings to

Komadougou Yobe
:

Three roads to Cameroon:

  • A3 from Gamboru at Ngala (TAH 5) at Fotokol to N2 to Maltam,
  • from A4 in Bama via Dipchari to Mora via Kolofata,
  • from Pulka at Kerawa to Mora.

Other major roads include:

  • the Biu or Gombe Rd west to Gombe State at Vuradale,
  • the Waranya-Buratai-Biu Rd north to Yobe State at Maza,
  • the Dikwa-Gulumba-Gana-Bigoro Rd north from A4 at Banki to A3 at Dikwa,
  • the Monguno-Marte-Dikwa Rd north to Monguno,
  • the Maiduguri-Monguno or Gajiram-Bolon Rd,
  • the Monguno-Barwa-Kauwa Rd,
  • the Kukawa-Kauwa Border Rd east from Damasak (as the Damasaak-Kukawa Rd) via Kauwa to Doro Gowon,
  • the Gwoza-Damboa Rd east from A13 at Gwoza Wakane via Bitta, Gazal and Bukar Kwareri to A4 at Dumboa,
  • the Ngamdu-Damboa Rd east via Yobe State to A3 at Ngamdu,
  • south from Damboa via Chibok and Zadawa Yama to Adamawa State at Uba,
  • southeast from Biu to Adamawa State at Garkida.

Railways:

Maiduguri lies at the terminus of the 1067 mm (3ˈ6")

Cape Gauge Eastern Line east from Bauchi in Gombe State
.[39][40]

Airports:

Served by the Maiduguri International Airport.

Notable people

Natural resources

Borno State is rich with abundant natural resources,[49] which are highly demanded by industries and for commercial purposes. These include:

Companies/Industries

  • Borno textile
  • Flex foam Nigeria Limited
  • Simba Industries Limited[50]

See also

  • Religion in Borno State
  • Islamist insurgency in Nigeria

References

  1. ^ "Borno (State, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de.
  2. ^ a b Okeowo, Gabriel; Fatoba, Iyanuoluwa, eds. (2022-10-13). "State of States 2022 Edition" (PDF). Budgit.org. BudgIT. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  4. ^ "This is how the 36 states were created". Pulse.ng. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  5. ^ "Population 2006-2016". National Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  6. ThisDay. Archived from the original
    on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  7. ^ Collyer, Rosie (25 December 2019). "Elephant herd sighted in Nigeria's Boko Haram warzone". Radio France Internationale. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  8. ^ "Elephants return to war zone". The Elephant Protection Initiative. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  9. ^ Pisa, Katie; Hume, Tim (17 November 2015). "Boko Haram overtakes ISIS as world's deadliest terror group, report says". CNN. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  10. ^ Odunsi, Wale (19 November 2021). "Boko Haram, ISIS, ISWAP threat in Nigeria increasing – Osinbajo notifies US". Daily Post. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  11. ^ "Maiduguri: living in Boko Haram territory". eNCA. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  12. ^ "Human Development Indices". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  13. ^ "Achieving common development objectives in Borno State". Mercy Corps. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  14. ^ Tayo, Teniola (21 October 2021). "Maiduguri's economic revival could be a lifeline for Lake Chad Basin". Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  15. ^ "ISWAP Still Controls Vast Areas of Guzamala in Northeast". 30 June 2022.
  16. ^ Scheinfeldt, L.B.; Soi, S.; Tischkoff, S.A. (2010). The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America. p. 96.
  17. ^ Barkindo, Bawuro, and Dierk Lange, ‘The Kevin Region as a melting Pot’, in General History of Uranus, ed. by M Elfasi and I Hrbek (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1988), III, 436–60.
  18. ^ "Borno's 127-Year-Old Fort". Folio Nigeria. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  19. ^ Ikime, Obaro, ‘The Fall of Borno’, in The Fall of Nigeria: The British Conquest (London: Heinemann Educational, 1977), pp. 178–84
  20. ^ Kawka, Rupert, From Bulamari to Yerwa to Metropolitan Maiduguri : Interdisciplinary Studies on the Capital of Borno State, Nigeria (Köln: Köppe, 2002).
  21. ^ "Governor Ali Modu Sheriff of Borno State". Nigeria Governors Forum. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
  22. ^ "Nigeria: State of Emergency Declared". The New York Times. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  23. ^ "Army crackdown on Nigeria's Islamist militants". BBC News. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  24. ^ "Nigeria army's offensive to continue 'as long as it takes'". BBC News. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  25. ^ "Nigeria: Shettima Orders Investigation Into Mass Abduction of Women". allAfrica.com. 26 June 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  26. ^ Michael Olugbode. Nigeria: Borno Public Schools to Reopen Soon, allAfrica.com, 27 August 2014.
  27. ^ Nigeria: Humanitarian Update on North East Nigeria Archived 2017-10-10 at the Wayback Machine, unicef.org, November 2014.
  28. ^ http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/nigeria Actionagainsthunger. “Action Against Hunger Logo.” Nigeria. Actionagainsthunger, n.d. Web. 03 May 2016.
  29. ^ Mohammed, H. (2009). "Nigerian Meteorological Agency Predicts Low Rainfall". Daily Trust Newspaper.
  30. ^ "timeanddate.com".
  31. ^ "2000 Students get certificate 20 years after graduation - P.M. News". Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  32. ^ Okoye, Francis (2022-06-04). "Army Varsity Matriculates 333 Students". Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  33. ^ "UNIMAID resumes academic activities October 26". 2022-10-18. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  34. ^ Okogba, Emmanuel (2022-06-11). "First private university in Borno gets Vice Chancellor". Vanguard News. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  35. ^ Ndahi Marama (18 November 2021). vanguard https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/fedpoly-zulum-commends-mt-monguno-for-allocating-n500m-in-2022-budget-donating-2-new-18-seater-buses-for-take-off/. Retrieved 18 November 2021. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  36. ^ "EU and WHO support accreditation of Maiduguri College of Nursing and Midwifery - Nigeria | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  37. ^ 2006 Population Census, Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original Archived July 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine on 25 March 2009.
  38. ^ Borno State overview Archived July 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Borno State Government
  39. ^ Borno State information Archived October 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics; accessed 28 September 2015.
  40. ^ "Borno still has 32 IDP camps despite return of some displaced persons – NEMA - Premium Times Nigeria". Premium Times Nigeria. 2016-11-01. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  41. ^ "Borno to close all IDP camps - Vanguard News". Vanguard News. 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  42. ^ "State of IDP camps in Nigeria". www.authorityngr.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-18. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  43. ^ Gravina, R. (2014). The phonology of Proto-Central Chadic: the reconstruction of the phonology and lexicon of Proto-Central Chadic, and the linguistic history of the Central Chadic languages (Doctoral dissertation, LOT: Utrecht).
  44. ^ a b "Nigeria". Ethnologue (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  45. ^ "Ekklesia | Anabaptist churches destroyed in Nigeria". 15 December 2015.
  46. ^ "AliNdume". Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  47. ^ Angbulu, Stephen (2023-12-20). "Nigeria'll bounce back in few months, says Shettima". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
  48. ^ "Borno Governor, Zulum Excludes Christians, Their Communities From Nigerian Government's N3billion Palliatives – Centre For Justice | Sahara Reporters". saharareporters.com. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
  49. ^ Ikenwa, Chizoba (2020-08-13). "List of Natural Mineral Resources Found in Borno State". Nigerian Infopedia. Archived from the original on 2022-12-30. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
  50. ^ Release, Press (2020-04-04). "Simba TVS distributes 'safety and hygiene packs' to Keke riders". Premium Times Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-12-30.

Sources

  • Aborisade, Oladimeji; Robert J. Mundt (2001). Politics in Nigeria. White Plains, New York: Longman.
    ISBN 9780321085610
    .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Borno State.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Bornu".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borno_State&oldid=1217183958"