Literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is a complex literary production within Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is seen as a unique, singular literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian and Herzegovinian literature, or Bosnian literature), consisting literary traditions of the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Depending of period in history, it is written in
The most important representatives of modern literature are writers such as Ivo Andrić, Meša Selimović, Branko Ćopić, poets such as Mak Dizdar, Aleksa Šantić, Antun Branko Šimić, essayists such as Hamdija Kreševljaković, and present-day contemporaries such as poet Marko Vešović, playwright Abdulah Sidran, novelists Aleksandar Hemon, Miljenko Jergović, Saša Stanišić, and Andrej Nikolaidis, essayist Ivan Lovrenović, Željko Ivanković, Dubravko Lovrenović, Predrag Matvejević, and many others.
Going back to the medieval times, literature was predominantly ecclesiastical, with literacy revolving around a production of
From late medieval and early modern times onward, the role of the
Background and theoretical basis
Literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is a complex literary production within
The cultural identity of Bosnia and Herzegovina should be understood through its "composite integrity". The cultural traditions of the Bosnia and Herzegovina peoples are in a specific relationship, which is characterized by a constant oscillation between integral Bosnian identity and national peculiarities. Regardless of social circumstances, periodically even cultural isolationism, neither of these two characteristics have been completely suppressed. Based on this legacy of the contemporary cultural context, the conceptual determinant that is the "literature of the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina" gains the scope which transcends national and state framework when it comes to the possibility of including integral literary traditions of all people historically, and three constituent peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina in modern sense. The essence is that individual national literature, Croatian, Serbian, Montenegrin and Bosniak, cannot be tied to the borders of nation states anyway, as all these peoples, in the status of a constitutive or national minority, live in all four countries, with a cultural spaces overlapping and interfere with each other.[2]
Such circumstances justify the multiple affiliation of some authors to more than one literature, and the best example is Ivo Andrić, who equally belongs to Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian literature, respectively.[2]
Bosnian literature, which includes literary traditions originated in Bosnia and Herzegovina, according to Muhsin Rizvić is based on:[3][2]
- awareness of each literary tradition about itself and its own continuity;
- awareness of the Bosnian and Herzegovinian community and commonality which arises from evident tolerance towards other literary traditions, and from knowledge of the autochthonous position of each tradition on Bosnian and Herzegovinian soil;
- awareness of mutual relations that are necessary on the line of common language, on the line of historical destiny of common life and interests of maintenance, on the line of common mutual themes, ideology of social survival, and, finally, on the line of interest of stylistic-aesthetic commonalities and permeation;
- awareness of the innate venturing into the Serbian and Croatian literature of Serbian and Croatian writers - taking Serbian and Croatian literary works as a model in the line of literary and stylistic features of the common language and South Slavic reciprocity.
Name
Until the middle of the last century, the term "literature in Bosnia and Herzegovina" was in use, but as early as 1950 the literary theory adopts the term "Bosnian and Herzegovinian literature" (or "Bosnian-Herzegovinian literature";
key prerequisite for understanding
Bosnia and Herzegovina's cultural
identity is respect for its composite
integrity.[6]
Inter-literary community
The interliterary, as part of the study of Literary Comparison, is a study of the concept of interliterariness and interliterary communities.[7][8][9][1][10][11][12][13]
History
Bosnia and Herzegovina literary heritage can be assessed starting back from the Middle Ages. It is closely related to other South Slavic literature, and sometime has been even treated as part of the Serbian and Croatian literature, respectively.[14] Although, not as notable as medieval Serbian, Ragusan or Dalmatian, in terms of quantity, it is, however, among oldest. The first monuments of South Slavic literacy appeared at the Bosnian-Herzegovinian soil. Among the oldest inscriptions, are two written in Bosnian Cyrillic, and both from Bosnia and Herzegovina, the first is grave inscription of the župan of Trebinje,
The oldest preserved Bosnian inscriptions[16] is considered to be the Humac tablet (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Humačka ploča, Хумачка плоча, Хумска плоча), inscribed into stone tablet between the 10th and 12th century, which puts it at older date than Tablet of Ban Kulin (cca. 1185) and Charter of Ban Kulin written on 29 August 1189. The text is written is an Old Slavic epigraph in Bosnian Cyrillic script, [16][17] and dated to the end of the 10th or the beginning of the 11th century,[18][19] possibly to the beginning of the 12th century.[20]
Sometime between 16th and 17th century
Medieval literacy
Such medieval writings, found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, produced during
The manuscripts belonging to the
-
Humac tablet
-
Tablet of Župan Grd, kept in Trebinje
-
Ban Kulin's tablet, kept in Sarajevo
-
Ban Kulin's Charter, kept in Russia
-
Statement of Bilino Polje
-
Hrvoje's Missal, kept in Topkapı Palace Manuscript Library
-
A miniature from the Hval Manuscript, kept in the Bologna's University Library
-
List of Bosnian Church Djed from Batalo's Gospel, kept National Library of Russia
-
Divoš's Gospel
-
Kočerin tablet
Ploča župana Grda (transl. Župan Grd's Tablet) is another inscribed stone tablet from Trebinje, today's Herzegovina. It was cut around 1180 as a gravestone tablet for Župan Grd, during the rule of the Grand Prince of Duklja Mihailo. The tablet is kept in the church in Police near Trebinje.[15]
Ploča Kulina bana (transl. Tablet of Ban Kulin) is the church inscription of Ban Kulin from around 1185, found near Visoko, and today kept in the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[15]
As such, it is of particular interest to both linguists and historians. Apart from the
Linguistic analysis however does not point to any specific characteristics of the Dubrovnikan speech, but it does show that the language of the charter has common traits with Ragusan documents from the first half of the 13th century, or those in which Ragusan scribal offices participated.[32]
principles in terms of composition and contents, thus making it a truly invaluable work with a place in the regional and transregional history of art.
Radosavljeva bosanska knjiga (or Rukopis krstjanina Radosava, or Zbornik krstjanina Radosava; transl. the Manuscript of the Christian Radosav or the Anthology of the Christian Radosav) is the youngest, different in content and scarce in relation to the other two anthologies of medieval Bosnian literature - the Hval's from 1404 and the Venetian's from the beginning of the 15th. It consists of 60 sheets of paper, size 14, 3x11 cm. It was named after the scribe Radosav the Christian, who wrote it for Gojsav the Christian, during the reign of the Bosnian king
Mletačka Apokalipsa (transl. Venetian Apocalypse) was written at the end of the 14th or the beginning of the 15th century. The exact dating has never been determined because interruptions and gaps the manuscript, with a missing the colophon, which probably existed, which means that both the writer or the patron remain unknown. Approximate dating is based on
Stećak inscriptions
Earliest stećak inscriptions could be traced back to 12th century medieval Bosnia.
Ottoman period
-
Divković's Nauk krstjanski
-
First addition of Hasanaginica
-
Free Will and Acts of Faith
-
Risāle-i tarīkatnāme
Bosnian
Martin Nedić was prominent 19th century poet, who wrote historical poems as well as commemorative, with eventful and often sacramental content. He also wrote memos from Bosnia, compiled reports about the state of Catholic schools, and collected and published historical materials and national treasures.[55]
Some of widely acclaimed folk ballads are written during Ottoman period in Bosnia and Herzegovina history, namely
The Bosnian author and poet,
Bašagić Collection
Safvet-beg Bašagić was a Bosnian intellectual and erudite, who was a collector, writer, journalist, poet, translator, professor, bibliographer, curator of a museum, politician. He collected and preserved a significant segment of Bosnian literature and Muslim literary heritage of Bosnian Ottoman period. His collection of Islamic manuscripts and prints comprises Arabic, Persian and Turkish works and rare Bosnian texts written in Arabic script. Bašagić's collection contains, at the same time, unique manuscripts and essential works of medieval Islamic scholarly literature and belles-lettres, spanning the interval from 12th to 19th century, and prints from two centuries, starting from 1729. The 284 manuscript volumes and 365 printed volumes portray the more than a thousand year long development of Islamic civilization from its commencement to the beginning of 20th century. Especially the authorship and language aspect of the collection represents a bridge between different cultures and a certain overlap thereof. The very history of the journey of Bašagić's collection of Islamic manuscripts and prints was dramatic. Bašagić tried to deposit the collection in a more secure place than was the Balkan region of his time. In the turmoil of the turbulent development of Balkan nations in 19th and 20th centuries, his valuable collection eventually ended in the funds of the University Library in Bratislava.[65][66]
Modern period
Probably the most well known author, described as an "illustrative product of the ‘syncretic culture of Bosnia’" is the
Thanks to Andrić wish that the original manuscript of the novel The Bridge on the Drina be kept in Sarajevo, the current Museum of Literature and Theater Arts was established in the city. The museum is located in the Baščaršija neighborhood in the heart of Sarajevo, in the old Skarić family traditional mansion, built in the middle of the 19th century, which was donated to City of Sarajevo by later owners the Despić family.[72]
Meša Selimović is another prominent Bosnian novelist,[73] whose novel the Death and the Dervish is one of the most important literary works in post-World War II Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia. Just like in case of Andrić, his main themes are related to his native country, Bosnia. Also, he was concerned with the relations between individuality and authority, life and death, and existential realities of everyday life. Selimović is representative of the new historical type of prose which had strongest impact and has left the strongest trace in contemporary Bosnian literature. The motives of the writers' turn to the past rested in an effort to tell the truth about the present age and its dramas, through the lens and decor of bygone historical era as allegorical backdrop. The most important such Selimović novels are the Dervish and Death, in 1966, and the Fortress, in 1970.[2]
Branko Ćopić is considered to be the favorite writer of Children's literature. Mak Dizdar, as a young poet, showed a distinct social charge with a collection of poems "Vidovopoljska noć", for which it was censored by the regime in Yugoslavia during interwar period. With this collection, Dizdar has joined a whole generation of poets who understand literature as a field of revolutionary struggle.[74]
Romani Bosnian literature
Romani Bosnian culture and literature is represented by authors such as
Bosnian Franciscans contribution and influence
-
Marijan Šunjić
-
Ivan Frano Jukić
-
Fra Antun Knežević
-
Grgo Martić
This means that he was Bosnian Franciscan who wrote in narodni jezik (transl. Peoples Language), which, beside
Anto Knežević, as a writer and historian, was one of the main proponents of
Jewish, Aljamiado and Arebica
Appearance of Aljamiado literature coincide with an influx of
It was adopted by Bosnian Muslims, who previously wrote in Arabic and Turkish, now began writing in the spoken local vernacular (Narodni jezik), but used Arabic writing (Arebica or Arabica), unlike Christians, especially Bosnian Franciscans, who continued to use Bosnian Cyrillic.[14] This happened sometime between 16th and 17th century, coinciding with the development of post-medieval folk-oriented literature of Bosnian Franciscans. Both phenomenons initiated native Bosnian language, or Narodni jezik (transl. People's Language, Folk Language) as a literary language for the first time since the medieval period. However, appearance and development of Aljamiado literature, written in vernacular language in Arabic script. also coincided with the social upheavals, resulting in reduced chances for people getting education, especially in border regions. Relying on modest educational resources, together with discontinuity of Bosnian Muslim literacy in relation to medieval legacy and isolation of cultural background from local and foreign language traditions, makes Aljamiado authors autodidacts. The phenomenon of Bosnian Aljamiado poetry depended completely on tradition and individual talent.[86]
Arebica
The word aljamiado is also used for other languages, such as Bosnian (Serbo-Croatian), written with Arabic letters. This practice flourished during Ottoman period, although, some linguists prefer to limit the term to Romance languages, and using name Arebica to refer to the use of Arabic script for Bosnian language instead. It was used mainly between the 15th and 19th centuries and is frequently categorized as part of Aljamiado literature. Before World War I there were unsuccessful efforts by Bosnian Muslims to adopt Arebica as the third official alphabet for Bosnian alongside Latin and Cyrillic. Arebica was based on the Perso-Arabic script of the Ottoman Empire, with added letters which are not found in Arabic, Persian or Turkish. Full letters were eventually introduced for all vowels, making Arebica a true alphabet, unlike its Perso-Arabic base. The final version of Arebica was devised by
The first literary work to be published in Arebica for 64 years (since 1941) was a comic book "Hadži Šefko i hadži Mefko" in 2005 (authors Amir Al-Zubi and Meliha Čičak-Al-Zubi). The authors made slight modifications to Arebica. The first book in Arebica with an ISBN was "Epohe fonetske misli kod Arapa i Arebica" ("The Age of Phonetic Thought of Arabs and Arebica")[87] in April 2013 in Belgrade by Aldin Mustafić, MSc. This book represents the completion of the standardization of Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević's version, and is also a textbook for higher education.
Sevdalinka
Sevdalinka is a traditional genre of folk ballad, originating from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although, Sevdalinka is an integral part of the Bosniak culture, and as such integral part of Bosnia and Herzegovina song-writing and singing, it is also spread and sang across the ex-Yugoslavia region.[88][89][90][91][92]
The actual composers of many Sevdalinka ballads are largely unknown, and they are part of traditional folk poetry, often written during Ottoman period. However, with a beginning of the 19th century authors were becoming increasingly known. The earliest Bosnia and Herzegovina female author, whose work survived to this day, was
She wrote about sadness and mourning for her dead lover. The only full poem that can be attributed to Čuvidina without doubt is the 79-verse-long epos called "Sarajlije iđu na vojsku protiv Srbije" (transl. The Men of Sarajevo March to War Against Serbia), which was written in Arebica script.[95]
Notable authors and selected works
-
Ivo Andrić
-
Meša Selimović
-
Aleksa Šantić
-
Osman Đikić
-
Antun Branko Šimić
-
Kalmi Baruh
-
Petar Kočić
-
Branko Ćopić
-
Zaim Topčić
-
Predrag Matvejević
-
Ivan Lovrenović
-
Miljenko Jergović
-
Saša Stanišić
-
Aleksandar Hemon
Nobel Laureate and notable male authors
Prominent prose writers include the
Notable female authors
Prominent women writers include Umihana Čuvidina, Staka Skenderova, Laura Papo Bohoreta, Jagoda Truhelka, Nafija Sarajlić, Milena Mrazović, Nasiha Kapidžić-Hadžić, Ljubica Ostojić, Ognjenka Milićević, Bisera Alikadić, Nura Bazdulj-Hubijar, Aleksandra Čvorović, Tanja Stupar-Trifunović, Alma Lazarevska, Jasmila Žbanić, Zlata Filipović, Lejla Kalamujić, Senka Marić, Lana Bastašić, and others.
Selected works
- Na Drini ćuprija (The Bridge on the Drina), Ivo Andrić,
- Prokleta avlija i druge priče (Damned Yard and Other Stories), Ivo Andrić,
- Derviš i smrt (the Death and the Dervish), Meša Selimović,
- Tvrđava (the Fortress), Meša Selimović, (1970)
- Jauci sa zmijanja, Petar Kočić, Srpska štamparija, Zagreb (1910)
- Sudanija, Petar Kočić, Islamska dioničarska štamparija, Sarajevo (1911)
- Pod maglom, Aleksa Šantić, Belgrade (1907)
- Emina (poem), Aleksa Šantić (1902)
- Na starim ognjištima, Aleksa Šantić, Mostar (1913)
- Nosač Samuel (Samuel the Porter), Isak Samokovlija (1946)
- Hanka (Hanka), Isak Samokovlija
- Plava Jevrejka (The Blond Jewess), Isak Samokovlija
- Gluvi barut (Silent Gunpowder), Branko Ćopić (1957)
- Ne tuguj, bronzana stražo (Bronze Guards, Don't Mourn), Branko Ćopić (1958)
- Orlovi rano lete (Eagles Fly Early), Branko Ćopić (1957)
- Kameni spavač (Stone Sleeper), Mak Dizdar (1966–71)
- Modra rijeka (Blue River), Mak Dizdar (1971)
- Zašto tone Venecija (Why is Venice Sinking), Abdulah Sidran
- The Question of Bruno, Aleksandar Hemon (2002)
- The Lazarus Project, Aleksandar Hemon (2008)
- Sarajevski Marlboro, Miljenko Jerdović (1994)
In other media
Theatre
The National Theater was founded in 1919 in Sarajevo and its first director was famous playwright Branislav Nušić.
In 2000, an opera based on Hasanaginica premiered at the
In film and TV
Numerous TV films and series were based on the novels and stories by Branko Ćopić, such as, Nikoletina Bursać, TV film (1964), Eagles Fly Early, TV film (1966), Silent Gunpowder, film (1990), Ježeva kućica, animated film (2017). Abdulah Sidran has written screenplays for world renowned award-winning films, such as When Father Was Away on Business and Do You Remember Dolly Bell?, directed by Emir Kusturica, and Kuduz, directed by Ademir Kenović. In 1974, Meša Selimović's novel is adapted for the feature film with a same name, Death and the Dervish.
While in the United States, Aleksandar Hemon started working as a screenwriter, and collaborated with
Hasanaginica was adapted for the TV film and series by
Magazines
Magazines such as Novi Plamen, Most and Sarajevske sveske are some of the more prominent publications covering cultural and literary themes.
Literary institutions
Museum of literature
The current
PEN Bosnia and Herzegovina
PEN Center of Bosnia and Herzegovina (P.E.N. Centar u Bosni i Hercegovini / П.Е.Н. Центар у Босни и Херцеговини) is one of the 148 centers of
Literary prizes
The "Meša Selimović" Award is a literary award for best novel published during the previous year in the region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia. It was established in 2001 and is awarded as a part of the "Cum grano salis literary meeting" in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The "
The "Mak Dizdar" Award is an award given by the "Slovo Gorčina" literary event in Stolac for the best first unpublished book of poems. It aims to affirm young poets and encourage their further creativity.
The "Svetozar Ćorović" Award or simply "Ćorović's Award" is a Bosnia and Herzegovina literary award that has been awarded since 1997 at the "Ćorović meeting of writers", held in Bileća annually.
The Annual Award of the Writers' Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a literary award that is awarded every year for the best newly published literary work by members of the Writers' Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The "Bosnian Stećak" Award is a literary award, founded by Zlatko Topčić, and has been awarded since 1999 as part of the "Sarajevo Poetry Days". The prize consists of a stećak sculpture, a plaque and a cash sum of 5,000 km.
The "Kočićevo pero" Award (transl. "Kočić's Quill pen") is a Serbian and Bosnian literary award of the Petar Kočić Endowment, Banja Luka and Belgrade. The award is given by the Endowment by the Petar Kočić Endowment or the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Srpska and Serbia.
Literary studies
At the
See also
- Gazi Husrev-beg Library
- Vijećnica
- Oriental Institute in Sarajevo
- National and University Library of the Republika Srpska
- National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Association of Writers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Association of Writers of Republika Srpska
- List of archives in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- List of Glagolitic manuscripts
- List of Glagolitic printed works
References
- ^ ISSN 2544-1795. Archived from the original(PDF) on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2021 – via Slavica Lodziensia and ResearchGate.
- ^ a b c d Vedad Spahić (2003). Čitanka 4. Sarajevo. pp. 72–80.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Muhsin Rizvić (1980). "Teze za pristup izučavanju bosanskohercegovačke književnosti i neki primjeri koji ih učvršćuju". Bosanskohercegovačke književne studije. Sarajevo. pp. 7–12.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Dr.sc.Vedad Spahić (2016). "Status bosanskohercegovačke književnosti unutar b/h/s/c interliterarne zajednice danas" [The status of Bosnian literature within the b / h / s / c interliterary community today] (PDF). Bosanski jezik Br.13. (in Bosnian and Serbo-Croatian). Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Tuzli. pp.93-94 in the footnote 5. UDC: 821.163:821.163.4(497.6).09. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ISBN 978-86-7071-032-0. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ^ Dr.sc.Vedad Spahić (2016). "Status bosanskohercegovačke književnosti unutar b/h/s/c interliterarne zajednice danas" [The status of Bosnian literature within the b / h / s / c interliterary community today] (PDF). Bosanski jezik Br.13. (in Bosnian and Serbo-Croatian). Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Tuzli: 91. UDC: 821.163:821.163.4(497.6).09. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- . Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ Kodrić, Sanjin (2019). Maksimowicz, Eugenia; Buras-Marciniak, Anetta; Konopacki, Artur; Czerwiński, Grzegorz (eds.). "East and West – Heart and Mind": The Muslim Orient and the European Occident in Bosniak Literature at the End of the 19th and the Beginning of the 20th Century". Muslim East in Slavic Literatures and Cultures (in Polish, English, and Bosnian). Polish Historical Society / Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne: 13–40. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ Zagoda, Tomislav (2014). "Humor u slovenskom, bosanskohercegovačkom i hrvatskom romanu u razdoblju tranzicije". darhiv.ffzg.unizg.hr (in Croatian). Department of South Slavic Languages and Literature. [mentor Kovač, Zvonko]. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ Sanjin Kodrić (2013). "Kulturalno-poetički sinkretizmi i liminalno-hibridni oblici kao kulturalno-memorijski i interliterarni fenomen novije bošnjačke / bosanskohercegovačke književnosti (Na primjeru ranog pjesničkog djela Safvet-bega Bašagića)". Zbornik radova: Njegoševi dani (IV ed.). Nikšić: Filozofski fakultet Univerzitet Crne Gore.
- ISSN 1512-8180. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ISSN 1512-8180. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ISBN 978-9958-27-264-6. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ a b c "Bosnia and Herzegovina Arts and Literature – Global Europe". globalsciencellc.com. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-86-7119-172-2. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d Deretić 1983, p. 53.
- ^ a b c Bogićević 1975.
- ^ a b Naučni sastanak slavista u Vukove dane (1989). Referati i saopštenja. Vol. 19. p. 33.
- ^ a b Deretić 2001, p. 13.
- ^ ISBN 9788637906629.
- ISBN 978-0-86356-946-3. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ^ a b "Matija Divković – otac bosanskohercegovačke i hrvatske književnosti u BiH". hrvatska-rijec.com (in Croatian and Bosnian). 17 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
- ^ Antun Mrkonjić (26 May 2011). "Interview with Fra Marijan Karaula: Fra Matija Divković je otac književnosti u BiH". dnevni-list.ba (in Croatian and Bosnian). Retrieved 30 August 2012.
- ^ OCLC 40771619. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- ^ ISBN 9781850652120.
- ^ Vego 1956.
- ^ Balcanica. Balkanološki institut. 1971. p. 380.
- ^ Vego 1962, p. 31.
- ^ Suarez, S.J. & Woudhuysen 2013, pp. 506–07.
- ^ Amira Turbić-Hadžagić, Bosanski književni jezik (prvi razvojni period od 9. do 15. stoljeća), – u Bosanski jezik, časopis za kulturu bosankoga književnog jezika br. 4, Tuzla, 2005.
- ^ Dženeta Jukan (2009), Jezik Povelje Kulina bana, Diplomski rad, p. 13
- ^ Vrana (1966:53)
- ^ Hrvoje's Missal ~ 1403-1404
- ^ "Hvalov zbornik - Hrvatska enciklopedija". www.enciklopedija.hr. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ISBN 978-9958-9026-5-9. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ "NAŠE KULTURNO BLAGO: Glagoljski misal pisan za velikog Hrvoja Vukčića". Dnevno.ba. 9 March 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ a b Đuro Basler (1 December 1987). The Art treasures of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Svjetlost.
Two manuscripts are of exceptional value: Hval's Codex and the Hrvoje Missal. Both were written in Split for Hrvoje Vukcic Hrvatinic, Duke of Donji Krajevi and Split. Hval's Codex is a Cyrillic manuscript of 353 parchment pages written in 1404 ... Gothic artists from Primorje
- ISBN 978-0472025602.
- ^ a b c Čopra 2019, pp. 24, 25.
- ^ JSTOR 24749586. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
- ^ "Movable property - "Čajniče Gospel" kept in the Museum of the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin and the Church of the Ascension of Christ in Čajniče". old.kons.gov.ba. Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ISSN 0350-3496. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ a b c d 2004. Šefik Bešlagić, Leksikon stećaka.
- ^ a b Šimić, Marinka (2004). "Jezik i pismo Kočerinske ploče (The Language and Script of Table from Kočerin)". Vitko: časopis Matice hrvatske Široki Brijeg (in Croatian). III (4): 5. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ^ a b c "Hrvatska pošta Mostar". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Vego, Marko (1956). "Humačka ploča" [Humac Tablet]. Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja. 11. Sarajevo: 41–61.
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{{cite book}}
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External links
Media related to Literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina at Wikimedia Commons