Botai culture

Coordinates: 53°18′11″N 67°38′42″E / 53.303°N 67.645°E / 53.303; 67.645
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53°18′11″N 67°38′42″E / 53.303°N 67.645°E / 53.303; 67.645

Botai culture
Seima-Turbino phenomenon, Tagar culture

The Botai culture is an archaeological culture (c. 3700–3100 BC)[2] of prehistoric northern Central Asia. It was named after the settlement of Botai in today's northern Kazakhstan. The Botai culture has two other large sites: Krasnyi Yar, and Vasilkovka.[3]

The Botai site is on the Imanburlyq, a tributary of the Ishim. The site has at least 153 pit-houses. The settlement was partly destroyed by river erosion, which is still occurring, and by management of the wooded area.

Archaeology

The Botai culture emerged with the transition from a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle with a variety of game to a sedentary lifestyle with a diet that heavily relied on horse meat. The settlements of the Botai consisted of pit-houses and were relatively large and permanent, the largest being the type site at Botai with over 160 houses. The population of the Botai culture has been connected to the earliest evidence for horse husbandry. Enormous amounts of horse bones were found in and around the Botai settlements, suggesting that the Botai people kept horses or even domesticated them. Archaeological data suggests that the Botai were sedentary pastoralists and also domesticated dogs.[4]

Ancient settlement at Botai, discovered in 1980.
3-D reconstruction of a Botai dwelling

A number of researchers state that horses were

Equus ferus, hunted with bows, arrows, and spears. However, evidence reported in 2009 for pottery containing mare's milk and of horse bones with telltale signs of being bred after domestication have demonstrated a much stronger case for the Botai culture as a major user of domestic horses by about 3,500 BC, close to 1,000 years earlier than the previous scientific consensus. Botai horses were primarily ancestors of Przewalski's horses, and contributed 2.7% ancestry to modern domestic horses. Thus, modern horses may have been domesticated in other centers of origin.[12]

Illustration of a Botai house structure.

However, more recent studies analyzing dental calculus suggest an absence of dairy product consumption among Botai culture individuals, which would potentially discard the previously believed milking of the horses assumed from the presence of animal fats on pottery.[13]

Damgaard et al. (2018) confirmed that the Botai horses were not the ancestors of the common modern horse

Equus caballus but were nonetheless domesticated - of particular interest is the "genetic domestication selection at the horse TRPM1 coat-color locus" as per the study.[14]

Although contemporaneous to

bifaces.[8] The pottery of the culture had simple shapes, most examples being gray in color and unglazed. The decorations are geometric, including hatched triangles and rhombi as well as step motifs. Punctates and circles were also used as decorative motifs.[15]

Language reconstruction

Asko Parpola suggests that the language of the Botai culture cannot be conclusively identified with any known language or language family.[16] He suggests that the Proto-Ugric word *lox for "horse" is a borrowing from the language of the Botai culture.[a][17] However, Vladimir Napolskikh believes that it comes from Proto-Tocharian *l(ə)wa ("prey; livestock").[18]

Tamaz Gamkrelidze, who argued that the Botai people may have spoken a form of Yeniseian languages. According to him, linguistic data lends some support for a homeland of Yeniseian within the Central Asian Steppe, prior to its migration into Siberia. This language may have contributed some loanwords related to horsemanship and pastoralism, such as the word for horse (Yeniseian *ʔɨʔχ-kuʔs "stallion" and Indo-European *H₁ek̂wos "domesticated horse"), towards proto-Indo-European.[19][dubious
]

Archaeogenetics

Afanasievo () pastoralists.[20]
Genetic proximity of Botai populations () to non-African modern human genomes (grey), and other ancient populations (colors). Principal component (PC) analysis.

Genetic analyses carried out on five Botai specimens, four of which turned out to be male, and one to be female, revealed high genetic affinity between them and "Western Siberian hunter-gatherers" (WSHG), a genetic cluster that is represented by three hunter-gatherer individuals dated ca. 5,000 BCE from the Russian Forest Zone east of the Urals in

Ancient East Asian" (AEA) source at lower proportions, but slightly higher among the Botai compared to the WSHG.[21][23] There is additional evidence for minor geneflow of a European hunter-gatherer-like ancestry into the Botai and WSHG, best represented by the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers, themselves having affinity to Ancient North Eurasians and Western Hunter-Gatherers.[22][11]

Frequency of Eurasian ancestral components. ANE-like ancestry is displayed in red. The Botai display slightly higher Eastern ancestries than the WSHG.

The Botai and the WSHG can be modeled as deriving ancestry primarily from an EHG-like and ANE-like source, with some geneflow from an AEA-like population. This model can be simplified into modeling the Botai and the WSHG to derive their ancestry from the combination of an EHG-like population, and from a population similar to the early Tarim mummies from Xinjiang (Tarim_EMBA1), who had the "fitting" combination of Ancient North Eurasian and Ancient East Asian components. The Botai, compared to with the WSHG, however need a small additional AEA contribution. Different models estimated the overall Eastern Asian-related contributions for the Botai to be c. 17.0±2.2% (12—30%), with the remainder being associated with EHG and ANE-like components.[24] The admixture event was estimated to have taken place about 7,000 BCE.[25]

Botai 14, dated to 3517–3108 cal BC, carried a derived allele at

Z1a, Botai 15 - to R1b1, and Botai 14 - to K1b2.[26]

Two more Botai individuals were tested in September 2015. One sample belonged to the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup K1b2 and the paternal Haplogroup O-M268 (with 97.1% probability).[27]

Footnote

  1. Mansi , and Khanty law, all meaning "horse". The word is neither of Uralic nor Indo-European origin, nor does it resemble any of the words for "horse" in known Eurasian language families.[16]

References

  1. .
  2. . Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  3. .
  4. ^ Olsen, Sandra (27 June 2014). "The Early Horse Herders of Botai". KU Biodiversity Institute & Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  5. ^
    S2CID 5126719
    .
  6. .
  7. ^ Zaibert, V. F. (2009). Botaiskaya Kultura.
  8. ^
    S2CID 39814042
    .
  9. .
  10. ^ Gaunitz et al. (2018), Supplementary Material pp. 2, 7-9,20-1.
  11. ^ a b c Damgaard et al. (2018), Supplementary Material p. 3.
  12. ^ Gaunitz et al. (2018), Supplementary Material pp. 7-9,20-1.
  13. PMID 34526723
    .
  14. ^ Gaunitz et al. (2018), Supplementary Material pp. 8-9.
  15. ^ "Carnegie Museum of Natural History: Sandra Olsen". Carnegiemnh.org. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  16. ^ . Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  17. ^ "Uralic Etymological Database".
  18. ^ Napolskikh, Vladimir (1996). "Происхождение угорского названия лошади". Linguistica Uralica (in Russian). 32 (2): 116–118. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  19. ^ Blažek, Václav. 2019. Toward the question of Yeniseian homeland in perspective of toponymy. 14th Annual Sergei Starostin Memorial Conference on Comparative-Historical Linguistics. Moscow: RSUH. Quote: The preceding arguments lead to the conclusion that Yeniseians still lived in the steppe region of Central Asia including Kazakhstan in the first centuries of CE and certainly earlier. Northern Kazakhstan, namely the area of the Botai43 culture, was probably the place where the wild horse (Przewalsky-horse, i.e. Equus ferus przevalskii Poljakoff) was already in the mid 4th mill. BCE domesticated (cf. Bökönyi 1994: 116; Becker 1994: 169; Anthony 1994: 194; Outram 2009: 1332-35). The creators of this culture were totally specialized in breeding of horses (133.000 horse bones were found here already in the early 1990s!). The proximity of the Yeniseian *ʔɨʔχ-kuʔs "stallion" and Indo-European *H1ek̂u̯os "(domesticated) horse" is apparent and explainable through borrowing. If the Indo-European term cannot be transparently derived from IE *ōk̂u- "swift" = *HoHk̂u-, while the Yeniseian compound "stallion" = "male-horse" is quite understandable, the vector of borrowing should be oriented from Yeniseian to Indo-European.
  20. PMID 34707286
    .
  21. ^
  22. ^ .
  23. .
  24. . Applying qpAdm, we successfully modeled the high-ANE group West_Siberia_N as a mixture of Tarim_EMBA1 (67%) and Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers (EHG) (Supplementary Data S1I). Botai _CA shows a similar profile but requires an additional Eastern Eurasian contribution (5-12%) (Supplementary Data S1I; Extended Data Table 3).
  25. ^ Damgaard et al. (2018), Supplementary Material p. 16.
  26. ^ Damgaard et al. (2018), Supplementary Material pp. 27-8.
  27. ^ Изучение этногенетической истории населения Казахстана [Study of the ethnogenetic history of the population of Kazakhstan] (PDF). Первые результаты работы Лаборатории популяционной генетики [The first results of the work of the Laboratory of Population Genetics] (in Russian). Institute of General Genetics and Cytology, Ministry of Education, Republic of Kazakhstan.

Bibliography

External links