Bosnian mujahideen
This article possibly contains original research. (February 2019) |
El Mudžahid | |
---|---|
Active | 1992–95 |
Disbanded | 1995 |
Country | Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Branch | Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Type | Infantry |
Size | 500 – 6,000[1](details) |
Engagements | Bosnian War
|
Bosnian mujahideen (
Bosnian War
In the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared independence. War broke out in Croatia between the Croatian Army and the breakaway Serb Krajina. Meanwhile, the Bosnian Muslims voted for independence. Bosnian Serbs declared an autonomous province, independent of Bosnia, and Bosnian Croats took similar steps. The war broke out in April 1992.[5]
Muslim foreign fighters came to support the Bosnian Muslims and an independent Bosnia and Herzegovina. There were also Islamist organizations and Muslim non-profit organizations and charitable trusts that supported the Bosnian Muslims.
Volunteer mujahideen arrived from all around the world,[6] including Afghanistan,[7] Egypt,[8] France, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Malaysia, Morocco, Pakistan,[9] Russia (especially around Chechnya and Dagestan), Saudi Arabia, Spain, Thailand, Turkey,[10] the United Kingdom, the United States, Somalia[11] and Yemen.[12] The Bosnian mujahideen were primarily from Iran, Afghanistan and numerous Arab countries.[13]
Foreign mujahideen arrived in central Bosnia in the second half of 1992 with the aim of helping their Bosnian Muslim co-religionists to defend themselves from the Serb and Croat forces. Some originally went as humanitarian workers,[14] while some of them were considered criminals in their home countries for illegally travelling to Bosnia and becoming soldiers. On 13 August 1993, the Bosnian government officially organized foreign volunteers into the detachment known as El Mudžahid in order to impose control and order. Initially, the foreign mujahideen gave food and other basic necessities to the local Muslim population, who were deprived of such by the Serb forces. Once hostilities broke out between the Bosnian government and the Croat forces (HVO), the mujahideen also participated in battles against the HVO alongside ARBiH units.[15][non-primary source needed]
The foreign mujahideen sometimes recruited local young men into the foreign mujahideen units.
The first mujahideen training camp was located in Poljanice next to the village of
The military effectiveness of the mujahideen is disputed. However, former U.S. Balkans peace negotiator
Size
Estimates of the mujahideen forces size vary from 500 to 6,000.
Relationship to the Bosnian Army
According to the ICTY indictment of
the foreign Mujahedin established at Poljanice camp were not officially part of the 3rd Corps or the 7th Brigade of the ARBiH. Accordingly, the Prosecution failed to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the foreign Mujahedin officially joined the ARBiH and that they were de iure subordinated to the Accused Enver Hadžihasanović and Amir Kubura.[15]
It also found that:
there are significant indicia of a subordinate relationship between the Mujahedin and the Accused prior to August 13, 1993. Testimony heard by the Trial Chamber and, in the main, documents tendered into evidence demonstrate that the ARBiH maintained a close relationship with the foreign Mujahedin as soon as these arrived in central Bosnia in 1992. Joint combat operations are one illustration of that. In Karaula and Visoko in 1992, at Mount Zmajevac around mid-April 1993 and in the Bila valley in June 1993, the Mujahedin fought alongside ARBiH units against Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat forces."[15]
However, the ICTY Appeals Chamber in April 2008 concluded that the relationship between the 3rd Corps of the Bosnian Army headed by Hadžihasanović and the El Mudžahid detachment was not one of subordination but was instead close to overt hostility since the only way to control the detachment was to attack them as if they were a distinct enemy force.[27]
After the war
In 1995, veterans of the Bosnian mujahideen established the Active Islamic Youth, regarded the most dangerous of the Islamist groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[30]
Citizenship controversy
The foreign mujahideen were required to leave the Balkans under the terms of the 1995
In September 2007, 50 of these individuals had their citizenship status revoked. Since then 100 more individuals have been prevented from claiming citizenship rights. 250 more were under investigation, while the body which is charged with reconsidering the citizenship status of the foreign volunteers in the Bosnian War, including Christian fighters from Russia and Western Europe, states that 1,500 cases will eventually be examined.
War crimes trials
It was alleged that Bosnian mujahideen participated in
The judgments in the cases of Hadžihasanović and Kabura concerned a number of events involving the mujahideen. On June 8, 1993, Bosnian Army units attacked Maljine, a Croat village. After the village was taken, a military police unit of the 306th Brigade of Bosnian Army arrived there. These policemen were tasked with evacuating and protecting the civilians in the villages taken by the Bosnian Army. The wounded were left on-site and around 200 people, including civilians and Croat soldiers, were taken by the police officers towards Mehurici. The commander of the 306th Brigade authorised the wounded be put onto a truck and transported to Mehurici. The 200 villagers who were being escorted to Mehurici by the 306th Brigade military police were intercepted by a group of mujahideens and a dozen Bosnian Army forces in Poljanice. They took prisoner at least 24 military-aged Croats and a 19 years old Croat girl who was wearing a
In the
In 2015, former Human Rights Minister and Vice President of BiH Federation Mirsad Kebo talked about numerous war crimes committed against Serbs by mujahideen in Bosnia and their links with current and past Muslim officials including former and current presidents of federation and presidents of parliament based on war diaries and other documented evidence. He gave evidence to the BiH federal prosecutor. Kebo also accused Šefik Džaferović who at that time was a police commander of Zenica, and others, of deliberately hiding the war crimes. The SDA party denounced his accusations as "lies and cheap fabrications."[41][42][43][44] The prosecutors investigating Džaferović decided to drop the investigation after examining documents sent by Kebo.[45]
An Iraqi mujahideen Abduladhim Maktouf was convicted of helping his compatriots to abduct Croat civilians of Travnik in 1993. He was ultimately given a prison term of three years.[46]
In 2016, former Bosnian Army Third Corps commander
Links to Al-Qaeda and ISIS
US intelligence and phone calls intercepted by the Bosnian government show communication between Al-Qaeda commanders and Bosnian mujahideen.[51] Several of the mujahideen were connected to Al-Qaeda.[51] Osama Bin Laden sent resources to the Bosnian mujahideen.[51] Two of the five 9/11 hijackers, childhood friends Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al-Hazmi, had been Bosnian mujahideen.[52] Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi, a senior leader of the Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, had fought in Bosnia in 1995.[53] Bosnian Salafi leader and mujahideen veteran Bilal Bosnić was in 2015 sentenced to seven years in prison for public incitement to terrorist activities, recruitment of terrorists to fight with ISIS in Syria.[54]
In a 2005 interview with U.S. journalist Jim Lehrer, Richard Holbrooke said:
There were over 1,000 people in the country who belonged to what we then called Mujahideen freedom fighters. We now know that that was al-Qaida. I'd never heard the word before, but we knew who they were. And if you look at the 9/11 hijackers, several of those hijackers were trained or fought in Bosnia. We cleaned them out, and they had to move much further east into Afghanistan. So if it hadn't been for Dayton, we would have been fighting the terrorists deep in the ravines and caves of Central Bosnia in the heart of Europe.[55]
Evan Kohlmann wrote: "Some of the most important factors behind the contemporary radicalization of European Muslim youth can be found in Bosnia-Herzegovina, where the cream of the Arab mujahideen from Afghanistan tested their battle skills in the post-Soviet era and mobilized a new generation of pan-Islamic revolutionaries". He also noted that Serbian and Croatian sources about the subject are "pure propaganda" based on their historical hatred for Bosniaks "as Muslim aliens in the heart of Christian lands".[56]
According to the Radio Free Europe research "Al-Qaeda In Bosnia-Herzegovina: Myth Or Present Danger", Bosnia is no more related to the potential terrorism than any other European country.[56] In 2007, Juan Carlos Antúnez in an analysis of the phenomenon of Wahhabism in Bosnia concluded that despite Bosnian Serb and Serbian media inflated and often fictitious reports on risk of terrorism and existence of terrorist cells, the risk of a terrorist attack in Bosnia and Herzegovina 'is not higher than in other parts of the world'.[57]
Notable people
- Abdelkader Mokhtari–Abu el-Ma'ali (d. 2015), Algerian;
- Karim Said Atmani (N/A), Moroccan;
- Khalid al-Mihdhar (1975–2001), Saudi; Al Qaeda member and 9/11 hijacker
- Fateh Kamel (b. 1961), Algerian; later guilty on support of terrorism charges in France
- Zuher al-Tbaiti (N/A), Saudi; later guilty on terrorism charges in Morocco
- Babar Ahmad (b. 1974), Pakistani-British; tried in the US
- Lionel Dumont (b. 1971), French
See also
References
- ^ a b c d "LAT: Bosnia Seen as Hospitable Base and Sanctuary for Terroris". www.nettime.org. Retrieved 2023-09-28.
- ^ "Hadžihasanović & Kubura Case Information Sheet" (PDF). ICTY.org. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
- ^ "Rasim Delić Case Information Sheet" (PDF). haguejusticeportal.net. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
- ^ "Bosnia: The cradle of modern jihadism?". BBC News. 2 July 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
- ISBN 9789027282620.
- ^ Fisk, Robert (7 September 2014). "After the atrocities committed against Muslims in Bosnia, it is no wonder today's jihadis have set out on the path to war in Syria". The Independent.
- ^ Farmer 2010, p. 126.
- ^ Berger 2011, p. 55.
- JSTOR 45182211.
- ISBN 978-1-4422-7259-0.
- ISSN 1939-2206.
- ^ Lebl 2014, p. 8.
- ^ Innes 2006, p. 157.
- ^ "Humanitarian worker turned Mujahideen". Archived from the original on 2019-02-04. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
- ^ a b c d e ICTY: Summary of the judgement for Enver Hadžihasanović and Amir Kubura - "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ ICTY, Summary of the Judgment for Enver Hadzihasanovic and Amir Kubura, 15 March 2006. See section "VI. The Mujahedin"
- ^ Spero News Archived 2006-11-23 at the Wayback Machine, Bosnia: Muslims upset by Wahhabi leaders, Adrian Morgan, 13 November 2006
- ^ a b LA Times, Bosnia Seen as Hospitable Base and Sanctuary for Terrorists, 8 October 2001
- ^ "Predrag Matvejević analysis". Archived from the original on 2012-12-08.
- ^ Schindler 2007, p. 224.
- ^ Shrader 2003, p. 179.
- ^ Kohlmann 2004, p. xii.
- ^ Schwartz 2004.
- ^ Hegghammer 2011.
- ^ ICG 2013, p. 14.
- ^ Donnelly, Sanderson & Fellman 2017, p. 8.
- ^ a b c "Appeals Judgement Summary for the Case of Hadžihasanović and Kubura". ICTY.org. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009.
- ^ Curtis 2010, p. 207.
- ^ The American Conservative Archived 2008-03-09 at the Wayback Machine, The Bosnian Connection, by Brendan O’Neill, 16 July 2007
- ^ Deliso 2007, p. 18.
- ^ "BBC News - EUROPE - Mujahideen fight Bosnia evictions". Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- ^ "'Brutal crimes' of Bosnia Muslims". BBC News. December 2, 2003.
- ^ Berger 2011, p. 93.
- ^ Swicord, Jeff (November 17, 2015). "Seeds of Jihad Planted in the Balkans". Voice of America.
- ^ Erjavec, Dragana (June 8, 2016). "Bosnia Mujahideen Prisoner 'Forced to Kiss Severed Head'". JusticeReport. BIRN. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
- ^ "Hadžihasanović & Kubura Appeals Only Partially Granted". ICTY.org. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 22 April 2008.
- ^ "Summary of the Judgement for Hadžihasanović and Kubura" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
- ^ "ICTY - TPIY". Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- ^ "Rasimu Deliću tri godine zatvora". mtsmondo.com. 15 September 2008. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008.
- ^ "Rasim Delić osuđen na tri godine zatvora". Danas.rs. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.
- ^ "Mirsad Kebo: Novi dokazi o zločinima nad Srbima". Nezavisne.com. 10 January 2015. Retrieved 2016-09-04.
- ^ "Bosniak Politician Evades Censure in War Crimes Row". avim.org. BIRN. 15 January 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015.
- ^ "Kebo To Show Evidence Izetbegovic Brought Mujahideen To Bosnia | Срна". Srna.rs. Archived from the original on 2016-05-10. Retrieved 2016-09-04.
- ^ Denis Dzidic (13 January 2015). "Bosnian Party Accused of Harbouring War Criminals". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 2016-09-04.
- ^ Dzidic, Denis (13 March 2015). "Bosnian Serbs Slate Decision Against Probing Dzaferovic". Balkan Insight.
- ^ Dizdarevic, Emina (9 November 2016). "Bosnia Awards Iraqi War Crimes Convict €36,600". Balkan Insight.
- ^ Dzidic, Denis (January 25, 2016). "Report Probes Mujahideen Killings During Bosnian War". BalkanInsight.com.
- ^ Dizdarevic, Emina (August 30, 2019). "Bosnian Army Commander Honoured Despite War Crimes Charges". BalkanInsight.com. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ^ "Army of BiH commander Mahmuljin sentenced to 10 years in prison for war crime". fena.ba.
- ^ "Bosnian Muslim ex-commander jailed 10 years over war crimes by Islamist fighters". Reuters. 22 January 2021. Archived from the original on 2023-07-09.
- ^ a b c Berger 2011, p. 153.
- ^ 9/11 Commission Report, Chapter 5.2, pp. 153–159
- ^ Joscelyn, Thomas; Adaki, Oren (1 October 2014). "AQAP official calls on rival factions in Syria to unite against West". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
- ^ "Bosnia Jails Salafist Chief for Recruiting Fighters". BalkanInsight. 5 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ^ PBS Newshour with Jim Jim Lehrer Archived 2013-10-02 at the Wayback Machine, A New Constitution for Bosnia, 22 November 2005
- ^ a b RFE - Al-Qaeda In Bosnia-Herzegovina: Myth Or Present Danger - Chapter: Myth Or Present Danger? "Al-Kai'da U Bosni I Hercegovini: Mit Ili Stvarna Opasnost?". Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
- ^ Juan Carlos Antúnez (16 September 2008). "5. Wahhabi links to international terrorism". Wahhabism in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Part One. Bosnian Institute. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
Sources
- Lebl, Leslie S. (2014). Islamism and Security in Bosnia-Herzegovina (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute. pp. 21, 26. ISBN 978-1584876229. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-03-02. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
- Deliso, Christopher (2007). The Coming Balkan Caliphate: The Threat of Radical Islam to Europe and the West. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-99525-6.
- Kohlmann, Evan (2004). Al-Qaida's Jihad in Europe: The Afghan-Bosnian Network. Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85973-802-3.
- Schwartz, Stephen (2004). "Wahhabism and al-Qaeda in Bosnia-Herzegovina". Terrorism Monitor. 2 (20). Jamestown Foundation.
- Zosak, Stephanie. "Revoking citizenship in the name of counterterrorism: the citizenship review commission violates human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Nw. UJ Int'l Hum. Rts. 8 (2009): 216
- Moghadam, Assaf (2011). The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks. JHU Press. ISBN 9781421400587.
- Shrader, Charles R. (2003). The Muslim-Croat Civil War in Central Bosnia: A Military History, 1992-1994. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-261-4.
- Innes, Michael A. (2006). Bosnian Security After Dayton: New Perspectives. Routledge. pp. 157–. ISBN 978-1-134-14872-1.
- Farmer, Brian R. (2010). Radical Islam in the West: Ideology and Challenge. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-6210-0.
- Berger, J. M. (2011). Jihad Joe: Americans Who Go to War in the Name of Islam. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 55–. ISBN 978-1-59797-693-0.
- Curtis, Mark (2010). Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-84668-763-1.
- Hegghammer, Thomas (2011). "The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters: Islam and the Globalization of Jihad" (PDF). S2CID 40379198.
- Donnelly, Maria Galperin; Sanderson, Thomas M.; Fellman, Zack (2017). "Foreign Fighters in History" (PDF). Web Services. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
- Schindler, John R. (2007). Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad. New York City: Zenith Press. ISBN 9780760330036.
Further reading
- The Afghan-Bosnian Mujahideen Network in Europe, by, Evan F. Kohlmann. The paper was presented at a conference held by the Swedish National Defence College's Center for Asymmetric Threat Studies (CATS) in Stockholm in May 2006 at the request of Dr. Magnus Ranstorp - former director of the St. Andrews University Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence - and now Chief Scientist at CATS. It is also the title of a book by the same author.
- Christopher Deliso, John R. Schindler and Shaul Shay on al-Qaeda in Bosnia, Marko Attila Hoare
- International Crisis Group (26 February 2013). "Bosnia's Dangerous Tango: Islam and Nationalism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- Radio Free Europe - Al-Qaeda In Bosnia-Herzegovina: Myth Or Present Danger, Vlado Azinovic's research about the alleged presence of Al-Qaeda in Bosnia and the role of Arab fighters in the Bosnian War
External links
- Radio Free Europe - Al-Qaeda In Bosnia-Herzegovina: Myth Or Present Danger (in Bosnian)
- Radio Free Europe - Bosnia-Herzegovina: New Book Investigates Presence Of Al-Qaeda
- Balkan Investigative Reporting Network (BIRN), CTY: BiH Army Knew About Mujahedin Crimes, 8 September 2007