Boron group
Boron group (group 13) | |||||||||||
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↓ Period | |||||||||||
2 | Boron (B) 5 Metalloid | ||||||||||
3 | Other metal
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4 | Other metal
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5 | Other metal
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6 | Other metal
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7 | Nihonium (Nh) 113 other metal | ||||||||||
Legend
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The boron group are the
Several group 13 elements have biological roles in the ecosystem. Boron is a trace element in humans and is essential for some plants. Lack of boron can lead to stunted plant growth, while an excess can also cause harm by inhibiting growth. Aluminium has neither a biological role nor significant toxicity and is considered safe. Indium and gallium can stimulate metabolism;[3] gallium is credited with the ability to bind itself to iron proteins. Thallium is highly toxic, interfering with the function of numerous vital enzymes, and has seen use as a pesticide.[4]
Characteristics
Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in electron configuration, especially in the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior:
Z | Element | No. of electrons per shell |
---|---|---|
5 | boron | 2, 3 |
13 | aluminium | 2, 8, 3 |
31 | gallium | 2, 8, 18, 3 |
49 | indium | 2, 8, 18, 18, 3 |
81 | thallium | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3 |
113 | nihonium | 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 3 (predicted) |
The boron group is notable for trends in the electron configuration, as shown above, and in some of its elements' characteristics. Boron differs from the other group members in its hardness, refractivity and reluctance to participate in metallic bonding. An example of a trend in reactivity is boron's tendency to form reactive compounds with hydrogen.[5]
Although situated in
Chemical reactivity
Hydrides
Most of the elements in the boron group show increasing reactivity as the elements get heavier in atomic mass and higher in atomic number. Boron, the first element in the group, is generally unreactive with many elements except at high temperatures, although it is capable of forming many compounds with hydrogen, sometimes called boranes.[6] The simplest borane is diborane, or B2H6.[5] Another example is B10H14.
The next group-13 elements,
Some common chemical compounds of the boron group[5] | |||||
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Element | Oxides | Hydrides | Fluorides | Chlorides | Sulfides |
Boron | (β/g/α)B2O3 | B2H6 | BF3 | BCl3 | B2S3 |
B2O | B10H14 | BF− 4 |
|||
B6O | BH3 | B2F4 | |||
B5H9 | BF | ||||
B6H12 | |||||
B4H10 | |||||
B 6H2− 6 |
|||||
B 12H2− 12 |
|||||
B20H26 | |||||
Aluminium | (γ/δ/η/θ/χ)Al2O3 | (α/α`/β/δ/ε/θ/γ) AlH3 | AlF3 | AlCl3 | (α/β/γ) Al2S3 |
Al2O | Al2H6 | ||||
AlO | AlH4 | ||||
AlH− 4 |
|||||
Gallium | (α/β/δ/γ/ε) Ga2O3 | Ga2H6 | GaF3 | GaCl3 | GaS |
GaH4 | GaCl2 | ||||
GaH3 | Ga2Cl4 | ||||
Ga2Cl6 | |||||
GaCl− 4 |
|||||
Ga 2Cl− 7 |
|||||
Indium | In2O3 | InH3 | InF3 | InCl3 | (α/β/γ) In2S3 |
In2O | |||||
Thallium | Tl2O3 | TlH3 | TlF | TlCl | |
Tl2O | TlH | TlF3 | TlCl3 | ||
TlO2 | TlF3− 4 |
TlCl2 | |||
Tl4O3 | TlF2− 3 |
Tl2Cl3 | |||
Nihonium | (Nh2O)[b] | (NhH) | (NhF) | (NhCl) | NhOH |
(Nh2O3) | (NhH3) | (NhF3) | (NhCl3) | ||
(NhF− 6) |
Oxides
All of the boron-group elements are known to form a trivalent oxide, with two atoms of the element bonded
Halides
The elements in group 13 are also capable of forming stable compounds with the
Physical properties
It has been noticed that the elements in the boron group have similar
Oxidation states
The
Periodic trends
There are several trends that can be observed in the properties of the boron group members. The boiling points of these elements drop from period to period, while densities tend to rise.
Element | Boiling point | Density (g/cm3) |
---|---|---|
Boron | 4,000 °C | 2.46 |
Aluminium | 2,519 °C | 2.7 |
Gallium | 2,204 °C | 5.904 |
Indium | 2,072 °C | 7.31 |
Thallium | 1,473 °C | 11.85 |
Nuclear
With the exception of the synthetic nihonium, all of the elements of the boron group have stable
Like all other elements, the elements of the boron group have radioactive isotopes, either found in trace quantities in nature or produced synthetically. The longest-lived of these unstable isotopes is the indium isotope 115In, with its extremely long half-life of 4.41 × 1014 y. This isotope makes up the vast majority of all naturally occurring indium despite its slight radioactivity. The shortest-lived is 7B, with a half-life of a mere 350±50 × 10−24 s, being the boron isotope with the fewest neutrons and a half-life long enough to measure. Some radioisotopes have important roles in scientific research; a few are used in the production of goods for commercial use or, more rarely, as a component of finished products.[24]
History
The boron group has had many names over the years. According to former conventions it was Group IIIB in the European naming system and Group IIIA in the American. The group has also gained two collective names, "earth metals" and "triels". The latter name is derived from the Latin prefix tri- ("three") and refers to the three
Boron was known to the ancient Egyptians, but only in the mineral
Aluminium, like boron, was first known in minerals before it was finally extracted from
Thallium, the heaviest stable element in the boron group, was discovered by William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy in 1861. Unlike gallium and indium, thallium had not been predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev, having been discovered before Mendeleev invented the periodic table. As a result, no one was really looking for it until the 1850s when Crookes and Lamy were examining residues from sulfuric acid production. In the spectra they saw a completely new line, a streak of deep green, which Crookes named after the Greek word θαλλός (thallos), referring to a green shoot or twig. Lamy was able to produce larger amounts of the new metal and determined most of its chemical and physical properties.[29][30]
Indium is the fourth element of the boron group but was discovered before the third, gallium, and after the fifth, thallium. In 1863
Gallium minerals were not known before August 1875, when the element itself was discovered. It was one of the elements that the inventor of the periodic table,
The last confirmed element in the boron group, nihonium, was not discovered but rather created or synthesized. The element's synthesis was first reported by the Dubna
Etymology
The name "boron" comes from the Arabic word for the mineral borax, (بورق, boraq) which was known before boron was ever extracted. The "-on" suffix is thought to have been taken from "carbon".[35] Aluminium was named by Humphry Davy in the early 1800s. It is derived from the Greek word alumen, meaning bitter salt, or the Latin alum, the mineral.[36] Gallium is derived from the Latin Gallia, referring to France, the place of its discovery.[37] Indium comes from the Latin word indicum, meaning indigo dye, and refers to the element's prominent indigo spectroscopic line.[38] Thallium, like indium, is named after the Greek word for the color of its spectroscopic line: thallos, meaning a green twig or shoot.[39][40] "Nihonium" is named after Japan (Nihon in Japanese), where it was discovered.
Occurrence and abundance
Boron
Boron, with its atomic number of 5, is a very light element. Almost never found free in nature, it is very low in abundance, composing only 0.001% (10 ppm)
Aluminium
Aluminium, in contrast to boron, is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and the third most abundant element. It composes about 8.2% (82,000 ppm) of the Earth's crust, surpassed only by oxygen and silicon.[41] It is like boron, however, in that it is uncommon in nature as a free element. This is due to aluminium's tendency to attract oxygen atoms, forming several aluminium oxides. Aluminium is now known to occur in nearly as many minerals as boron, including garnets, turquoises and beryls, but the main source is the ore bauxite. The world's leading countries in the extraction of aluminium are Ghana, Suriname, Russia and Indonesia, followed by Australia, Guinea and Brazil.[44]
Gallium
Gallium is a relatively rare element in the Earth's crust and is not found in as many minerals as its lighter homologues. Its abundance on the Earth is a mere 0.0018% (18 ppm).[41] Its production is very low compared to other elements, but has increased greatly over the years as extraction methods have improved. Gallium can be found as a trace in a variety of ores, including bauxite and sphalerite, and in such minerals as diaspore and germanite. Trace amounts have been found in coal as well.[45] The gallium content is greater in a few minerals, including gallite (CuGaS2), but these are too rare to be counted as major sources and make negligible contributions to the world's supply.
Indium
Indium is another rare element in the boron group at only 0.000005% (0.05 ppm),[41]. Very few indium-containing minerals are known, all of them scarce: an example is indite. Indium is found in several zinc ores, but only in minute quantities; likewise some copper and lead ores contain traces. As is the case for most other elements found in ores and minerals, the indium extraction process has become more efficient in recent years, ultimately leading to larger yields. Canada is the world's leader in indium reserves, but both the United States and China have comparable amounts.[46]
Thallium
Thallium is of intermediate abundance in the Earth's crust, estimated to be 0.00006% (0.6 ppm).. There are other minerals that contain small amounts of thallium, but they are very rare and do not serve as primary sources.
Nihonium
Nihonium is an element that is never found in nature but has been created in a laboratory. It is therefore classified as a synthetic element with no stable isotopes.
Applications
With the exception of synthetic nihonium, all the elements in the boron group have numerous uses and applications in the production and content of many items.
Boron
Boron has found many industrial applications in recent decades, and new ones are still being found. A common application is in
The compound borax is used in bleaches, for both clothes and teeth. The hardness of boron and some of its compounds give it a wide array of additional uses. A small part (5%) of the boron produced finds use in agriculture.[47]
Aluminium
Aluminium is a metal with numerous familiar uses in everyday life. It is most often encountered in
Gallium
Gallium and its derivatives have only found applications in recent decades.
Indium
Indium's uses can be divided into four categories: the largest part (70%) of the production is used for coatings, usually combined as
Thallium
Thallium is used in its elemental form more often than the other boron-group elements. Uncompounded thallium is used in low-melting glasses,
Biological role
None of the group-13 elements has a major biological role in complex animals, but some are at least associated with a living being. As in other groups, the lighter elements usually have more biological roles than the heavier. The heaviest ones are toxic, as are the other elements in the same periods. Boron is essential in most plants, whose cells use it for such purposes as strengthening
Toxicity
All of the elements in the boron group can be toxic, given a high enough dose. Some of them are only toxic to plants, some only to animals, and some to both.
As an example of boron toxicity, it has been observed to harm barley in concentrations exceeding 20 mM.[57] The symptoms of boron toxicity are numerous in plants, complicating research: they include reduced cell division, decreased shoot and root growth, decreased production of leaf chlorophyll, inhibition of photosynthesis, lowering of stomata conductance,[58] reduced proton extrusion from roots,[59] and deposition of lignin and suberin.[60]
Aluminium does not present a prominent toxicity hazard in small quantities, but very large doses are slightly toxic. Gallium is not considered toxic, although it may have some minor effects. Indium is not toxic and can be handled with nearly the same precautions as gallium, but some of its compounds are slightly to moderately toxic.
Thallium, unlike gallium and indium, is extremely toxic, and has caused many poisoning deaths. Its most noticeable effect, apparent even from tiny doses, is hair loss all over the body, but it causes a wide range of other symptoms, disrupting and eventually halting the functions of many organs. The nearly colorless, odorless and tasteless nature of thallium compounds has led to their use by murderers. The incidence of thallium poisoning, intentional and accidental, increased when thallium (with its similarly toxic compound, thallium sulfate) was introduced to control rats and other pests. The use of thallium pesticides has therefore been prohibited since 1975 in many countries, including the USA.
Nihonium is a highly unstable element and decays by emitting
Notes
- ^ The name icosagens for group 13 has occasionally been used,[2] in reference to the icosahedral structures characteristically formed by its elements.
- ^ To this date, no nihonium compounds have been synthesized (except possibly NhOH), and all other proposed compounds are entirely theoretical.
References
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- Emsley, John (2006). Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements. Greenwood Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8.
- Henderson, W. (2000). Main group chemistry. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 6. ISBN 0-85404-617-8.
External links
- oxide (chemical compound) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-16.
- Visual Elements: Group 13. Rsc.org. Retrieved on 2011-05-16.
- Trends In Chemical Reactivity Of Group 13 Elements. Tutorvista.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-16.
- [1] etymonline.com Retrieved on 2011-07-27