Brazza's martin
Brazza's martin | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Hirundinidae |
Genus: | Phedinopsis Wolters, 1971 |
Species: | P. brazzae
|
Binomial name | |
Phedinopsis brazzae (Oustalet, 1886)
| |
Approximate range in Africa
|
Brazza's martin (Phedinopsis brazzae) is a passerine bird in the swallow family, Hirundinidae. It is 12 centimeters (4.7 in) long with grey-brown upperparts, heavily black-streaked white underparts, and a brownish tint to the breast plumage. The sexes are similar, but juvenile birds have more diffuse breast streaking and reddish-brown edges to the feathers of the back and wings. The song consists of a series of short notes of increasing frequency, followed by a complex buzz that is sometimes completed by a number of clicks.
The range of this species falls within the African countries of Angola, the Republic of the Congo, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nesting in burrows in river banks, it lays a clutch of three white eggs. This bird feeds on flying insects, including termites, and may hunt over rivers or open savanna. It forms mixed flocks with other swallows, but is readily identified by its combination of brown upperparts, streaked underparts, and square tail.
Although this little-known bird had been classified as
Taxonomy
The Brazza's martin was first described in 1886 under the binomial name Phedina brazzae by the French zoologist
Brazza's martin is a member of the swallow family of birds, and is classed as a member of the Hirundininae subfamily, which comprises all swallows and martins except the very distinctive
Brazza's martin is thought to be an early offshoot from the main swallow lineage, although the striped plumage suggests a distant relationship with several streaked African Hirundo species.[12][13] Brazza's martin was previously included in the genus Phedina, although it is now included in its own genus Phedinopsis due to the significant differences in vocalisations and nest type from its relative.[12][5]
Description
The Brazza's martin is 12 cm (4.7 in) long with wings averaging 100.5 mm (3.96 in). This small hirundine has grey-brown upperparts with a somewhat darker brown head and white underparts heavily streaked with blackish-brown from the throat to vent. There is a brownish tint to the breast plumage. The square tail averages 46.8 mm (1.84 in) long and has white edges to the brown undertail
The song consists of a series of short notes increasing in frequency which are followed by a complex buzz and sometimes completed by a number of clicks. The song becomes increasingly loud, although the final clicks are quite soft. The song is similar to that of the banded martin, and does not resemble the Mascarene martin, suggesting unresolved taxonomic problems.[16] The flight is variously described as heavy,[3] or like that of a sand martin.[17]
Brazza's martin can be distinguished from most other swallows within its range by the heavy streaking on the underparts.[3] Although the lesser striped swallow also has white underparts with dark streaking, it is larger, has a deeply forked tail and a very different plumage, with dark blue upperparts, a red rump and a chestnut head.[18] Compared to the Mascarene martin, this species is smaller, has a plainer back and finer dashing on the throat and chest,[19] but there is no range overlap.[20]
Distribution and habitat
The distribution of the Brazza's martin was initially poorly known, and until 1922 the
In the
Behaviour
In a presumed example of
The Brazza's martin nests singly or in loose colonies with sometimes widely separated burrows. The nest is a small heap of soft material such as feathers or dry grass at the end of a typically 50 cm (20 in) tunnel. The normal clutch is three white eggs. The eggs measure 18.5 mm × 11.25 mm (0.728 in × 0.443 in) and weigh 1.5 g (0.05 oz). The incubation and
As with other swallows, Brazza's martin feeds on flying insects, including termites, and may hunt over rivers or open savanna.[3] It can occur in single-species flocks or with other swallows including barn swallows, lesser striped swallows,[1][16] or rock martins.[17]
Status
There has been little
It is likely that this species is dug out for food by humans, but its small, dispersed colonies in firm soil suggest that it is a less rewarding target than the densely packed sandbank nests of species such as the
Citations
- ^ . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Oustalet, Émile (1886). "Notice sur quelques oiseaux nouveaux du Congo". Le Naturaliste: Journal des échanges et des nouvelles (in French). 38: 299–300 [300].
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Turner & Rose (1989) p. 157.
- ^ .
- ^ a b Wolters, H.E. (1971). "Probleme der Gattungsabrenzung in der Ornithologie". Bonner zoologische (in German). 22: 210–219 [215–217].
- ^ Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Swallows". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
- ^ Jobling (2010) p. 302.
- ^ Jobling (2010) p. 76.
- ^ Sharpe & Wyatt (1894) p. 207.
- PMID 15737595.
- PMID 8516319.
- ^ a b Turner & Rose (1989) p. 8.
- ^ Turner & Rose (1989) pp. 70–72.
- ^ Turner & Rose (1989) pp. 58–59.
- ^ "Phedina brazzae Oustalet, 1886". Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- ^ S2CID 54629328.
- ^ a b c King, Tony (2007). "Brazza's Martin Phedina brazzae in the Lesio-Louna Reserve, Congo Republic" (PDF). Malimbus. 29 (1): 46–49.
- ^ Turner & Rose (1989) pp. 194–197.
- ^ Reichenow (1903) p. 425.
- ^ Turner & Rose (1989) pp. 155–157.
- ^ Chapin, James Paul (1953). "The Birds of the Belgian Congo: Part 3". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 75A: 742–743.
- ^ World Wildlife Fund (lead ed.); Sigsgaard, Lene; McGinley, Mark (topic eds.) "Eastern Congolian swamp forests Archived 2012-10-17 at the Wayback Machine". In Cleveland, Cutler J (ed.) (2006). Encyclopedia of Earth. Environmental Information Coalition and National Council for Science and the Environment. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Turner & Rose (1989) p. 4.
- ^ a b "Species factsheet Phedina brazzae". BirdLife International. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ^ de Klemm & Lausche (1986) pp. 262–266.
- ^ de Klemm & Lausche (1986) pp. 515–518.
- ^ "Protected Species in Republic of Congo". Projet d'appui à l'Application de la Loi sur la Faune sauvage. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
Cited texts and general references
- Crochet, P-A; Barthel, P H; Bauer, H-G; van den Berg, A B; Bezzel, E; Collinson, J M; Dietzen, C; Dubois, P J; Fromholtz, J; Helbig, A J; Jiguet, F; Jirle, E; Knox, A G; Krüger, T; Le Maréchal, P; van Loon, A J; Päckert, M; Parkin, D T; Pons, J-M; Raty, L; Roselaar, C S; Sangster, G; Steinheimer, F D; Svensson, L; Tyrberg, T; Votier, S C; Yésou, P (2011). AERC TAC's Taxonomic Recommendations: 2011 Report (PDF). Luxembourg: AERC.
- de Klemm, Cyrille; Lausche, Barbara J (1986). African Wildlife Laws (PDF). IUCN Environmental Policy & Law Occasional Paper No. 3. Gland: World Conservation Union. ISBN 2-88032-091-7.
- Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names (PDF). London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- Reichenow, Anton (1903). Die Vögel Afrikas: Zweiter Band [The Birds of Africa Volume 2] (in German). Neudam: J Neuman. OCLC 987987289.
- Sharpe, Richard Bowdler; Wyatt, Claude Wilmott (1894). A Monograph of the Hirundinidae: Volume 1. London: Self-published. OCLC 7428075.
- Turner, Angela K; Rose, Chris (1989). A Handbook to the Swallows and Martins of the World. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7470-3202-5.
External links
- Media related to Phedina brazzae at Wikimedia Commons