Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Boutros Boutros-Ghali | |
---|---|
بطرس بطرس غالي | |
Secretary-General of La Francophonie | |
In office 16 November 1997 – 31 December 2002 | |
Preceded by | Jean-Louis Roy (ACCT) |
Succeeded by | Abdou Diouf |
Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
In office 17 September 1978 – 17 February 1979 | |
Prime Minister | |
Preceded by | Muhammad Ibrahim Kamel |
Succeeded by | Mustafa Khalil |
In office 17 November 1977 – 15 December 1977 | |
Prime Minister | Mamdouh Salem |
Preceded by | Ismail Fahmi |
Succeeded by | Muhammad Ibrahim Kamel |
Personal details | |
Born | Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt | 14 November 1922
Died | 16 February 2016 Cairo, Egypt | (aged 93)
Political party |
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Alma mater | |
Signature | |
Boutros Boutros-Ghali (
Born to a Coptic Christian family in Cairo, Boutros-Ghali was an academic by training and taught international law and international relations at Cairo University from 1949 to 1979. His political career began during the presidency of Anwar Sadat, who appointed him acting foreign minister in 1977. In that capacity, he helped negotiate the Camp David Accords and the Egypt–Israel peace treaty between Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin. He was acting foreign minister until early 1991, when he served as deputy foreign minister for a few months.
Boutros-Ghali was elected secretary-general by the United Nations General Assembly in 1991 and began his term in 1992, succeeding Javier Pérez de Cuéllar. His tenure was marked by controversy and crises, which included the Somali Civil War, the Rwandan Civil War, the continuing Angolan Civil War and the Yugoslav Wars. He received criticism over UN inaction in Angola and during the genocide in Rwanda, and the perceived ineffectiveness of the UN peacekeeping operation in Bosnia led to a NATO intervention. In 1996, Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed for a second term as secretary-general but the United States, long dissatisfied with his leadership, denied his bid by exercising its UN Security Council veto.
After leaving the UN, Boutros-Ghali served as the first
Early life and education
Boutros Boutros-Ghali was born in Cairo, Egypt, on 14 November 1922 into a Coptic Orthodox Christian family.[1][2][3] His father Yusuf Butros Ghali was the son of Boutros Ghali Bey then Pasha (also his namesake), who was Prime Minister of Egypt from 1908 until he was assassinated in 1910.[4][5] His mother, Safela Mikhail Sharubim, was daughter of Mikhail Sharubim (1861–1920), a prominent public servant and historian.[6] The young boy was brought up by a Slovenian nanny, one of the so-called Aleksandrinke ; he was closer to Milena, "his invaluable friend and confidant", than to his own mother.[7]
Boutros-Ghali graduated from
Political career
Boutros-Ghali's political career developed during the presidency of Anwar Sadat. He was a member of the Central Committee of the Arab Socialist Union from 1974 to 1977. He served as Egypt's Minister of State for Foreign Affairs from 1977 until early 1991. He then became Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs for several months before moving to the UN. As Minister of State, he played a part in the peace agreements between President Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin.[10]
According to investigative journalist
United Nations Secretary-General
1991 selection
Boutros-Ghali ran for Secretary-General of the United Nations in the 1991 selection. The top post in the UN was opening up as Javier Pérez de Cuéllar of Peru reached the end of his second term, and Africa was next in the rotation. Boutros-Ghali tied Bernard Chidzero of Zimbabwe in the first two rounds of polling, edged ahead by one vote in round 3, and fell behind by one vote in round 4. After several countries withdrew their support for Chidzero, fed by fears that the United States was trying to eliminate both of the leading candidates, Boutros-Ghali won a clear victory in round 5.[13]
Tenure (1992–1996)
Boutros-Ghali's term in office remains controversial. In 1992, he submitted An Agenda for Peace, a suggestion for how the UN could respond to violent conflict. He set three goals: for the UN to be more active in promoting democracy, for the UN to conduct preventative diplomacy to avert crises, and to expand the UN's role as peacekeeper.[14] Although the goals were consistent with those of US president George H. W. Bush, he nevertheless repeatedly clashed with the United States, especially with his efforts to involve the UN more deeply in the civil wars in Somalia (1992) and in Rwanda (1994). The United States refused to send peace enforcement units under UN leadership.[15]
Boutros-Ghali was criticised for the UN's failure to act during the
The US journalist
Second term vetoed
Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed for the customary second term in 1996, despite efforts by the United States to unseat him. US ambassador Madeleine Albright asked Boutros-Ghali to resign and offered to establish a foundation for him to run, an offer that other Western diplomats called "ludicrous".[19] American diplomatic pressure also had no effect, as other members of the Security Council remained unwavering in their support for Boutros-Ghali. He won 14 of the 15 votes in the Security Council, but the sole opposing vote was a US veto.[20][21] After four deadlocked meetings of the Security Council, France offered a compromise in which Boutros-Ghali would be appointed to a short term of two years, but the United States rejected the French offer. Finally, Boutros-Ghali suspended his candidacy, becoming the second Secretary-General ever to be denied re-election by a veto, with Kurt Waldheim being the first.
Later life
From 1997 to 2002, Boutros-Ghali was
Boutros-Ghali supported the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly and was one of the initial signatories of the Campaign's appeal in 2007. In a message to the Campaign, he stressed the necessity to establish democratic participation of citizens at the global level.[26] From 2009 to 2015 he also participated as a jury member for the Conflict Prevention Prize, awarded every year by the Fondation Chirac.[27]
Death
Boutros-Ghali died aged 93 in a Cairo hospital after being admitted for a
Personal life
Boutros-Ghali's wife, Leia Maria Nadler, was raised in an
Honorary degrees
He received honorary degrees from
Awards and recognition
- The World Affairs Council Christian A. Herter memorial award, Boston (March 1993)
- The Arthur A. Houghton Jr. Star Crystal Award for Excellence de l'Institut afro- américain, New York (November 1993)
- Member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques
- Honorary membership of the Order of Canada
- Honorary membership of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow (April 1994)
- Honorary foreign membership of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow (April 1994)
- Honorary foreign membership of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk (April 1994)
- Fellow of Berkeley College, Yale University (March 1995)
- The recipient of the Onassis Award for International Understanding and Social Achievement (July 1995)
Honours
National honours
Ribbon | Description | Year |
---|---|---|
Grand Collar of the Order of the Nile | [year needed] | |
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Arab Republic of Egypt | [year needed] | |
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit | [year needed] |
Foreign honours
Published works
As Secretary-General, Boutros-Ghali wrote An Agenda for Peace. He also published other memoirs:
In English
- The Arab League, 1945–1955: Ten Years of Struggle, ed. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, New York, 1954
- New Dimensions of Arms Regulations and Disarmament in the Post Cold War, ed. United Nations, New York, 1992
- An Agenda for Development, ed. United Nations, New York, 1995
- Confronting New Challenges, ed. United Nations, New York, 1995
- Fifty Years of the United Nations, ed. William Morrow, New York, 1995
- The 50th Anniversary: Annual Report on the Work of the Organization, ed. United Nations, New York, 1996
- An Agenda for Democratization, ed. United Nations, New York, 1997
- Egypt's Road to Jerusalem: A Diplomat's Story of the Struggle for Peace in the Middle East, ed. Random House, New York, 1998
- Essays on Leadership (with George H. W. Bush, Jimmy Carter, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Desmond Tutu), ed. Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Washington, 1998
- Unvanquished: A US-UN Saga, ed. I. B. Tauris, New York, 1999
- The Papers of United Nations Secretary (with Charles Hill), ed. Yale University Press, New York, 2003
- The Arab League, 1945–1955: International Conciliation, ed. Literary Licensing Publisher, London, 2013
In French
- Contribution à l'étude des ententes régionales, ed. Pedone, Paris, 1949
- Cours de Diplomatie et de Droit Diplomatique et consulaire, ed. Librairie Anglo-égyptienne, Cairo, 1951
- Le problème du canal de Suez, ed. Société égyptienne du droit international, Cairo, 1957
- Le principe d'égalité des États et des organisations internationales, ed. Académie de droit international, Leiden, 1961
- Contribution à une théorie générale des alliances, ed. Pedone, Paris, 1963
- Le Mouvement afro-asiatique, ed. Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1969
- L'organisation de l'Unité africaine, ed. Armand Colin, Paris, 1969
- Les difficultés institutionnelles du panafricanisme, ed. Institut Universitaire des Hautes études Internationales, Geneva, 1971
- Les conflits des frontières en Afrique, ed. Techniques et Économiques, Paris, 1972
- Contribution à une théorie générale des alliances, ed. Pedone, Paris, 1991
- L'interaction démocratie et développement [eds.], ed. Unesco, Paris, 2002
- Démocratiser la mondialisation, ed. Rocher, Paris, 2002
- Émanciper la Francophonie, ed. L'Harmattan, Paris, 2003
- 60 Ans de conflit israélo-arabe : Témoignages pour l'Histoire (with Shimon Peres), ed. Complexes, Paris, 2006
See also
References
Citations
- ^ "Boutros Boutros-Ghali Biography – life, family, history, young, infor…". Encyclopedia of World Biography. 6 September 2012. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2022 – via archive.today.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Chandler, Adam (16 February 2016). "Remembering Boutros Boutros-Ghali". The Atlantic. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
- ^ "Vale Boutros Boutros-Ghali: Former UN chief and key thinker on peacekeeping". lowyinstitute.org. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
- JSTOR 217848.
- ^ Goldschmidt 1993, pp. 183, 188.
- ^ Goldschmidt 1993, p. 183.
- ^ "The Alexandrians :: Vertigo". vertigo.si. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
- ^ Naylor, David. "Honorary doctorates". Uppsala University, Sweden. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ^ "Boutros Boutros-Ghali: The world is his oyster". Weekly Ahram. 18 January 2006. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ Melvern 2000.
- Find Articles.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Jentleson & Paterson 1997, p. 167.
- S2CID 213046710.
- S2CID 225356374.
- ^ Bowden 1999, pp. 83–84.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ^ "The South Centre | Press release, 22 February 2016". Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "Egypt: NCHR Mourns Death of Boutros Ghali". AllAfrica. 21 February 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ Diab, Khaled (17 February 2016). "Make diplomacy, not war". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "Who's who in Egypt's reshuffled Human Rights Council – Politics – Egypt". Ahram Online. 4 September 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "Message from Dr. Boutros Boutros Ghali" (PDF). Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "The Jury | Fondation Chirac". Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former UN head, dies at 93". BBC News. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ Botelho, Greg (16 February 2016). "Former U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali dies". CNN. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "How did Boutros-Ghali break his pelvis?". Google Bard. 10 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ "Boutros-Ghali to be buried at family's Italian-style church". Egypt Independent. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "At Home With: Boutros Boutros-Ghali". The New York Times. 20 July 1997. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "Boutros Boutros-Ghali".
- ^ "Doctorats honoris causa".
- ^ "Boutros Boutros-Ghali".
- ^ "Arrêté du 24 septembre 1992 conférant le titre de docteur honoris causa".
- ^ "Docteurs honoris causa depuis 1951".
- ^ "Doctor of Philosophy, Honoris Causa".
- ^ "Doctor Honoris Causa".
- ^ "Order of Canada". archive.gg.ca. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
- ^ "Mitterrand décore Boutros-Ghali". L'Humanité (in French). 27 October 1994. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
- ^ "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana". quirinale.it (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2019.
- ^ "CUELLAR Javier Perez de". ordens.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 May 2022.
Bibliography
- OL 384149M.
- Goldschmidt, Arthur (1993). "The Butrus Ghali Family". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 30: 183–188. JSTOR 40000236.
- Jentleson, Bruce W.; Paterson, Thomas G., eds. (1997). Encyclopedia of US Foreign Relations. Vol. 1.
- Melvern, Linda (2000). A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide. London: Zed. ISBN 1-85649-830-1.
- Nevéus, Torgny (2000). Honoris causa : promotioner, hedersdoktorer och hedersmedlemmar vid Uppsala universitet, 1800–2000 (in Swedish) (2nd ed.). Uppsala: Uppsala University. OCLC 46607648.
Further reading
- Burgess, Stephen Franklin (2001). The United Nations Under Boutros Boutros-Ghali, 1992–1997. Gale Biographical Index Series. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3703-4.
- Pidoux, Flora (2019). "Boutros-Ghali, Boutros Youssef" (PDF). In Bob Reinalda; Kent J. Kille; and Jaci Eisenberg (eds.). IO BIO, Biographical Dictionary of Secretaries- General of International Organizations. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
- Rushton, Simon (2008). "The UN Secretary-General and Norm Entrepreneurship: Boutros Boutros-Ghali and Democracy Promotion". Global Governance. 14 (1): 95–110. JSTOR 27800693.
External links
- Quotations related to Boutros Boutros-Ghali at Wikiquote
- Boutros Boutros-Ghali papers at the United Nations Archives
- Appearances on C-SPAN