Banate of Bosnia

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Not to be confused with Kingdom of Bosnia.
Banate of Bosnia
Boszniai Bánság (
Serbo-Croatian)
Banovina Bosna
Banate of the Kingdom of Hungary
1154–1377
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King of Bosnia
1377
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Bosnia (early polity)
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The Banate of Bosnia (

Eastern Orthodox churches, with the Catholic Church being particularly antagonistic and persecuting its members through the Hungarians.[4][5]

Historical background

Main article:
Bosnia (early medieval polity)

In 1136, Béla II of Hungary invaded upper Bosnia for the first time and created the title "Ban of Bosnia", initially only as an honorary title for his grown son Ladislaus II of Hungary. During the 12th century, rulers within the Banate of Bosnia acted increasingly autonomously from Hungary and/or Byzantium. In reality, outside powers had little control of the mountainous and somewhat peripheral regions which made up Bosnian Banate.[6]

History

Early history and Kulin

Kulin Ban's plate from 1193, found in Biskupići

Krka River as well as the Fruška Gora.[12] Bosnia was part of Byzantium from 1167 to 1180, but as Bosnia was distant land, rule over it was probably nominal.[13]

In the time of emperor Manuel I Komnenos death (1180), Bosnia was governed by Ban Kulin who managed to free it from Byzantine influence through the alliance to Hungarian king Béla III, and with help of Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja and his brother Miroslav of Hum, with whom he successfully waged a war in 1183 against the Byzantines. Kulin secured peace, although it continued as a nominal vassal to Hungarian king.[14] but there is no evidence that Hungarians occupied areas of central Bosnia.[13]

The Pope emissaries of that time reached to Kulin directly and referred to him as "lord of Bosnia".[14] Kulin was often referred as "veliki ban bosanski" (Great Bosnian Ban) by contemporaries, and by his successor Matej Ninoslav.[14] He had a powerful effect on the development of early Bosnian history, under whose rule an age of peace and prosperity existed.[15]

In 1189, Ban Kulin issued the first written Bosnian document, now known as the

Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church. Under him, the "Bosnian Age of Peace and Prosperity" would come to exist.[17]

Heresy and Bilino Polje abjuration

In 1203, Serbian Grand Prince

Abjuration of Bilino Polje, Kulin succeeded in keeping the Bosnian Diocese under the Ragusan Archdiocese, thus limiting Hungarian influence. The errors abjured by the Bosnian nobility in Bilino Polje seem to have been errors of practice, stemming from ignorance, rather than heretical doctrines.[18] Kulin also reaffirmed his allegiance to Hungary, but despite this, Hungary's authority remained only nominal.[18]

Stjepan Kulinić, who seems to have remained aligned with the Catholic Church. Stjepan was eventually deposed in 1232.[citation needed
]

The Bosnian Church forcibly replaced Kulinić with a nobleman called

Coloman. To make matters worse, the legitimate successor for the Bosnian throne of the Kulinić dynasty, count Sibislav of Usora, son of former Ban Stjepan, started to attack Ninoslav positions, attempting to take Banate for himself.[citation needed] Pope Gregory IX replaced the heretical Bosnian bishop in 1235 with John of Wildeshausen, then Master General of the Dominican Order and later declared a saint, and confirmed Duke Coloman as the new legitimate Ban of Bosnia.[citation needed
]

Bosnian Crusade

The Banate of Bosnia in 1358

The

Ottoman conquest of Bosnia in 1463[21] and lasted beyond it.[22]

It was also a response due to the very bad relations between Bosnia and Serbia,[

Bela IV of Hungary was greatly frustrated and considered this a conspiracy[citation needed
], so he sent a contingent to Bosnia, but Ninoslav subsequently made peace. In 1248, Ninoslav cunningly saved his lands from yet another papal crusade requested by the Hungarian archbishop.

The remainder of his reign, Ban Ninoslav Matej dealt with inner matters in Bosnia. His death after 1249, possibly in 1250, brought some conflicts over the throne; as the Bosnian Church desired someone from their own sphere of interest, and the Hungarians side desired someone that they could easily control. Eventually, King Bela IV conquered and pacified Bosnia and succeed in putting Ninoslav 's Catholic cousin Prijezda as the Bosnian Ban. Ban Prijezda ruthlessly persecuted the Bosnian Church. In 1254 the Croatian Ban shortly conquered

Zahumlje from Serbian king Stefan Uroš I during Hungary's war against Serbia, but peace restored Zahumlje to Serbia.[citation needed
]

Another Hungarian campaign was launched against Bosnia in 1253, but there was no evidence that they reached the Bosnian Banate. However, Hungary did control northern regions of Usora and Soli through their vassal rulers. Bosnian banate continued to exist as de facto independent entity even after Ninoslav.[23]

Kotromanić dynasty

Prijezda I's realm (founder of

Serbian king Dragutin. The same year Prijezda arranged the marriage of his son, Stephen I, with Dragutin's daughter Elizabeth. The marriage had great consequences in the subsequent centuries, when Stephen and Elizabeth's Kotromanić descendants claimed the throne of Serbia.[24] Prijezda was forced to withdraw from the throne in 1287 due to his old age. He spent his last hours on his estate in Zemljenik
.

Hungarians reasserted their authority over territories as Soli, Usora, Vrbas, Sana in the early 13th century. Territory that Ban Prijezda, a loyal Hungarian vassal, controlled was possibly in northern parts of today's Bosnia between rivers Drina and Bosna. Banate of Bosnia to the south remained independent, but we do not know its rulers, successors of ban Ninoslav.[25]

He was inherited by

Stephen I Kotromanić
.

Restoration and Expansion

Tvrtko with his mother, brother and cousin Elizabeth at the deathbed of his uncle Stephen, as depicted on the Chest of Saint Simeon in the late 1370s

During the end of the 13th and about the first quarter of the 14th century, till the

Mladen II was captured by Charles I who took him to Hungary, which sparked Kotromanić dynasty restoration.[26][27]

Stephen II was the

Vladislav Kotromanić in 1326–1353.[27]

By 1326 Ban Stephen II attacked Serbia in a military alliance with the

Soli, which he fully incorporated in 1324.[27]

In 1329, Ban Stephen II Kotromanić pushed another military attempt into Serbia, assaulting Lord Vitomir of Trebinje and Konavle, but the main portion of his force was defeated by the Young King Dušan who commanded the forces of King Stefan Dečanski at Priboj. The Ban's horse was killed in the battle, and he would have lost his life if his vassal Vuk had not given him his own horse. By doing so, Vuk sacrificed his own life, and was killed by the Serbian troops in open battle. Thus the Ban managed to add Nevesinje and Zagorje to his realm.[citation needed]

Throughout his reign in the fourteenth century, Stephen ruled the lands from

Adriatic and from Cetina to Drina. He doubled the size of his state, and achieved full independence from surrounding countries.[31] Ban Stephen II played Venice and Hungarian kings against each other, slowly ruling more and more independently and soon initiated a conspiracy with some members of the Croatian and Hungarian nobility against his Hungarian liege and father-in-law.[citation needed
]

In 1346 Zadar finally returned to Venice, and the Hungarian King, seeing that he had lost the war, made peace in 1348. Ban of Croatia

Stjepan II Kotromanić
all three churches (Bosnian Church, Orthodox, Catholic) were active in Bosnian Banate.

Tvrtko I reign

Charter of King Tvrtko I Kotromanić, written in Moštre

Tvrtko, however, was only about fifteen years old at the time,

vassals.[35] Jelena Šubić, Tvrtko's mother, replaced Vladislav as regent upon his death in 1354. She immediately traveled to Hungary to obtain consent to Tvrtko's accession from King Louis I, his overlord. Following her return, Jelena held an assembly (stanak) in Mile, with mother and son confirming the possessions and privileges of the noblemen of "all of Bosnia, Donji Kraji, Zagorje, and the Hum land".[34]

At the start of his personal rule the young Ban somehow considerably increased his power.

Srebrenik Fortress held out against a "massive attack" by the royal army,[36] which suffered the embarrassment of losing the King's seal.[39] The successful defense of Srebrenik marked Tvrtko's first victory against Hungarian king.[36] The unity of the local magnates waned as soon as the Hungarians were defeated, weakening Tvrtko's position and that of a united Bosnia.

The Banate of Bosnia in 1373

The anarchy escalated, and in February the following year, the magnates revolted against Tvrtko and dethroned him.[36][40] He was replaced by his younger brother Vuk,[40][36] Tvrtko and Jelena took refuge at the Hungarian royal court, where they were welcomed by Tvrtko's former enemy and overlord, King Louis.[36] Tvrtko returned to Bosnia in March and reestablished control over a part of the country by the end of the month, including the areas of Donji Kraji, Rama (where he then resided), Hum, and Usora.[41][42]

Throughout the following year, Tvrtko forced Vuk southwards, eventually compelling him to flee to Ragusa. Sanko, Vuk's last supporter, submitted to Tvrtko in late summer and was allowed to retain his holdings.[36][43] Ragusan officials made an effort to procure peace between the feuding brothers,[43] and in 1368, Vuk asked Pope Urban V to intervene with King Louis I on his behalf.[36][43] Those efforts were futile; but by 1374, Tvrtko had reconciled with Vuk on very generous terms.[43]

The death of

Uroš the Weak, in December 1355, was soon followed by the breakup of the once-powerful and threatening Serbian Empire
. It disintegrated into autonomous lordships that, by themselves, could not resist Bosnia. This paved the way for Tvrtko to expand towards the east, but internal problems prevented him from seizing the opportunity immediately.

By the mid-14th century, Bosnian banate reached its peak under young ban Tvrtko Kotromanić who came into power in 1353, and had himself crowned on 26 October 1377.[44]

Economy

Charter of Ban Kulin, trade agreement between Bosnia and Republic of Ragusa

The second

Bosančica.[45][46]

The export of metal ores and metalwork (mainly silver, copper and lead) formed the backbone of the Bosnian economy, as these goods along others like wax, silver, gold, honey and rawhide were transported over the Dinaric Alps to the seashore by Via Narenta, where they were bought chiefly by the Republics of Ragusa and Venice.[47] Access to Via Narenta was crucial for Bosnian economy, which was possible only after ban Stephen II managed to take control of the trading route during his conquests of Hum. The main trading centres were Fojnica and Podvisoki.

Religion

Main articles:
Franciscan Province of Bosna Srebrena
John of Wildeshausen, Bishop of Bosnia

Christian missions emanating from

heretical church".[48]

While Bosnia remained at least nominally Catholic in the

Kraljeva Sutjeska and Lašva.[52]

List of rulers

  • Ladislaus II of Hungary (1137—1159)
  • Ban Borić (1154—1164)
  • Ban Kulin (1180—1204)
  • Stephen Kulinić (1204—1232)
  • Matej Ninoslav (1232—1250)
  • Prijezda I
    (1250—1287)
  • Prijezda II
    (1287—1290)
  • Stjepan I Kotromanić
    (1287—1314), together with Prijezda II 1287—1290, as a vassal ban 1290—1314
  • Mladen I Šubić of Bribir (1299—1304)
  • Mladen II Šubić of Bribir
    (1304—1322)
  • Stjepan II Kotromanić
    (1314—1353), as vassal ban 1314—1322, independently 1322—1353
  • Tvrtko I Kotromanić
    (1353—1366)
  • Vuk Kotromanić (1366—1367)
  • Tvrtko I Kotromanić
    (1367—1377)

References

  1. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 44, 148.
  2. ^ Paul Mojzes. Religion and the war in Bosnia. Oxford University Press, 2000, p 22; "Medieval Bosnia was founded as an independent state by Ban Kulin (1180-1204).".
  3. ^ a b Vego 1982, p. 104.
  4. ISBN 978-0-691-00175-3
    .
  5. ^ Curta 2006, p. 433–434.
  6. ^ a b c d Fine 1994, p. 14.
  7. ISBN 9788639901042
    .
  8. ISBN 978-9958-9844-0-2
    .
  9. ^ Mladen ANČIĆ, 1997, Putanja klatna. Ugarsko-hrvatsko kraljestvo i Bosna u XIV. stoljeću. Zavod za povijesne znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti u Zadru. https://www.bib.irb.hr/40904#page=55
  10. ^ Goldstein, Ivo. (1997), Bizantska vlast u Dalmaciji od 1165. do 1180. godine, http://darhiv.ffzg.unizg.hr/id/eprint/6319/#page=18
  11. ISBN 978-9985-9642-5-5
    . Retrieved 15 December 2019. U ratu što ga je protiv cara Emanuela vodio kralj Gejza II., sudjelovao je i ban Borić (1154.-1163.), prvi poznati bosanski ban. Borićevo sudjelovanje u ratu na strani ugarsko-hrvatskog vladara svjedoči da je Bosna u to doba za-konito pripadala Ugarsko-Hrvatskom Kraljevstvu. Bizantski je pisac Cinam opisao taj rat i izričito naveo da je bosanski ban bio saveznik ugarsko-hrvat-skog vladara. Taj je rat trajao osam godina (1148.-1155.), a završio je pobjedom ugarsko-hrvatske vojske u blizini Beograda. (Ban Borić (1154-1163), the first known Bosnian ban, also participated in the war that was fought against Emperor Emanuel by king Géza II. Borić's involvement in the war on the part of the Hungarians meant that Bosnia was in vassal relation to the Hungarian ruler at the time. The Byzantine writer Cinam [John Kinnamos] described the war and explicitly stated that the Bosnian ban was an ally of its Hungarian counterpart. This war lasted eight years (1148-1155) and ended with the victory of the Hungarian-Croatian army near Belgrade.)
  12. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 646.
  13. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 14.
  14. ^ a b c Vego 1982, p. 105.
  15. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 17–21.
  16. ^ Suarez, S.J. & Woudhuysen 2013, pp. 506–07.
  17. ISBN 978-0814755617
    .
  18. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 47.
  19. ^ Mladen ANČIĆ, 1997, Putanja klatna. Ugarsko-hrvatsko kraljestvo i Bosna u XIV. stoljeću. Zavod za povijesne znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti u Zadru. https://www.bib.irb.hr/40904#page=60
  20. ISBN 0472082604
  21. ISBN 0472082604
  22. ISBN 978-0863565038
  23. ^ Fine 1994, p. 148.
  24. ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 75.
  25. ^ Fine 1994, p. 275, Bosnia from the 1280s to the 1320s.
  26. ^ Mladen ANČIĆ, 1997, Putanja klatna. Ugarsko-hrvatsko kraljestvo i Bosna u XIV. stoljeću. Zavod za povijesne znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti Zadru.https://www.bib.irb.hr/40904#page=103
  27. ^ a b c Fine 1994, p. 277.
  28. ^ Fine 1994, p. 275.
  29. ^ Fine 1994, p. 278.
  30. ^ Fine 1994, p. 20.
  31. ^ Fine 1994, p. 280.
  32. ^ Fine 1994, p. 281.
  33. ^ Fine 1994, p. 284.
  34. ^ a b Ćirković 1964, p. 122.
  35. ^ Ćošković 2009.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fine 1994, p. 369.
  37. ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 125.
  38. ^ a b Ćirković 1964, p. 128.
  39. ^ a b c Ćirković 1964, p. 129.
  40. ^ a b Ćirković 1964, p. 130.
  41. ^ Fine 1994, p. 370.
  42. ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 131.
  43. ^ a b c d Ćirković 1964, p. 132.
  44. ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 81.
  45. ^ Franz Miklosich, Monumenta Serbica, Viennae, 1858, p. 8-9.
  46. ISBN 9780791456378
    .
  47. ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 141.
  48. ^ a b c d Fine 1991, p. 8.
  49. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 17.
  50. ^ Fine 1994, p. 18.
  51. ^ "Bosna Srebrena u prošlosti i sadašnjosti | FMC Svjetlo riječi". Svjetlorijeci.ba. Archived from the original on 2014-02-24. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  52. ^ Fine 1994, p. 281, 282.

Sources

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