Bovine coronavirus

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"BCoV" redirects here. For other uses, see Betacoronavirus and BCOV (disambiguation).
Bovine coronavirus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Betacoronavirus
Subgenus: Embecovirus
Species:
Betacoronavirus 1
Virus:
Bovine coronavirus
Strains[1]

Bovine coronavirus (BCV

structural proteins shared by all coronaviruses (spike, membrane, nucleocapsid, and envelope proteins).[5][4]

Virology

BCoV has 95% similarity with human coronavirus OC43 and 93% to porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus. According to a 2006 study,[8] those three strains may have diverged during the 19th century, while all circulating BCoV lineages had a most recent common ancestor around 1940s, with all earlier bovine lineages extinct.

An earlier article by the same authors compared BCoV and HCoV-OC43, and several methods yielded most probable divergence dates around 1890, leading authors to speculate that an

1889–1890 flu pandemic.[9]

Clinical signs and diagnosis

Infection normally occurs in calves between the ages of one week and three months. Gastrointestinal signs include profuse diarrhea, dehydration, depression, reduced weight gain and anorexia. Respiratory infection in the calf produces a serous to purulent nasal discharge. Clinical signs may worsen with secondary bacteria infection.

Infection in adults is normally subclinical, the exception being with winter dysentery, which affects housed cattle over the winter months. Clinical signs include profuse diarrhea and a significant drop in milk yield is seen in winter dysentery outbreaks.

A presumptive diagnosis can be made based on the history and clinical signs. Definitive diagnosis of an enteric

electron microscopy or an ELISA on a faecal or tissue sample. In respiratory disease, diagnosis is confirmed by performing a direct fluorescent antibody test
on nasal washes – which identifies the viral antigen.

The

haemagglutination inhibition test
can be used to establish the strain of coronavirus.

Treatment and control

Animals should be treated

antibodies to the virus in the colostrum. Additional management factors such as ensuring adequate colostrum
intake in newborn calves, using appropriate hygiene methods and ventilation of housing reduce disease incidence.

References

  1. ^ de Groot, R.J; et al. (2009). "ICTV 9th Report (2011) New Coronaviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  2. PMID 22210995
    .
  3. PMID 29687958
    .
  4. ^ a b "Taxonomy browser (Betacoronavirus 1)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
  5. ^
    PMID 21994708
    .
  6. PMID 27578435
    .
  7. PMID 25720466
    .
  8. PMID 16809333
    .
  9. PMID 15650185
    .

External links
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