Borophaginae
Borophaginae Temporal range: Oligocene-Earliest Pleistocene
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Aelurodon stirtoni | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Carnivora |
Family: | Canidae |
Subfamily: | †Borophaginae Simpson (1945)[1] |
Genera | |
See text |
The extinct Borophaginae form one of three
Origin
Canid subfamilies |
The Borophaginae descended from the subfamily Hesperocyoninae. The earliest and most primitive borophagine is the genus Archaeocyon, which is a small fox-sized animal mostly found in the fossil beds in western North America. The borophagines soon diversified into several major groups. They evolved to become considerably larger than their predecessors, and filled a wide range of niches in late Cenozoic North America, from small omnivores to powerful, bear-sized carnivores, such as Epicyon.[5]
Species
There are 66 identified borophagine species, including 18 newly identified species that range from the
Often generically referred to as "bone-crushing dogs" for their powerful
Noteworthy genera in this group are
Classification
Borophagine taxonomy, following Wang et al.[5] (million years=in existence)
- Family Canidae
- Subfamily †Borophaginae
- †Archaeocyon 33—26 Ma, existing 7 million years
- †Oxetocyon 33—28 Ma, existing 4 million years
- †Otarocyon 34—30 Ma, existing 4 million years
- †Rhizocyon 33—26 Ma, existing 4 million years
- Tribe †Phlaocyonini 33—13 Ma, existing 20 million years
- †Cynarctoides 30—18 Ma, existing 12 million years
- †Phlaocyon 30—19 Ma,11 million years
- Tribe †Borophagini 30—3 Ma, existing 27 million years
- †Cormocyon 30—20 Ma, existing 10 million years
- †Desmocyon 25—16 Ma, existing 9 million years
- †Metatomarctus 19—16 Ma, existing 3 million years
- †Euoplocyon 18—16 Ma, existing 2 million years
- †Psalidocyon 16—13 Ma, existing 7 million years
- †Microtomarctus 21—13 Ma, existing 7 million years
- †Protomarctus 20—16 Ma, existing 4 million years
- †Tephrocyon 16—14 Ma, existing 2.7 million years
- Subtribe †Cynarctina 20—10 Ma, existing 10 million years
- †Paracynarctus 19—16 Ma, existing 3 million years
- †Cynarctus 16—12 Ma, existing 4 million years
- Subtribe †Aelurodontina 20—5 Ma, existing 15million years
- Subtribe †Borophagina
- †Paratomarctus 16—5 Ma, existing 11 million years
- †Carpocyon 16—5 Ma, existing 11 million years
- †Protepicyon 16—12 Ma, existing 2.7 million years
- †Epicyon 12—10 Ma, existing 2 million years
- †Osteoborus) 12—5 Ma, existing 7million years
- Subfamily †Borophaginae
Cladogram showing borophagine interrelationships, following Wang et al., figure 141:[5]
Canidae |
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Extinction
According to an analysis of the fossil record of North American fossil
References
- hdl:2246/1104.
- ISBN 978-0199545667.
- ^ Borophaginae in the Paleobiology Database
- ^ "Borophaginae". Fossilworks. Gateway to the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ hdl:2246/1588.
- OCLC 54079923.
- OCLC 185095648.
- ^ PMID 26124128.
- ^ Perry, D. (2015-08-14). "Smarts, stealth and retractable claws: Science confirms cats are better than dogs". OregonLive.com. The Oregonian. Archived from the original on 2015-08-18. Retrieved 2016-09-03.
- PMID 26285033.
- S2CID 254698991.
Further reading
- Wang, X.; Tedford, R. H.; Antón, M. (2010). Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13529-0.
- Kathleen Munthe (1989). The Skeleton of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae): Morphology and Function. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-09724-7.