Brazil

Coordinates: 10°S 52°W / 10°S 52°W / -10; -52
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Federative Republic of Brazil
República Federativa do Brasil (Portuguese)
Motto: Ordem e Progresso (Portuguese)
"Order and Progress"
Anthem: 
Ethnic groups
(2022)[2]
Religion
(2022)[3]
presidential republic
• President
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Geraldo Alckmin
Arthur Lira
Rodrigo Pacheco
Luís Roberto Barroso
LegislatureNational Congress
Federal Senate
Chamber of Deputies
Independence 
• Declared
7 September 1822
29 August 1825
• Republic
15 November 1889
5 October 1988
Area
• Total
8,515,767 km2 (3,287,956 sq mi) (5th)
• Water (%)
0.65
Population
• 2022 census
Neutral increase 203,062,512[4]
• Density
23.8[5]/km2 (61.6/sq mi) (193rd)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $4.101 trillion[6] (8th)
• Per capita
Increase $20,079[6] (78th)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $2.279 trillion[6] (9th)
• Per capita
Increase $11,178[6] (78th)
Gini (2020)Positive decrease 48.9[7]
high
HDI (2022)Increase 0.760[8]
high (89th)
CurrencyReal (R$) (BRL)
Time zoneUTC−2 to −5 (BRT)
DST is not observed.
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy (CE)
Driving sideright
Calling code+55
ISO 3166 codeBR
Internet TLD.br

Brazil,

states and the Federal District. It is the only country in the Americas to have Portuguese as an official language.[10][11] Brazil is one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world.[12]

Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi).[13] It borders all other countries and territories in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers roughly half of the continent's land area.[14] Its Amazon basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats.[13] This unique environmental heritage positions Brazil at number one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest, as environmental degradation through processes like deforestation has direct impacts on global issues like climate change and biodiversity loss.

The territory which would become known as Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the discovered land for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, now called the National Congress. Slavery was abolished in 1888. The country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup d'état. An authoritarian military dictatorship emerged in 1964 and ruled until 1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazil's current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic.[15] Due to its rich culture and history, the country ranks thirteenth in the world by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[16]

Brazil is a regional and middle power[17][18][19] that is an emerging power[20][21][22][23] and a major non-NATO ally of the United States.[24] Categorised as a developing country with a high Human Development Index,[25] Brazil is considered an advanced emerging economy,[26] having the ninth largest GDP in the world by nominal, and eighth by PPP measures, the largest in Latin America.[6][27] As an upper-middle income economy by the World Bank[28] and a newly industrialized country,[29] Brazil has the largest share of global wealth in South America and is one of the world's major breadbaskets, being the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years.[30] However, the country retains noticeable corruption, crime and social inequality. Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, G4, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Brazil is also an observer state of the Arab League.[31]

Etymology

The word "Brazil" likely comes from the Portuguese word for

brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast.[32] In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology "red like an ember", formed from brasa ("ember") and the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium).[33] It has alternatively been suggested that this is a folk etymology for a word for the plant related to an Arabic or Asian word for a red plant.[34] As brazilwood produces a deep red dye, it was highly valued by the European textile industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil.[35] Throughout the 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly Portuguese, but also French) in return for assorted European consumer goods.[36]

The official Portuguese name of the land, in original Portuguese records, was the "Land of the Holy Cross" (Terra da Santa Cruz),[37] but European sailors and merchants commonly called it the "Land of Brazil" (Terra do Brasil) because of the brazilwood trade.[38] The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name. Some early sailors called it the "Land of Parrots".[39]

In the

Guaraní language, an official language of Paraguay, Brazil is called "Pindorama", meaning "land of the palm trees".[40]

History

Pre-Cabraline era

Rock art at Serra da Capivara National Park, one of the largest and oldest concentrations of prehistoric sites in the Americas[41]

Some of the earliest human remains found in the Americas, Luzia Woman, were found in the area of Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais and provide evidence of human habitation going back at least 11,000 years.[42][43] The earliest

mound building, and complex social formations such as chiefdoms.[45]

Around the time of the Portuguese arrival, the territory of current day Brazil had an estimated indigenous population of 7 million people,

Arawaks). The Tupi people were subdivided into the Tupiniquins and Tupinambás.[47]

Before the arrival of the Europeans, the boundaries between these groups and their subgroups were marked by wars that arose from differences in culture, language and moral beliefs.[48] These wars also involved large-scale military actions on land and water, with cannibalistic rituals on prisoners of war.[49][50] While heredity had some weight, leadership was a status more won over time than assigned in succession ceremonies and conventions.[48] Slavery among the indigenous groups had a different meaning than it had for Europeans, since it originated from a diverse socioeconomic organization, in which asymmetries were translated into kinship relations.[51]

Portuguese colonization

sentenced to death in 1792.
Execution of the Punishment of the Whip by Jean-Baptiste Debret. Nearly 5 million enslaved Africans were imported to Brazil during the Atlantic slave trade, more than any country.[52]

Following the 1494

Tupi–Guarani family and fought among themselves.[54] Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, colonization effectively began in 1534, when King John III of Portugal divided the territory into the fifteen private and autonomous captaincies.[55][56]

However, the decentralized and unorganized tendencies of the captaincies proved problematic, and in 1549 the Portuguese king restructured them into the Governorate General of Brazil in the city of Salvador, which became the capital of a single and centralized Portuguese colony in South America.[56][57] In the first two centuries of colonization, Indigenous and European groups lived in constant war, establishing opportunistic alliances in order to gain advantages against each other.[58][59][60][61]

By the mid-16th century, cane sugar had become Brazil's most important export,[54][62] while slaves purchased in Sub-Saharan Africa in the slave market of Western Africa[63] (not only those from Portuguese allies of their colonies in Angola and Mozambique), had become its largest import,[64][65] to cope with sugarcane plantations, due to increasing international demand for Brazilian sugar.[66][67] Brazil received more than 2.8 million slaves from Africa between the years 1500 and 1800.[68]

By the end of the 17th century, sugarcane exports began to decline[69] and the discovery of gold by bandeirantes in the 1690s would become the new backbone of the colony's economy, fostering a gold rush[70] which attracted thousands of new settlers to Brazil from Portugal and all Portuguese colonies around the world.[71] This increased level of immigration in turn caused some conflicts between newcomers and old settlers.[72]

Portuguese expeditions known as bandeiras gradually expanded Brazil's original colonial frontiers in South America to its approximately current borders.[73][74] In this era other European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese had to fight, notably the French in Rio during the 1560s, in Maranhão during the 1610s, and the Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco, during the Dutch–Portuguese War, after the end of Iberian Union.[75]

The Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil had two objectives that would ensure colonial order and the monopoly of Portugal's wealthiest and largest colony: to keep under control and eradicate all forms of slave rebellion and resistance, such as the Quilombo of Palmares,[76] and to repress all movements for autonomy or independence, such as the Minas Gerais Conspiracy.[77]

Elevation to kingdom

The Acclamation of King João VI of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in Rio de Janeiro, 6 February 1818

In late 1807, Spanish and Napoleonic forces threatened the security of continental Portugal, causing Prince Regent John, in the name of Queen Maria I, to move the royal court from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro.[78] There they established some of Brazil's first financial institutions, such as its local stock exchanges[79] and its National Bank, additionally ending the Portuguese monopoly on Brazilian trade and opening Brazil's ports to other nations. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced into exile, the Prince Regent ordered the conquest of French Guiana.[80]

With the end of the

pluricontinental transatlantic monarchic state.[81] However, the leadership in Portugal, resentful of the new status of its larger colony, continued to demand the return of the court to Lisbon (see Liberal Revolution of 1820). In 1821, acceding to the demands of revolutionaries who had taken the city of Porto,[82] John VI departed for Lisbon. There he swore an oath to the new constitution, leaving his son, Prince Pedro de Alcântara, as Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil.[83]

Independent empire

Brazilian independence by Pedro I on 7 September 1822

Tensions between Portuguese and Brazilians increased and the

Emperor of Brazil, with the royal title of Dom Pedro I, resulting in the founding of the Empire of Brazil.[86]

The Brazilian War of Independence, which had already begun along this process, spread through the northern, northeastern regions and in the Cisplatina province.[87] The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824;[88] Portugal officially recognized Brazilian independence on 29 August 1825.[89]

On 7 April 1831, worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissent with both liberal and conservative sides of politics, including an attempt of republican secession[90] and unreconciled to the way that absolutists in Portugal had given in the succession of King John VI, Pedro I departed for Portugal to reclaim his daughter's crown after abdicating the Brazilian throne in favor of his five-year-old son and heir (Dom Pedro II).[91]

Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil between 1831 and 1889

As the new Emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he came of age, a

premature coronation of Pedro II in 1841.[94]

During the last phase of the monarchy, internal political debate centered on the issue of slavery. The Atlantic slave trade was abandoned in 1850,[95] as a result of the British Aberdeen Act and the Eusébio de Queirós Law, but only in May 1888, after a long process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical and legal dismantling of slavery in the country, was the institution formally abolished with the approval of the Golden Law.[96]

The foreign-affairs policies of the monarchy dealt with issues with the countries of the Southern Cone with whom Brazil had borders. Long after the Cisplatine War that resulted in the independence of Uruguay,[97] Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II: the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and the devastating Paraguayan War, the largest war effort in Brazilian history.[98][99]

Although there was no desire among the majority of Brazilians to change the country's

form of government,[100] on 15 November 1889, in disagreement with the majority of the Imperial Army officers, as well as with rural and financial elites (for different reasons), the monarchy was overthrown by a military coup.[101] A few days later, the national flag was replaced with a new design that included the national motto "Ordem e Progresso", influenced by positivism. 15 November is now Republic Day, a national holiday.[102]

Early republic

The early republican government was a military dictatorship, with the army dominating affairs both in Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power.[103] Not until 1894, following an economic crisis and a military one, did civilians take power, remaining there until October 1930.[104][105][106]

If in relation to its foreign policy, the country in this first republican period maintained a relative balance characterized by a success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries,[107] only broken by the Acre War (1899–1902) and its involvement in World War I (1914–1918),[108][109][110] followed by a failed attempt to exert a prominent role in the League of Nations;[111] Internally, from the crisis of Encilhamento[112][113][114] and the Navy Revolts,[115] a prolonged cycle of financial, political and social instability began until the 1920s, keeping the country besieged by various rebellions, both civilian[116][117][118] and military.[119][120][121]

Little by little,

a cycle of general instability sparked by these crises undermined the regime to such an extent that in the wake of the murder of his running mate, the defeated opposition presidential candidate Getúlio Vargas, supported by most of the military, successfully led the Revolution of 1930.[122][123] Vargas and the military were supposed to assume power temporarily, but instead closed down Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with his own supporters.[124][125]

In the 1930s, three attempts to remove Vargas and his supporters from power failed. The first was the

Communist uprising in November 1935, and the last one a putsch attempt by local fascists in May 1938.[126][127][128] The 1935 uprising created a security crisis in which Congress transferred more power to the executive branch. The 1937 coup d'état resulted in the cancellation of the 1938 election and formalized Vargas as dictator, beginning the Estado Novo era. During this period, government brutality and censorship of the press increased.[129]

During

With the Allied victory in 1945 and the end of the fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable, and he was swiftly overthrown in another military coup, with democracy "reinstated" by the same army that had ended it 15 years earlier.[134] Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political crisis, after having returned to power by election in 1950.[135][136]

Contemporary era

Construction of the National Congress building in Brasília, 1959, during the JK administration

Several brief interim governments followed Vargas's suicide.[137] Juscelino Kubitschek became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the political opposition that allowed him to govern without major crises.[138] The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably,[139] but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of Brasília, inaugurated in 1960.[140] Kubitschek's successor, Jânio Quadros, resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office.[141] His vice-president, João Goulart, assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition[142] and was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that resulted in a military dictatorship.[143]

M41s along the Avenida Presidente Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, in April 1968, during the military dictatorship

The new regime was intended to be transitory

Fifth Institutional Act in 1968.[145] Oppression was not limited to those who resorted to guerrilla tactics to fight the regime, but also reached institutional opponents, artists, journalists and other members of civil society,[146][147] inside and outside the country through the infamous "Operation Condor".[148][149] Like other brutal authoritarian regimes, due to an economic boom, known as the "economic miracle", the regime reached a peak in popularity in the early 1970s.[150]

Slowly, however, the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power that had not slowed the repression, even after the defeat of the leftist guerrillas.

return to democracy, which was completed during the 1980s.[94]

Ulysses Guimarães holding the Constitution of 1988

Civilians returned to power in 1985 when

again in 1998.[158]

The

in 2014 by narrow margins.[161][162]

Rousseff

protests for and against her took place during the impeachment process.[165] The charges against her were fueled by political and economic crises along with evidence of involvement with politicians from all the primary political parties. In 2017, the Supreme Court requested the investigation of 71 Brazilian lawmakers and nine ministers of President Michel Temer's cabinet who were allegedly linked to the Petrobras corruption scandal.[166] President Temer himself was also accused of corruption.[167] According to a 2018 poll, 62% of the population said that corruption was Brazil's biggest problem.[168]

In the fiercely disputed 2018 elections, the controversial conservative candidate Jair Bolsonaro of the Social Liberal Party (PSL) was elected president, winning in the second round Fernando Haddad, of the Workers Party (PT), with the support of 55.13% of the valid votes.[169] In the early 2020s, Brazil became one of the hardest hit countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, receiving the second-highest death toll worldwide after the United States.[170] In May 2021, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva stated that he would run for a third term in the 2022 Brazilian general election against Bolsonaro.[171] On October 2022, Lula was in first place in first round, with 48.43% of the support from the electorate, and received 50.90% of the votes in the second round.[172][173] On 8 January 2023, a week after Lula's inauguration, a mob of Bolsonaro's supporters attacked Brazil's federal government buildings in the capital, Brasília, after several weeks of unrest.[174][175]

Geography

Rio de Janeiro state
The majority of Amazon rainforest is contained within Brazil

Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior,[176] sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and France (French overseas region of French Guiana) to the north. It shares a border with every South American country except Ecuador and Chile.[13]

The brazilian territory also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.[13] Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.[176] Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6°N and 34°S, and longitudes 28° and 74°W.[13]

Brazil is the

UTC−2 in the Atlantic islands.[178]

Climate

Brazil map of Köppen climate classification zones

The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical.[13] According to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts six major climatic subtypes: desert, equatorial, tropical, semiarid, oceanic and subtropical. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil.[179] Many regions have starkly different microclimates.[180][181]

An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.[179] Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F),[181] with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.[180] Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.[180] This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.[179] In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme.[182] South of Bahia, near the coasts, and more southerly most of the state of São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, with rain falling throughout the year.[179] The south enjoys subtropical conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding 18 °C (64.4 °F);[181] winter frosts and snowfall are not rare in the highest areas.[179][180]

The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than 800 millimeters (31.5 in) of rain,[182] most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year[183] and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought.[180] Brazil's 1877–78 Grande Seca (Great Drought), the worst in Brazil's history,[184] caused approximately half a million deaths.[185] A similarly devastating drought occurred in 1915.[186]

In 2020 the government of Brazil pledged to reduce its annual

carbon neutrality by 2060 if the country gets 10 billion dollars per year.[187]

Topography and hydrography

Topographic map of Brazil

Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 meters (660 ft) and 800 meters (2,600 ft) in elevation.[188] The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.[188] The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.[188]

The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 meters (3,900 ft).

Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 2,994 meters (9,823 ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.[13]

Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic.[189] Major rivers include the Amazon (the world's second-longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the Paraná and its major tributary the Iguaçu (which includes the Iguazu Falls), the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and Tapajós rivers.[189]

Biodiversity and conservation

The toco toucan is an animal typical of the Brazilian savannas.

The

Amazon rainforest, which accounts for approximately one-tenth of all species in the world,[190] Brazil is considered to have the greatest biodiversity of any country on the planet, containing over 70% of all animal and plant species catalogued.[191] Brazil has the most known species of plants (55,000), freshwater fish (3,000), and mammals (over 689).[192] It also ranks third on the list of countries with the most bird species (1,832) and second with the most reptile species (744).[192] The number of fungal species is unknown but is large.[193] Brazil is second only to Indonesia as the country with the most endemic species.[194]

Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world,[195] with the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, sustaining the greatest biodiversity.[196] In the south, the Araucaria moist forests grow under temperate conditions.[196] The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach four million, mostly invertebrates.[196] Larger mammals include carnivores pumas, jaguars, ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes, and herbivores peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths, opossums, and armadillos. Deer are plentiful in the south, and many species of New World monkeys are found in the northern rain forests.[196][197]

Cumulatively, Brazil has the highest percentage of deforested and degraded rainforest of any Amazonia nation.[198]

More than one-fifth of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil has been completely destroyed, and more than 70 mammals are endangered.

demographic expansion. Extensive legal and illegal logging destroy forests the size of a small country per year, and with it a diverse series of species through habitat destruction and habitat fragmentation.[201] Since 1970, over 600,000 square kilometers (230,000 sq mi) of the Amazon rainforest have been cleared by logging.[202]

In 2017, preserved native vegetation occupies 61% of the Brazilian territory. Agriculture occupied only 8% of the national territory and pastures 19.7%.[203] In terms of comparison, in 2019, although 43% of the entire European continent has forests, only 3% of the total forest area in Europe is of native forest.[204] Brazil has a strong interest in conservation as its agriculture sector directly depends on its forests.[205]

Government and politics

legislative branch
Palácio do Planalto, the official workplace of the President of Brazil

The form of government is a democratic federative republic, with a presidential system.[15] The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term,[15] with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.[206] The President appoints the Ministers of State, who assist in government.[15]

Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of law in Brazil. The

flawed democracy", ranking 46th in the report,[207] and Freedom House classified it as a free country at Freedom in the World report.[208]

The political-administrative organization of the Federative Republic of Brazil comprises the Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities.[15] The Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities, are the "spheres of government". The federation is set on five fundamental principles: sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of human beings, the social values of labor and freedom of enterprise, and political pluralism.[15]

The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial under a checks and balances system) are formally established by the Constitution.[15] The executive and legislative are organized independently in all three spheres of government, while the judiciary is organized only at the federal and state and Federal District spheres. All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.[209][210][211]

For most of its democratic history, Brazil has had a multi-party system, with proportional representation. Voting is compulsory for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and optional for illiterates and those between 16 and 18 or beyond 70.[15] The country has around 30 registered political parties. Twenty political parties are represented in Congress. It is common for politicians to switch parties, and thus the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly.[212]

Law

Supreme Federal Court of Brazil
serves primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country.

Brazilian law is based on the civil law legal system[213] and civil law concepts prevail over common law practice. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases. Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.[209]

The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, promulgated on 5 October 1988, and the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules.[214] As of July 2022, there have been 124 amendments.[215] The highest court is the Supreme Federal Court. States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution.[216] Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" (leis orgânicas), which act in a similar way to constitutions.[217] Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.[15] Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments.[15] There are also specialized military, labor, and electoral courts.[15]

Military

frigate Liberal (F-43)
(background)

The armed forces of Brazil are the

reservists annually.[221]

Numbering close to 236,000 active personnel,

tanks.[223] The states' Military Police and the Military Firefighters Corps are described as an ancillary forces of the Army by the constitution, but are under the control of each state's governor.[15]

Brazil's navy once operated some of the most powerful warships in the world with the two Minas Geraes-class dreadnoughts, sparking a naval arms race between Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.[224] Today, it is a green water force and has a group of specialized elite in retaking ships and naval facilities, GRUMEC, unit specially trained to protect Brazilian oil platforms along its coast.[225] As of 2022, it is the only navy in Latin America that operates an helicopter carrier, NAM Atlântico, and one of twelve navies in the world to operate or have one under construction.[226]

The Air Force is the largest in Latin America and has about 700 crewed aircraft in service and effective about 67,000 personnel.[227]

Foreign policy

Itamaraty Palace, the seat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Brazil's international relations are based on Article 4 of the Federal Constitution, which establishes non-intervention, self-determination, international cooperation and the peaceful settlement of conflicts as the guiding principles of Brazil's relationship with other countries and multilateral organizations.[228] According to the Constitution, the President has ultimate authority over foreign policy, while the Congress is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic nominations and international treaties, as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign policy.[229]

Brazil's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's position as a

Lusophone
nations.

An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazil's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing countries.

South-South aid has been described as a "global model in waiting".[233]

Law enforcement and crime

Headquarters of the Federal Police of Brazil in Brasília

In Brazil, the

Federal Police Department, Federal Highway Police, Federal Railroad Police, Federal, District and State Penal Police (included by the Constitutional Amendment No. 104, of 2019), Military Police and Civil Police. Of these, the first three are affiliated with federal authorities, the last two are subordinate to state governments and the Penal Police can be subordinated to the federal or state/district government. All police forces are overseen by the executive branch of the federal or state government.[15] The National Public Security Force also can act in public disorder situations arising anywhere in the country.[234]

The country has high levels of violent crime like gun violence and homicides. In 2012, the

Brazilian states. While in São Paulo the homicide rate registered in 2013 was 10.8 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, in Alagoas it was 64.7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.[238]

Brazil also has high levels of incarceration. It had the third largest prison population in the world of approximately 700,000 prisoners as of June 2014, which put it only behind the United States (2,228,424) and China (1,701,344).[239] The high number of prisoners eventually overloaded the Brazilian prison system, leading to a shortfall of about 200,000 accommodations.[240]

Human rights

LGBT rights are generally supported within Brazil,[241][242] and same-sex marriage has been fully recognised since 2013.[243] However, police violence and gender-based discrimination remain prevalent throughout the nation.[244][245] Brazil has one of the highest Gini coefficient rankings in Latin America.[7]

Political subdivisions

States of Brazil and Regions of Brazil

Brazil is a federation composed of 26 states, one federal district, and the 5,570 municipalities.[15] States have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected directly by their voters. They also have independent Courts of Law for common justice. Despite this, states have much less autonomy to create their own laws than in other federal states such as the United States. For example, criminal and civil laws can be voted by only the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.[15]

The states and the federal district are grouped into regions:

Southern
. The Brazilian regions are merely geographical, not political or administrative divisions, and they do not have any specific form of government. Although defined by law, Brazilian regions serve mainly statistical purposes, and also to define the distribution of federal funds in development projects.

Municipalities, as the states, have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the federal and state government.[15] Each has an elected mayor and legislative body, but no separate Court of Law. Indeed, a Court of Law organized by the state can encompass many municipalities in a single justice administrative division called comarca (county).

Brazil's constitution also provides for the creation of federal territories, which are administrative divisions directly controlled by the federal government. However, there are currently no federal territories in the country, as the 1988 Constitution abolished the last three: Amapá and Roraima (which gained statehood status) and Fernando de Noronha, which became a state district of Pernambuco.[246][247]

Economy

civil aircraft, after Boeing and Airbus[250]

Brazil's

largest stock exchange of Latin America by market capitalization. In regards to poverty, about 1.9% of the total population lives at $2.15 a day,[255] while about 19% live at $6.85 a day.[256] Brazil's economy suffers from endemic corruption and high income inequality.[257] The Brazilian real
is the national currency.

Brazil's diversified economy includes agriculture, industry, and a wide range of services.[258] The large service sector accounts for about 72.7% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (20.7%), while the agriculture sector is by far the smallest, making up 6.6% of total GDP.[259]

Brazil is one of the

aquamarine, garnet and opal.[265][266] The country is a major exporter of soy, iron ore, pulp (cellulose), maize, beef, chicken meat, soybean meal, sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, orange juice, footwear, airplanes, cars, vehicle parts, gold, ethanol, semi-finished iron, among other products.[267][268]

Brazil is the world's

footwear industry, Brazil was the fourth-largest producer in 2019.[275] It was also the ninth-largest producer of steel in the world.[276][277][278] In 2018, the chemical industry of Brazil was the eighth-largest in the world.[279][280][281] Although, it was among the five largest world producers in 2013, Brazil's textile industry is very little integrated into world trade.[282]

The tertiary sector (trade and services) represented 75.8% of the country's GDP in 2018, according to the IBGE. The service sector was responsible for 60% of GDP and trade for 13%. It covers a wide range of activities: commerce, accommodation and catering, transport, communications, financial services, real estate activities and services provided to businesses, public administration (urban cleaning, sanitation, etc.) and other services such as education, social and health services, research and development, sports activities, etc., since it consists of activities complementary to other sectors.[283][284] Micro and small businesses represent 30% of the country's GDP. In the commercial sector, for example, they represent 53% of the GDP within the activities of the sector.[285]

Tourism

Tourism in Brazil is a growing sector and key to the economy of several regions of the country. The country had 6.36 million visitors in 2015, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the main destination in South America and second in

2008–2009 economic crisis.[287] Historical records of 5.4 million visitors and US$6.8 billion in receipts were reached in 2011.[288][289] In the list of world tourist destinations, in 2018, Brazil was the 48th most visited country, with 6.6 million tourists (and revenues of 5.9 billion dollars).[290]

Natural areas are its most popular tourism product, a combination of

Center-West Region, beaches at Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina, cultural tourism in Minas Gerais and business trips to São Paulo.[291]

In terms of the 2015 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), which is a measurement of the factors that make it attractive to develop business in the travel and tourism industry of individual countries, Brazil ranked in the 28th place at the world's level, third in the Americas, after Canada and United States.[292][293]

Domestic tourism is a key market segment for the tourism industry in Brazil. In 2005, 51 million Brazilian nationals made ten times more trips than foreign tourists and spent five times more money than their international counterparts.[294] The main destination states in 2005 were São Paulo (27.7%), Minas Gerais (10.8%), Rio de Janeiro (8.4%), Bahia (7.4%), and Santa Catarina (7.2%). The top three states by trip origin were São Paulo (35.7%), Minas Gerais (13.6%).[294] In terms of tourism revenues, the top earners by state were São Paulo (16.4%) and Bahia (11.7%). For 2005, the three main trip purposes were visiting friends and family (53.1%), sun and beach (40.8%), and cultural tourism (12.5%).[295]

Science and technology

Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes, with the majority of funding for basic research coming from various government agencies.

The

satellites.[299] Owner of relative technological sophistication, the country develops submarines, aircraft, as well as being involved in space research, having a Vehicle Launch Center Light and being the only country in the Southern Hemisphere the integrate team building International Space Station (ISS).[300]

The country is also a pioneer in the search for oil in deep water, from where it extracts 73% of its reserves. Uranium is enriched at the Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory, mostly for research purposes (as Brazil obtains 88% of its electricity from hydroelectricity[301]) and the country's first nuclear submarine is expected to be launched in 2029.[302]

Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America[303] with an operational Synchrotron Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences, and Brazil is the only Latin American country to have a semiconductor company with its own fabrication plant, the CEITEC.[304] According to the Global Information Technology Report 2009–2010 of the World Economic Forum, Brazil is the world's 61st largest developer of information technology.[305] Brazil was ranked 49th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023, up from 66th in 2019.[306][307][308]

Among the most renowned Brazilian inventors are priests

Artur Ávila (the first Latin American winner of the Fields Medal)[317] and Fritz Müller (pioneer in factual support of the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin).[318]

Energy

Brazil is the world's

ninth largest energy consumer.[319] Much of its energy comes from renewable sources, particularly hydroelectricity and ethanol; the Itaipu Dam is the world's largest hydroelectric plant by energy generation,[320] and the country has other large plants like Belo Monte and Tucuruí. The first car with an ethanol engine was produced in 1978 and the first airplane engine running on ethanol in 2005.[321]

At the end of 2021 Brazil was the 2nd country in the world in terms of installed

hydroelectric power (109.4 GW) and biomass (15.8 GW), the 7th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (21.1 GW) and the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (13.0 GW) – on track to also become one of the top 10 in the world in solar energy.[322] At the end of 2021, Brazil was the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, the United States and Germany, and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh).[323]

The main characteristic of the Brazilian energy matrix is that it is much more renewable than that of the world. While in 2019 the world matrix was only 14% made up of renewable energy, Brazil's was at 45%. Petroleum and oil products made up 34.3% of the matrix; sugar cane derivatives, 18%; hydraulic energy, 12.4%; natural gas, 12.2%; firewood and charcoal, 8.8%; varied renewable energies, 7%; mineral coal, 5.3%; nuclear, 1.4%, and other non-renewable energies, 0.6%.[324]

In the electric energy matrix, the difference between Brazil and the world is even greater: while the world only had 25% of renewable electric energy in 2019, Brazil had 83%. The Brazilian electric matrix was composed of: hydraulic energy, 64.9%; biomass, 8.4%; wind energy, 8.6%; solar energy, 1%; natural gas, 9.3%; oil products, 2%; nuclear, 2.5%; coal and derivatives, 3.3%.[324] Brazil has the largest electricity sector in Latin America. Its capacity at the end of 2021 was 181,532 MW.[325]

As for oil, the Brazilian government has embarked on a program over the decades to reduce dependence on imported oil, which previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs. Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. In 2021, the country closed the year as the 7th oil producer in the world, with an average of close to three million barrels per day, becoming an exporter of the product.[326][327]

Transportation

BR-116 in São José dos Campos, São Paulo, the longest highway in the country,[328] with 4,542 km (2,822 mi) of extension[329]

Brazilian roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic. The road system totaled 1,720,000 km (1,068,758 mi) in 2019.[330] The total of paved roads increased from 35,496 km (22,056 mi) in 1967 to 215,000 km (133,595 mi) in 2018.[331][332]

Brazil's railway system has been declining since 1945, when emphasis shifted to highway construction. The country's total railway track length was 30,576 km (18,999 mi) in 2015,[333] as compared with 31,848 km (19,789 mi) in 1970, making it the ninth largest network in the world. Most of the railway system belonged to the Federal Railroad Network Corporation (RFFSA), which was privatized in 2007.[334] The São Paulo Metro began operating on 14 September 1974 as the first underground transit system in Brazil.[335]

There are about 2,500 airports in Brazil, including landing fields: the second largest number in the world, after the United States.

São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport, near São Paulo, is the largest and busiest airport with nearly 20 million passengers annually, while handling the vast majority of commercial traffic for the country.[337]

For freight transport

waterways are of importance, e.g. the industrial zones of Manaus can be reached only by means of the Solimões–Amazonas waterway (3,250 kilometers or 2,020 miles in length, with a minimum depth of six meters or 20 feet). The country also has 50,000 kilometers (31,000 miles) of waterways.[338] Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the country. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free ports at Santos. Of the 36 deep-water ports, Santos, Itajaí, Rio Grande, Paranaguá, Rio de Janeiro, Sepetiba, Vitória, Suape, Manaus, and São Francisco do Sul are the most important.[339] Bulk carriers have to wait up to 18 days before being serviced, container ships 36.3 hours on average.[340]

Demographics

Population density of Brazilian municipalities

The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008 PNAD, was approximately 190 million[341] (22.31 inhabitants per square kilometer or 57.8/sq mi), with a ratio of men to women of 0.95:1[342] and 83.75% of the population defined as urban.[343] The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeastern (79.8 million inhabitants) and Northeastern (53.5 million inhabitants) regions, while the two most extensive regions, the Center-West and the North, which together make up 64.12% of the Brazilian territory, have a total of only 29.1 million inhabitants.

The first census in Brazil was carried out in 1872 and recorded a population of 9,930,478.[344] From 1880 to 1930, 4 million Europeans arrived.[345] Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, because of a decline in the mortality rate, even though the birth rate underwent a slight decline. In the 1940s the annual population growth rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy rose from 44 to 54 years[346] and to 72.6 years in 2007.[347] It has been steadily falling since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year between 1950 and 1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of –0.29% by 2050[348] thus completing the demographic transition.[349]

In 2008, the illiteracy rate was 11.48%.[350]

Race and ethnicity

Race and ethnicity in Brazil 2022

  Mixed (45.3%)
  White (43.5%)
  Black (10.2%)
  Indigenous (0.6%)
  East Asian (0.4%)

According to the National Research by Household Sample (PNAD) of 2022, 45.3% of the population (92,1 million) described themselves as Mixed (officially called brown or pardo), 43.5% (88,2 million) as White, 10.2% (20,7 million) as Black, 0.6% (1,2 million) as Indigenous and 0.4% (850 thousand) as East Asian (officially called yellow or amarela).[351]

Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, considerable genetic mixing between Amerindians, Europeans, and Africans has taken place in all regions of the country (with European ancestry being dominant nationwide according to the vast majority of all autosomal studies undertaken covering the entire population, accounting for between 65% and 77%).

Arab origin.[356][357][358] Brazil has the second largest Jewish community in Latin America making up 0.06% of its population.[359] Brazil also has the largest Arab (or Arab ancestry) community in the world outside the Arab world, with 15–20 million people.[360][361] According to Brazil's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Brazil is a home to a Lebanese diaspora of 7 million to 10 million, surpassing the population of Lebanese individuals residing in Lebanon.[362] Brazilian society is more markedly divided by social class lines, although a high income disparity is found between race groups, so racism and classism often overlap. The brown population (officially called pardo in Portuguese, also colloquially moreno)[363][364] is a broad category that includes caboclos (assimilated Amerindians in general, and descendants of Whites and Natives), mulatos (descendants of primarily Whites and Afro-Brazilians) and cafuzos (descendants of Afro-Brazilians and Natives).[363][364][365][366][367] Higher percents of Blacks, mulattoes and tri-racials can be found in the eastern coast of the Northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba[367][368] and also in northern Maranhão,[369][370] southern Minas Gerais[371] and in eastern Rio de Janeiro.[367][371]

People of considerable Amerindian ancestry form the majority of the population in the Northern, Northeastern and Center-Western regions.

National Indian Foundation estimated that Brazil has 67 different uncontacted tribes, up from their estimate of 40 in 2005. Brazil is believed to have the largest number of uncontacted peoples in the world.[373]

Religion

Religion in Brazil (2010 Census)

  Catholicism (64.6%)
  Protestantism (22.2%)
  Spiritism (2.0%)
  Other (3.2%)
  No religion (8.0%)

Roman Catholicism; 22.2% Protestantism; 2.0% Kardecist spiritism; 3.2% other religions, undeclared or undetermined; while 8.0% had no religion.[376]

Religion in Brazil was formed from the meeting of the Catholic Church with the religious traditions of enslaved African peoples and indigenous peoples.[377] This confluence of faiths during the Portuguese colonization of Brazil led to the development of a diverse array of syncretistic practices within the overarching umbrella of Brazilian Catholic Church, characterized by traditional Portuguese festivities,[378]

Religious pluralism increased during the 20th century,[379] and the Protestant community has grown to include over 22% of the population.[380] The most common Protestant denominations are Evangelical Pentecostal ones. Other Protestant branches with a notable presence in the country include the Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, Lutherans and the Reformed tradition.[381]

In recent decades, Protestantism, particularly in forms of Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism, has spread in Brazil, while the proportion of Catholics has dropped significantly.[382] After Protestantism, individuals professing no religion are also a significant group, exceeding 8% of the population as of the 2010 census. The cities of Boa Vista, Salvador, and Porto Velho have the greatest proportion of Irreligious residents in Brazil. Teresina, Fortaleza, and Florianópolis were the most Roman Catholic in the country.[383] Greater Rio de Janeiro, not including the city proper, is the most irreligious and least Roman Catholic Brazilian periphery, while Greater Porto Alegre and Greater Fortaleza are on the opposite sides of the lists, respectively.[383]

In October 2009, the Brazilian Senate approved and enacted by the President of Brazil in February 2010, an agreement with the Vatican, in which the Legal Statute of the Catholic Church in Brazil is recognized.[384][385]

Health

The Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre is academically linked to the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and is part of the SUS, the Brazilian publicly funded health care system.

The Brazilian public health system, the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS), is managed and provided by all levels of government,[386] being the largest system of this type in the world.[387] On the other hand, private healthcare systems play a complementary role.[388]

Public health services are universal and offered to all citizens of the country for free. However, the construction and maintenance of health centers and hospitals are financed by taxes, and the country spends about 9% of its GDP on expenditures in the area. In 2012, Brazil had 1.85 doctors and 2.3 hospital beds for every 1,000 inhabitants.[389][390]

Despite all the progress made since the creation of the

infant (2.51%) and maternal mortality rates (73.1 deaths per 1000 births).[391]

The number of deaths from noncommunicable diseases, such as

cardiovascular diseases (151.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants) and cancer (72.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants), also has a considerable impact on the health of the Brazilian population. Finally, external but preventable factors such as car accidents, violence and suicide caused 14.9% of all deaths in the country.[391] The Brazilian health system was ranked 125th among the 191 countries evaluated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2000.[392]

Education

Historical building of the Federal University of Paraná, one of the oldest universities in Brazil, located in Curitiba

The

states, the Federal District, and the municipalities must manage and organize their respective education systems. Each of these public educational systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as well as the mechanisms and funding sources. The constitution reserves 25% of the state budget and 18% of federal taxes and municipal taxes for education.[393]

According to the IBGE, in 2019, the literacy rate of the population was 93.4%, meaning that 11.3 million (6.6% of population) people are still illiterate in the country, with some states like Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina reaching around 97% of literacy rate;[394] functional illiteracy has reached 21.6% of the population.[395] Illiteracy is higher in the Northeast, where 13.87% of the population is illiterate, while the South, has 3.3% of its population illiterate.[396][394]

Brazil's private institutions tend to be more exclusive and offer better quality education, so many high-income families send their children there. The result is a segregated educational system that reflects extreme income disparities and reinforces social inequality. However, efforts to change this are making impacts.[397]

The University of São Paulo is the second best university in Latin America, according to recent 2019 QS World University Rankings. Of the top 20 Latin American universities, eight are Brazilian. Most of them are public. Attending an institution of higher education is required by Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education.

elementary and medium education are required of all students.[398]

Language

The official language of Brazil is Portuguese (Article 13 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil), which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.[399]

Portuguese-speaking countries (the dialects of the other countries, partly because of the more recent end of Portuguese colonialism in these regions, have a closer connection to contemporary European Portuguese). These differences are comparable to those between American and British English.[401]

The 2002

Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty

Baniwa and Tucano languages had been granted co-official status with Portuguese.[406]

There are significant communities of German (mostly the

Brazilian Hunsrückisch, a High German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the Talian, a Venetian dialect) origins in the Southern and Southeastern regions, whose ancestors' native languages were carried along to Brazil, and which, still alive there, are influenced by the Portuguese language.[407][408] Talian is officially a historic patrimony of Rio Grande do Sul,[409] and two German dialects possess co-official status in a few municipalities.[410] Italian is also recognized as ethnic language in the Santa Teresa microregion and Vila Velha (Espirito Santo state), and is taught as mandatory second language at school.[411]

Urbanization

According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) urban areas already concentrate 84.35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants.[412] The largest urban agglomerations in Brazil are

Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina.[416]

 
Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil
Rank
Name
State
Pop. Rank
Name
State
Pop.
São Paulo
São Paulo
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
1 São Paulo São Paulo 21,314,716 11 Belém Pará 2,157,180 Belo Horizonte
Belo Horizonte
Recife
Recife
2 Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 12,389,775 12 Manaus Amazonas 2,130,264
3 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais 5,142,260 13 Campinas São Paulo 2,105,600
4 Recife Pernambuco 4,021,641 14 Vitória Espírito Santo 1,837,047
5 Brasília Federal District 3,986,425 15 Baixada Santista São Paulo 1,702,343
6 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 3,894,232 16 São José dos Campos São Paulo 1,572,943
7 Salvador Bahia 3,863,154 17 São Luís Maranhão 1,421,569
8 Fortaleza Ceará 3,594,924 18 Natal Rio Grande do Norte 1,349,743
9 Curitiba Paraná 3,387,985 19 Maceió Alagoas 1,231,965
10 Goiânia Goiás 2,347,557 20 João Pessoa Paraíba 1,168,941

Culture

Parade of Portela samba school at the Rio Carnival, the largest carnival in the world[419]

The core culture of Brazil is derived from

African, indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.[421]

Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of

Arab immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil during the 19th and 20th centuries.[422] The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, music, dance and religion.[423]

Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from Baroque (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century)[424][425] to Romanticism, Modernism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and Abstractionism. Brazilian cinema dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim since the 1960s.[426]

Architecture

Cathedral of Brasilia, designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer for the federal capital, an example of Modern architecture

The architecture of Brazil is influenced by Europe, especially Portugal. It has a history that goes back 500 years to the time when

Modernist architecture
.

The colonial architecture of Brazil dates to the early 16th century when Brazil was first explored, conquered and settled by the Portuguese. The Portuguese built architecture familiar to them in Europe in their aim to colonize Brazil. They built Portuguese colonial architecture which included churches, civic architecture including houses and forts in Brazilian cities and the countryside.[429]

During 19th century, Brazilian architecture saw the introduction of more European styles to Brazil such as Neoclassical and Gothic Revival architecture. This was usually mixed with Brazilian influences from their own heritage which produced a unique form of Brazilian architecture.[429]

In the 1950s, the

Brasilia was built as new federal capital in the interior of Brazil to help develop the interior. The architect Oscar Niemeyer idealized and built government buildings, churches and civic buildings in the modernist style.[430]

Music

Tom Jobim, one of the creators of bossa nova, and Chico Buarque, one of the leading names of MPB

The music of Brazil was formed mainly from the fusion of European, Native Indigenous, and African elements.[431] Until the nineteenth century, Portugal was the gateway to most of the influences that built Brazilian music, although many of these elements were not of Portuguese origin, but generally European. The first was José Maurício Nunes Garcia, author of sacred pieces with influence of Viennese classicism.[432] The major contribution of the African element was the rhythmic diversity and some dances and instruments that had a bigger role in the development of popular music and folk, flourishing especially in the twentieth century.[431]

Popular music since the late eighteenth century began to show signs of forming a characteristically Brazilian sound, with

samba considered the most typical and on the UNESCO cultural heritage list.[433] Maracatu and Afoxê are two music traditions that have been popularized by their appearance in the annual Brazilian Carnivals.[434] Capoeira is usually played with its own music referred to as capoeira music, which is usually considered to be a call-and-response type of folk music.[435] Forró is a type of folk music prominent during the Festa Junina in northeastern Brazil.[436] Jack A. Draper III, a professor of Portuguese at the University of Missouri,[437] argues that Forró was used as a way to subdue feelings of nostalgia for a rural lifestyle.[438]

Choro is a very popular music instrumental style. Its origins are in 19th-century Rio de Janeiro. In spite of the name, the style often has a fast and happy rhythm, characterized by virtuosity, improvisation, subtle modulations and full of syncopation and counterpoint.[439] Bossa nova is also a well-known style of Brazilian music developed and popularized in the 1950s and 1960s.[440] The phrase "bossa nova" means literally "new trend".[441] A lyrical fusion of samba and jazz, bossa nova acquired a large following starting in the 1960s.[442]

Literature

Machado de Assis, poet and novelist, founder of the Brazilian Academy of Letters

Pêro Vaz de Caminha, filled with descriptions of fauna, flora and commentary about the indigenous population that fascinated European readers.[443]

Brazil produced significant works in Romanticism – novelists like Joaquim Manuel de Macedo and José de Alencar wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his long career, also treated indigenous people as heroes in the Indigenist novels O Guarani, Iracema and Ubirajara.[444] Machado de Assis, one of his contemporaries, wrote in virtually all genres and continues to gain international prestige from critics worldwide.[445][446][447]

Brazilian Modernism, evidenced by the Modern Art Week in 1922, was concerned with a nationalist avant-garde literature,[448] while Post-Modernism brought a generation of distinct poets like João Cabral de Melo Neto, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Vinicius de Moraes, Cora Coralina, Graciliano Ramos, Cecília Meireles, and internationally known writers dealing with universal and regional subjects like Jorge Amado, João Guimarães Rosa, Clarice Lispector and Manuel Bandeira.[449][450][451]

Brazil's most significant literary award is the

Brazilian Academy of Letters, a non-profit cultural organization pointed in perpetuating the care of the national language and literature.[453]

Theatre

Augusto Boal presenting a workshop on the Theatre of the Oppressed at Riverside Church in New York City in 2008

The theatre in Brazil has its origins in the period of Jesuit expansion when theater was used for the dissemination of Catholic doctrine in the 16th century. in the 17th and 18th centuries the first dramatists who appeared on the scene of European derivation was for court or private performances.[454] During the 19th century, dramatic theater gained importance and thickness, whose first representative was Luís Carlos Martins Pena (1813–1848), capable of describing contemporary reality. Always in this period the comedy of costume and comic production was imposed. Significant, also in the nineteenth century, was also the playwright Antônio Gonçalves Dias.[455] There were also numerous operas and orchestras. The Brazilian conductor Antônio Carlos Gomes became internationally known with operas like Il Guarany. At the end of the 19th century orchestrated dramaturgias became very popular and were accompanied with songs of famous artists like the conductress Chiquinha Gonzaga.[456]

Already in the early 20th century there was the presence of theaters, entrepreneurs and actor companies, but paradoxically the quality of the products staggered, and only in 1940 the Brazilian theater received a boost of renewal thanks to the action of Paschoal Carlos Magno and his student's theater, the comedians group and the Italian actors Adolfo Celi, Ruggero Jacobbi and Aldo Calvo, founders of the Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia. From the 1960s it was attended by a theater dedicated to social and religious issues and to the flourishing of schools of dramatic art. The most prominent authors at this stage were Jorge Andrade and Ariano Suassuna.[455]

Cuisine

Feijoada is one of the main dishes of Brazilian cuisine.

Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reflecting the country's varying mix of indigenous and immigrant populations. This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences.

acarajé (from African cuisine).[459]

The national beverage is

liquor. Cachaça is distilled from sugar cane and is the main ingredient in the national cocktail, Caipirinha.[460]

A typical meal consists mostly of rice and beans with beef, salad, french fries and a fried egg.[461] Often, it is mixed with cassava flour (farofa). Fried potatoes, fried cassava, fried banana, fried meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and served in most typical restaurants.[462] Popular snacks are pastel (a fried pastry); coxinha (a variation of chicken croquete); pão de queijo (cheese bread and cassava flour / tapioca); pamonha (corn and milk paste); esfirra (a variation of Lebanese pastry); kibbeh (from Arabic cuisine); empanada (pastry) and empada, little salt pies filled with shrimps or heart of palm.

Brazil has a variety of desserts such as

passionfruit, pineapple, and hog plum are turned in juices and used to make chocolates, ice pops and ice cream.[463]

Cinema

Festival de Gramado, the biggest film festival in the country

The Brazilian film industry began in the late 19th century, during the early days of the

Good Neighbor Policy
during Getúlio Vargas' Estado Novo government.

During the 1960s, the

Terra em Transe (1967) are considered to be some of the greatest and most influential in Brazilian film history.[466]

During the 1990s, Brazil saw a surge of critical and commercial success with films such as

Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the latter receiving a Best Actress nomination for Fernanda Montenegro. The 2002 crime film City of God, directed by Fernando Meirelles, was critically acclaimed, scoring 90% on Rotten Tomatoes,[467] being placed in Roger Ebert's Best Films of the Decade list[468] and receiving four Academy Award nominations in 2004, including Best Director. Notable film festivals in Brazil include the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro International Film Festivals and the Gramado Festival
.

Media

Rede Globo is the world's second-largest commercial television network.[469]

The Brazilian press was officially born in

Dom João.[470] The Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, the first newspaper published in the country, began to circulate on 10 September 1808.[471] The largest newspapers nowadays are Folha de S.Paulo, Super Notícia, O Globo and O Estado de S. Paulo.[472]

Radio broadcasting began on 7 September 1922, with a speech by then President Pessoa, and was formalized on 20 April 1923 with the creation of "Radio Society of Rio de Janeiro".[473]

Television in Brazil began officially on 18 September 1950, with the founding of

RecordTV, Bandeirantes and RedeTV. Today it is the most important factor in popular culture of Brazilian society, indicated by research showing that as much as 67%[475][476] of the general population follow the same daily telenovela
broadcast.

By the mid-1960s Brazilian universities had installed mainframe computers from IBM, and Burroughs Large Systems. In the 1970s and 1980s the Brazilian government restricted foreign imports to protect the local manufacturing of computers. In the 1980s Brazil produced half of the computers sold in the country. By 2009 the mobile phone and Internet use of Brazil was the fifth largest in the world.[477]

In May 2010, the Brazilian government launched

RecordTV Internacional and Band Internacional
.

Visual arts

Entry in the Forest mural at the Thomas Jefferson Building by Candido Portinari, one of the most important Brazilian painters

Brazilian painting emerged in the late 16th century,[479] influenced by Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Modernism, Expressionism, Surrealism, Cubism and Abstracionism making it a major art style called Brazilian academic art.[480][481]

The French Artistic Mission arrived in Brazil in 1816 proposing the creation of an art academy modeled after the respected Académie des Beaux-Arts, with graduation courses both for artists and craftsmen for activities such as modeling, decorating, carpentry and others and bringing artists like Jean-Baptiste Debret.[481]

Upon the creation of the

Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, new artistic movements spread across the country during the 19th century and later the event called Modern Art Week definitely broke with academic tradition in 1922 and started a nationalist trend which was influenced by modernist arts.[482]

Among the best-known Brazilian painters are

Sports

Players at the podium with the first Olympic Gold of the Brazil national football team, won in the 2016 Summer Olympics. Football is the most popular sport in the country.

The most popular sport in Brazil is

FIFA World Rankings, and has won the World Cup tournament a record five times.[485][486]

.

Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil:

Brazil has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, like the

Brazil national basketball team won one of its two world championship titles.[500]

See also

Notes

  1. Arabs
    , who are included in the white category, and South Asians.
  2. ^ Portuguese: Brasil; Brazilian Portuguese: [bɾaˈziu̯]
  3. ^ Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil [9]

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Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Government

10°S 52°W / 10°S 52°W / -10; -52

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