Central nervous system disease

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Central nervous system disease
Central nervous system in yellow (brain and spinal cord)
SpecialtyPsychiatry, Neurology, Neurosurgery

Central nervous system diseases or central nervous system disorders are a group of neurological disorders that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord, which collectively form the central nervous system (CNS).[1][2][3] These disorders may be caused by such things as infection, injury, blood clots, age related degeneration, cancer, autoimmune disfunction, and birth defects. The symptoms vary widely, as do the treatments.

Central nervous system tumors are the most common forms of pediatric cancer. Brain tumors are the most frequent and have the highest mortality.[4]

Some disorders, such as substance addiction, autism, and ADHD may be regarded as CNS disorders, though the classifications are not without dispute.

Signs and symptoms

Every disease has different

slurred speech. One should seek medical attention if affected by these.[citation needed
]

Causes

Trauma

Any type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) or injury done to the spinal cord can result in a wide spectrum of disabilities in a person. Depending on the section of the brain or spinal cord that experiences the trauma, the outcome may be anticipated.

Infections

Infectious diseases are transmitted in several ways. Some of these infections may affect the brain or spinal cord directly. Generally, an infection is a disease that is caused by the invasion of a microorganism or virus.

Degeneration

Degenerative spinal disorders involve a loss of function in the spine. Pressure on the spinal cord and nerves may be associated with

obese people may have severe degeneration in the brain[dubious ] due to loss of tissue affecting cognition.[5][citation needed
]

Structural defects

Common structural defects include birth defects,[6] anencephaly, and spina bifida. Children born with structural defects may have malformed limbs, heart problems, and facial abnormalities.

Defects in the formation of the

.

CNS Tumors

A

cellular division. Problems with the body's immune system
can lead to tumors.

Autoimmune disorders

An

autoimmune disorder
is a condition where in the immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. This is caused by a loss of tolerance to proteins in the body, resulting in immune cells recognising these as 'foreign' and directing an immune response against them.

Stroke

A stroke is an interruption of the blood supply to the brain. Approximately every 40 seconds, someone in the US has a stroke.

blood clot
or when a blood vessel ruptures, causing blood to leak to the brain. If the brain cannot get enough oxygen and blood, brain cells can die, leading to permanent damage.

Functions

Spinal cord

The spinal cord transmits sensory reception from the

spinal nerves along the spinal cord, all of which consist of both sensory and motor neurons.[8] The spinal cord is protected by vertebrae
and connects the peripheral nervous system to the brain, and it acts as a "minor" coordinating center.

Brain

The brain serves as the organic basis of

organs of the body. The brain is protected by the skull; however, if the brain is damaged
, significant impairments in cognition and physiological function or death may occur.

Diagnosis

Types of CNS disorders

Addiction

Addiction is a disorder of the brain's

epigenetic mechanisms and occurs over time from chronically high levels of exposure to an addictive stimulus (e.g., morphine, cocaine, sexual intercourse, gambling, etc.).[10][11][12][13]

Arachnoid cysts

Arachnoid cysts are

ADHD are common among children, while presenile dementia, hydrocephalus (an abnormality of the dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid), and urinary incontinence
are symptoms for elderly patients (65 and older).

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

ADHD is an organic disorder of the nervous system.

Attention deficit disorder to Parkinson's disease[22][23] two progressive, and serious, neurological diseases whose symptoms often occur in people over age 65.[21][24][25][26]

Autism

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by repetitive patterns of behavior and persistent deficits in social interaction and communication.[9]

Brain tumors

Tumors of the central nervous system constitute around 2% of all cancer in the United States.[27]

Catalepsy

Catalepsy is a nervous disorder characterized by immobility and muscular rigidity, along with a decreased sensitivity to pain. Catalepsy is considered a symptom of serious diseases of the nervous system (e.g.,

Benzodiazepines (e.g., Lorazepam) in pill and I.V. form.[28]

Encephalitis

Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. It is usually caused by a foreign substance or a

viral infection. Symptoms of this disease include headache, neck pain, drowsiness, nausea, and fever. If caused by the West Nile virus,[29]
it may be lethal to humans, as well as birds and horses.

Epilepsy/Seizures

Epilepsy is an unpredictable, serious, and potentially fatal disorder of the nervous system, thought to be the result of faulty electrical activity in the brain. Epileptic seizures result from abnormal, excessive, or hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain. About 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, and nearly 80% of epilepsy occurs in developing countries. Epilepsy becomes more common as people age. Onset of new cases occurs most frequently in infants and the elderly. Epileptic seizures may occur in recovering patients as a consequence of brain surgery.[30]

Infection

A number of different

fungi, and prions) can cause infections
that adversely affect the brain or spinal cord.

Locked-in syndrome

A medical condition, Locked-in syndrome usually resulting from a stroke that damages part of the brainstem, in which the body and most of the facial muscles are paralysed but consciousness remains and the ability to perform certain eye movements is preserved.

Meningitis

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges (membranes) of the brain and spinal cord. It is most often caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Fever, vomiting, and a stiff neck are all symptoms of meningitis.

Migraine

A chronic, often debilitating neurological disorder characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches, often in association with a number of autonomic nervous system symptoms.

Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory

myelin sheath of neurons is damaged. Symptoms of MS include visual and sensation problems, muscle weakness, numbness and tingling all over, muscle spasms, poor coordination, and depression
. Also, patients with MS have reported extreme fatigue and dizziness, tremors, and bladder leakage.

Myelopathy

Myelopathy is an injury to the spinal cord due to severe compression that may result from trauma, congenital stenosis, degenerative disease or disc herniation. The spinal cord is a group of nerves housed inside the spine that runs almost its entire length.

Tourette's

Tourette's syndrome is an inherited neurological disorder. Early onset may be during childhood, and it is characterized by physical and verbal

ADHD
indicating a link between the three disorders. The exact cause of Tourette's, other than genetic factors, is unknown.

Neurodegenerative disorders

Alzheimer's

Alzheimer's is a

neurodegenerative disease typically found in people over the age of 65 years. Worldwide, approximately 24 million people have dementia
; 60% of these cases are due to Alzheimer's. The ultimate cause is unknown. The clinical sign of Alzheimer's is progressive cognition deterioration.

Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease is a degenerative neurological disorder that is inherited. Degeneration of neuronal cells occurs throughout the brain, especially in the striatum. There is a progressive decline that results in abnormal movements.[31] Statistics show that Huntington's disease may affect 10 per 100,000 people of Western European descent.

Parkinson's

Parkinson's disease, or PD, is a progressive illness of the nervous system. Caused by the death of dopamine-producing brain cells that affect motor skills and speech. Symptoms may include

Bi-polar disorder) in different areas of the brain:[32][33][34]

Treatments

There are a wide range of treatments for central nervous system diseases. These can range from surgery to

CSPC Pharma (Hong Kong), Biogen (United States), UCB (Belgium) and Otsuka (Japan) who are active in treatment areas like MS, Alzheimers, Epilepsy and Psychiatry.[35]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Central Nervous System Diseases at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  3. ^
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  4. ^ "Central Nervous System Tumor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  5. ^ "Obese People Have 'Severe Brain Degeneration'". Live Science. 25 August 2009.
  6. ^ "Birth Defects". Kidshealth.org. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  7. ^ "Stroke". Hearthealthywomen.org. Archived from the original on 2013-06-24. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  8. ^ a b "Organization of the Nervous System". Users.rcn.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
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  15. ^ "Brain Studies Show ADHD Is Real Disease - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  16. ^ "ADHD Study: General Information". Genome.gov. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  17. ^ Christian Nordqvist (2010-09-30). "MNT - ADHD Is A Genetic Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Scientists Reveal". Medical News Today. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  18. ^ "Social Security Disability SSI and ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". Ssdrc.com. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  19. ^ "112.00-MentalDisorders-Childhood". Ssa.gov. 2013-05-31. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  20. ^ "What Is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: What You Need to Know". Webmd.com. 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  21. ^ a b "Adult ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder)". MayoClinic.com. 2013-03-07. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
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  24. ^ "Dementia With Lewy Bodies Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)". Ninds.nih.gov. 2013-06-06. Archived from the original on 2016-08-09. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
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  30. ^ "How Serious Are Seizures?". Epilepsy.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
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  35. ^ "Top Global Pharmaceutical Company Report" (PDF). The Pharma 1000. November 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2022.

External links