Branchiopoda

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"Branchiopod" redirects here. Not to be confused with Brachiopod.

Branchiopoda
Temporal range: Upper Cambrian–Recent
Clockwise from top left:
Spinicaudata
)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Superclass: Allotriocarida
Class: Branchiopoda
Latreille, 1817
Subclass
  • Sarsostraca
    Tasch, 1969
  • Phyllopoda
    Preuss, 1951

Branchiopoda is a class of crustaceans. It comprises fairy shrimp, clam shrimp, Diplostraca (or Cladocera), Notostraca, the Devonian Lepidocaris and possibly the Cambrian Rehbachiella. They are mostly small, freshwater animals that feed on plankton and detritus.

Description

Members of the Branchiopoda are unified by the presence of

nauplius.[3] Male fairy shrimp have an enlarged pair of antennae with which they grasp the female during mating, while the bottom-feeding Notostraca, the antennae are reduced to vestiges.[3] The trunk limbs are beaten in a metachronal rhythm, causing a flow of water along the midline of the animal, from which it derives oxygen, food and, in the case of the Anostraca and Notostraca, movement.[3]

Ecology

Branchiopods are found in continental

fresh water, including temporary pools and in hypersaline lakes, and some in brackish water. Only in two groups of water fleas do we find marine species: Family Podonidae in the order Diplostraca, and family Sididae in the order Diplostraca.[4][5][6]
Most branchiopodans eat floating detritus or plankton, which they take using the setae on their appendages.[3] But notostracans are omnivorous and very opportunistic feeders and will eat algae and bacteria in addition to animals as both predators and scavengers.[7]

Taxonomy

In early taxonomic treatments, the current members of the Branchiopoda were all placed in a single genus, Monoculus.[8] The taxon Branchiopoda was erected by Pierre André Latreille in 1817, initially at the rank of order.[9]

The current upper-level classification of Branchiopoda, according to the World Register of Marine Species (2021), is as follows:[10]

Class Branchiopoda Latreille, 1817

Subclass
Sarsostraca
Tasch, 1969
Order Anostraca Sars, 1867
Suborder Anostracina Weekers et al., 2002
Suborder
Artemiina
Weekers et al., 2002
Subclass
Phyllopoda
Preuss, 1951
Superorder Diplostraca Gerstaecker, 1866
Order Anomopoda G.O. Sars, 1865
Order Ctenopoda G.O. Sars, 1865
Order
Cyclestherida
Sars G.O., 1899
Order
Haplopoda
G.O. Sars, 1865
Order
Laevicaudata
Linder, 1945
Order Onychopoda G.O. Sars, 1865
Order
Spinicaudata
Linder, 1945
Order Notostraca G. O. Sars, 1867
Genus †Cryptocaris Barrande, 1872
Genus †Dithyrocaris

In addition, the extinct genus Lepidocaris is generally placed in Branchiopoda.

Anostraca

Artemiidae
)
Main article: Anostraca

The fairy shrimp of the order Anostraca are usually 6–25 mm (0.24–0.98 in) long (exceptionally up to 170 mm or 6.7 in).[11] Most species have 20 body segments, bearing 11 pairs of leaf-like phyllopodia (swimming legs), and the body lacks a carapace.[12] They live in vernal pools and hypersaline lakes across the world, including pools in deserts, in ice-covered mountain lakes and in Antarctica. They swim "upside-down" and feed by filtering organic particles from the water or by scraping algae from surfaces.[11] They are an important food for many birds and fish, and are cultured and harvested for use as fish food.[8] There are 300 species spread across 8 families.[13]

Lipostraca

Main article: Lepidocaris

Lipostraca contains a single extinct Early Devonian species,

charophytes, probably in alkaline temporary pools.[18]

Notostraca

Main article: Notostraca

The order

temporary pools, ponds[21] and shallow lakes.[11]

Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata and Cyclestherida (once Conchostraca)

Main article: Clam shrimp

Clam shrimp are bivalved animals which have lived since at least the Devonian. The three groups are not believed to form a clade. They have 10–32 trunk segments, decreasing in size from front to back, and each bears a pair of legs which also carry gills. A strong muscle can close the two halves of the shell together.

Anomopoda, Ctenopoda, Onychopoda, and Haplopoda (once Cladocera)

Cladocera: Daphniidae
)

These four

Cladocera are non-native species, many of which pose a great threat to aquatic ecosystems.[25]

Evolution

The

Upper Cambrian and possibly further. The group is thought to be monophyletic, with the Anostraca having been the first group to branch off.[26] It is thought that the group evolved in the seas, but was forced into temporary pools and hypersaline lakes by the evolution of bony fishes.[11] Although they were previously considered the sister group to the remaining crustaceans, it is now widely accepted that crustaceans form a paraphyletic group, and Branchiopoda are thought to be sister to a clade comprising Xenocarida (Remipedia and Cephalocarida) and Hexapoda (insects and their relatives).[27][28]

See also

References

  1. ^ Georges Cuvier (1851). "Crustacean Entomostraca (Müller)". The animal kingdom: arranged after its organization, forming a natural history of animals, and an introduction to comparative anatomy. Translated by William Benjamin Carpenter. W. S. Orr and co. pp. 434–448.
  2. Wiley Publishing. 2010. Archived from the original
    on October 23, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Libbie Hyman (1961). "Subclass 1. Branchiopoda". The Invertebrata (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 368–375.
  4. ISBN 978-0-520-00750-5
    .
  5. ^ Marine Biology: A Functional Approach to the Oceans and their Organisms
  6. ^ Biology of Cladocera: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Cladocera
  7. PMID 21143855
    .
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-0-444-53466-8
    .
  9. ^ Pierre André Latreille (1831). Georges Cuvier (ed.). The Crustacea, Arachnides and Insecta. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. Vol. 3. Henry M'Murtrie (trans.). G. & C. & H. Carvill.
  10. ^ "Branchiopoda". WoRMS, World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2021-11-24.
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-0-520-23939-5
    .
  12. ISBN 978-81-7141-897-8
    .
  13. ^
    S2CID 46608816
    .
  14. ISBN 978-1-84076-041-5
    .
  15. ^ "Introduction to Branchiopoda". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
  16. S2CID 25997101
    .
  17. JSTOR 92140
    .
  18. ^ "Lepidocaris". The Rhynie Chert Crustaceans. University of Aberdeen. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
  19. ^ J. K. Lowry (October 2, 1999). "Notostraca (Branchiopoda)". Crustacea, the Higher Taxa: Description, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  20. S2CID 83523163
    .
  21. ^ a b Lakka, Hanna-Kaisa (2013). The ecology of a freshwater crustacean : Lepidurus arcticus (Brachiopoda; Notostraca) in a High Arctic region (master's thesis). University of Helsinki. p. 151.
  22. S2CID 45363782. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  23. ISBN 978-0-471-35837-4
    .
  24. S2CID 82949264
    .
  25. ISSN 2073-4441
    .
  26. ^ Joel W. Martin & George E. Davis (2001). An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 1–132.
  27. PMID 21315832
    .
  28. PMID 22049065
    .
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