Brain mapping

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For broader coverage of this topic, see Outline of brain mapping.
Brain mapping
MeSHD001931

Brain mapping is a set of neuroscience techniques predicated on the mapping of (biological) quantities or properties onto spatial representations of the (human or non-human) brain resulting in maps.

According to the definition established in 2013 by

cellular biology, engineering, neurophysiology and nanotechnology
.

Overview

All

fMRI). One such map, called a connectogram, depicts cortical regions around a circle, organized by lobes. Concentric circles within the ring represent various common neurological measurements, such as cortical thickness or curvature. In the center of the circles, lines representing white matter fibers illustrate the connections between cortical regions, weighted by fractional anisotropy and strength of connection.[1] At higher resolutions brain maps are called connectomes. These maps incorporate individual neural connections in the brain and are often presented as wiring diagrams.[2]

Brain mapping techniques are constantly evolving, and rely on the development and refinement of image acquisition, representation, analysis, visualization and interpretation techniques.[3] Functional and structural neuroimaging are at the core of the mapping aspect of brain mapping.

Some scientists have criticized the brain image-based claims made in

brain circuits. Many of these studies also have technical problems like small sample size or poor equipment calibration which means they cannot be reproduced - considerations which are sometimes ignored to produce a sensational journal article or news headline. In some cases the brain mapping techniques are used for commercial purposes, lie detection, or medical diagnosis in ways which have not been scientifically validated.[4][page needed
]

History

In the late 1980s in the United States, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Science was commissioned to establish a panel to investigate the value of integrating neuroscientific information across a variety of techniques.[5][page needed]

Of specific interest is using structural and

clinical depression. This led to the establishment of the Human Brain Project.[6][page needed] It may also be crucial to understanding traumatic brain injuries (as in the case of Phineas Gage)[7] and improving brain injury treatment.[8][9]

Following a series of meetings, the International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM) evolved.[10][page needed] The ultimate goal is to develop flexible computational brain atlases.

Achievements

See also: List of neuroscience databases and Connectome § Datasets
The Eyewire Museum is an interactive digital catalog visualizing data of mouse retinal cells.[11]

The interactive and citizen science website

petabytes of storage-space.[12][13] About two months later, scientists reported that they created the first complete neuron-level-resolution 3D map of a monkey brain which they scanned via a new method within 100 hours. They made only a fraction of the 3D map publicly available as the entire map takes more than 1 petabyte of storage space even when compressed.[14][15]

In October 2021, the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN) concluded the first phase of a long-term project to generate an atlas of the entire mouse (mammalian) brain with 17 studies, including an atlas and census of cell types in the primary motor cortex.[16][17][18]

Brain development

See also: Development of the nervous system in humans

In 2021, the first connectome that shows how an animal's brain changes throughout its lifetime was reported. Scientists mapped and compared the whole brains of eight isogenic C. elegans worms, each at a different stage of development.[19][20] Later that year, scientists combined electron microscopy and brainbow imaging to show for the first time the development of a mammalian neural circuit. They reported the complete wiring diagrams between the CNS and muscles of ten individual mice.[21]

Vision

In August 2021, scientists of the MICrONS program, launched in 2016,[22] published a functional connectomics dataset that "contains calcium imaging of an estimated 75,000 neurons from primary visual cortex (VISp) and three higher visual areas (VISrl, VISal and VISlm), that were recorded while a mouse viewed natural movies and parametric stimuli".[23][24] Based on this data they also published "interactive visualizations of anatomical and functional data that span all 6 layers of mouse primary visual cortex and 3 higher visual areas (LM, AL, RL) within a cubic millimeter volume" – the MICrONS Explorer.[25]

Brain regeneration

In 2022, a first spatiotemporal cellular atlas of the axolotl brain development and regeneration, the interactive Axolotl Regenerative Telencephalon Interpretation via Spatiotemporal Transcriptomic Atlas , revealed key insights about axolotl brain regeneration.[26][27]

Current Atlas tools

Full Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT) definition

Brain mapping is the study of the anatomy and function of the brain and spinal cord through the use of imaging (including intra-operative, microscopic, endoscopic and multi-modality imaging), immunohistochemistry, molecular & optogenetics, stem cell and cellular biology, engineering (material, electrical and biomedical), neurophysiology, and nanotechnology.

See also

References

  1. PMID 22305988
    .
  2. PMID 28461700
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  3. PMID 29190521
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  4. ISBN 978-0-465-06291-1
    .
  5. PMID 25121208
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  6. ISBN 978-1-134-79842-1
    .
  7. PMID 22616011
    .
  8. PMID 22363313
    .
  9. ISBN 978-0-12-821974-4
    .
  10. ISBN 978-0-12-693019-1
    .
  11. PMID 29775596
    .
  12. ^ "Google and Harvard map brain connections in unprecedented detail". New Atlas. 2021-06-02. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  13. S2CID 235270687
    . Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  14. ^ "Chinese team hopes high-res image of monkey brain will unlock secrets". South China Morning Post. 1 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  15. S2CID 236453498
    .
  16. University of California-Berkeley
    . Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  17. PMID 34616075
    .
  18. S2CID 238422012
    . Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  19. ^ "Why a tiny worm's brain development could shed light on human thinking". phys.org. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  20. PMID 34349261
    .
  21. S2CID 237598181
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  22. ^ Cepelewicz, Jordana. "The U.S. Government Launches a $100-Million "Apollo Project of the Brain"". Scientific American. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  23. ^ "This is a map of half a billion connections in a tiny bit of mouse brain". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  24. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.07.28.454025
    .
  25. ^ "Cortical MM^3". MICrONS Explorer. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  26. ^ "Single-cell Stereo-seq reveals new insights into axolotl brain regeneration". News-Medical.net. 6 September 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  27. S2CID 252010604
    .
  28. ^ Harvard Whole Brain Atlas Archived 2016-01-18 at the Wayback Machine
  29. S2CID 9747334
    .
  30. S2CID 247600108
    .

Further reading

  • Rita Carter (1998). Mapping the Mind.
  • F.J. Chen (2006). Brain Mapping And Language
  • F.J. Chen (2006). Focus on Brain Mapping Research.
  • F.J. Chen (2006). Trends in Brain Mapping Research.
  • F.J. Chen (2006). Progress in Brain Mapping Research.
  • Koichi Hirata (2002). Recent Advances in Human Brain Mapping: Proceedings of the 12th World Congress of the International Society for Brain Electromagnetic Topography (ISBET 2001).
  • Konrad Maurer and Thomas Dierks (1991). Atlas of Brain Mapping: Topographic Mapping of Eeg and Evoked Potentials.
  • Konrad Maurer (1989). Topographic Brain Mapping of Eeg and Evoked Potentials.
  • Arthur W. Toga and John C. Mazziotta (2002). Brain Mapping: The Methods.
  • Tatsuhiko Yuasa, James Prichard and S. Ogawa (1998). Current Progress in Functional Brain Mapping: Science and Applications.
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