Bremen-Verden
Duchies of Bremen and Verden | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1648–1807 1813–1823 1807-1810 French military administration 1810 annexed by Westphalia and 1811-1813 annexed by France | |||||||||||||||||
George IV | |||||||||||||||||
Governor-general | |||||||||||||||||
• 1646–1663 | H. C. Königsmarck | ||||||||||||||||
• 1668–1693, de facto interrupted 1676–9 | Henrik Horn | ||||||||||||||||
Legislature | Landschaft (also | 1801 1803– 1805 1805–1806 1807– 1810 1810 1811–1813 | |||||||||||||||
• Restitution (Battle of the Nations) | 1813 | ||||||||||||||||
1823 | |||||||||||||||||
Currency | Rixdollar | ||||||||||||||||
|
Bremen-Verden, formally the Duchies of Bremen and Verden (German pronunciation:
In 1648, both prince-bishoprics were
With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Bremen-Verden's status as fiefs of imperial immediacy became void; as they had been in personal union with the neighbouring Kingdom of Hanover, they were incorporated into that state.
Territory and insignia
The territory belonging to the Duchies of Bremen and Verden covered a rough triangle of land between the mouths of the rivers
Bremen-Verden's coat of arms combined the arms of the
History
At the beginning of the
In 1623 Verden's
In 1626, Christian IV, who was also Duke of
In 1626, Tilly and his Catholic League troops occupied Verden, causing the Lutheran clergy to flee. He demanded that the Chapter of Bremen allow him to enter the Prince-Archbishopric and while the Chapter declared its loyalty to the Emperor, it delayed an answer to the request, arguing that it had to consult in a diet with the Estates, which would be a lengthy procedure.
Meanwhile, Christian IV arranged for Dutch, English and French troops to land in Bremen. The Chapter's pleas for a reduction of the contributions, Christian IV commented by arguing once the Leaguists would take over, his extortions will seem little.
In 1627, Christian IV withdrew from the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, in order to fight Wallenstein's invasion of his Duchy of Holstein. Tilly then invaded Bremen and captured its southern parts. The city of Bremen shut its city gates and entrenched behind its improved fortifications. In 1628, Tilly besieged Stade with its remaining garrison of 3,500 Danish and English soldiers. On 5 May 1628 Tilly granted them safe-conduct to England and Denmark-Norway and the whole of ecclesiastical Bremen was in his hands. Now Tilly turned to the city of Bremen, which paid him a ransom of 10,000 rixdollars in order to save itself from a siege. The city remained unoccupied.
The populations in both prince-bishoprics were subjected to measures of "re-Catholicisation" within the scope the
In February 1631 John Frederick, the exiled Lutheran administrator of the Prince-Archbishoprics of Bremen and Lübeck conferred with Gustavus II Adolphus and a number of Lower Saxon princes in Leipzig, all of them troubled by Habsburg's growing influence wielded by virtue of the Edict of Restitution in a number of Northern German Lutheran prince-bishoprics. John Frederick speculated to regain the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and therefore in June/July 1631 officially allied himself with Sweden. For the war being John Frederick accepted Swedish overlordship, while Gustavus Adolphus promised to restitute the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen to its exiled elected Administrator.
In October, an army newly recruited by John Frederick started to reconquer the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and — supported by Swedish troops — to capture the neighboured Prince-Bishopric of Verden, de facto dismissing Verden's intermittent Catholic Prince-Bishop
The reconquest of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, helped by forces from Sweden and from the city of Bremen, was completed by 10 May 1632. John Frederick was back in his office, only to realise what Swedish supremacy meant. The Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen continuously suffered from billeting and alimenting soldiers. The relation between the Estates, who had to maintain administration under Catholic occupation, and the returned Administrator were difficult. The Estates preferred to directly negotiate with the occupants, this time the Swedes.
After John Frederick's death in 1634 Chapter and Estates regarded the dismissal of
In 1635–1636 the Estates and Frederick II agreed with Sweden upon the prince-bishoprics' neutrality. But this didn't last long, because in the Danish-Swedish
With the impending
Transformation of prince-bishoprics into Bremen-Verden in 1648
The political entities of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and the Prince-Bishopric of Verden were transformed by the
The two neighbouring territories could not unite in a
The Holy Roman Empire's taxes were collected and armies recruited and financed along the lines of the imperial circles. Bremen and Verden sent their representatives to the circle diet (Kreistag) of their respective imperial circle. The circle diet decided how to share the burden of the taxes to be levied among the member territories. Thus Bremen and Verden even conflicted on the border between each other — i.e. on who may levy taxes where — which were not solved, even though the two fiefs were ruled in personal union by Sweden.[2]
Personal union with Sweden (1648–1712) and under Danish occupation (1712–1715)
The Swedes installed a new authority, Bremen-Verden's General Government (
The Swedish takeover in 1648 became a milestone for Bremen-Verden's interior constitution. Bremen-Verden turned from two elective monarchies into a hereditary double monarchy, with a personal rule of the prince-(arch)bishop or administrator exchanged for a viceregent government bound by Swedish instructions. The lax administrative structures were replaced with strictly hierarchic authorities with fixed competences. The co-rule of the Estates was curtailed. Bremen and Verden declined from independent territories of imperial immediacy to a collectively governed dominion of a European great power with all the pertaining restrictions and opportunities.[3]
For her new fief, the Duchy of Bremen, the Queen regnant
As Duchess of Bremen and Verden Christina of Sweden installed her residence in the former Benedictine
As to pastoring the tiny Catholic diaspora in Bremen-Verden the Holy See established
In 1728, Emperor
At both feoffments George II of Great Britain swore that he would respect the existing privileges and constitutions of the Estates in Bremen-Verden and in Hadeln, thus confirming 400-year-old traditions of Estate participation in their governments. Being a
Since Bremen-Verden had turned Hanoverian, it never again sent its own representatives to a Diet.
In 1730, Bremen-Verden's government was reorganised and retitled as Royal British and Electoral Brunswick-Lunenburgian Privy Council for Governing the Duchies of Bremen and Verden, which colloquially turned into the "Royal Government".[6] Stade remained the capital. In Hanover, the electoral capital, the Privy Council of Hanover installed a new ministry in charge of the Imperial Estates ruled in personal union by the electors, it was called the Department of Bremen-Verden, Hadeln, Lauenburg and Bentheim.
In the summer of 1757, the French invaders defeated Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, son of George II and leading the Anglo-Hanoverian army. The French troops drove him and his army into remote Bremen-Verden, where in the former convent of Zeven he had to capitulate on 18 September with the Convention of Klosterzeven. But King George II denied his recognition of the convention. In the following year, the British army, supported by troops from Brandenburg-Prussia, Hesse-Kassel and the Principality of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Wolfenbüttel) expelled again the occupants. Bremen-Verden remained unaffected for the rest of the war and after its end peace prevailed until the French Revolutionary Wars started.
The
By this time the
In April 1801, Brandenburg-Prussian troops arrived in Bremen-Verden's capital of Stade and stayed there until October the same year. The
Napoleonic wars (1803–1813)
After Britain — without any ally — had declared war on France on 18 May 1803, French troops invaded the Electorate of Hanover on 26 May and installed — among others — two occupation companies in Bremen-Verden's capital Stade on 18 June. According to the Convention of Artlenburg from 5 July 1803, confirming the military defeat of Hanover, the Hanoverian army was disarmed and its horses and ammunitions were handed over to the French. The Privy Council of Hanover, with minister Friedrich Franz Dieterich von Bremer holding up the Hanoverian stake, had fled to the trans-Elbian Hanoverian territory of Saxe-Lauenburg on 30 May, taking seat in Lauenburg upon Elbe.[7] In the summer of 1803, the French occupants raised their first war contribution with 21,165 rixdollars alone levied in Bremen-Verden. In 1803, the Duchy of Bremen had 180,000 inhabitants and an area of 5,325.4 square kilometres, the Principality of Verden 1,359.7 square kilometres and 20,000 inhabitants in 1806, while Hadeln comprised 311.6 square kilometres and had about 14,000 inhabitants.[8]
In the autumn of 1805, at the beginning of the
In 1807 France replaced the Privy Council and the Hanoverian estates of the realm, as announced on 20 September, by its own occupational government, the Commission du Gouvernement (German: Commission des Gouvernements) under Governor General Jean Jacques Bernardin Colaud de La Salcette , and further installed a subdelegate, Peter Christian Dodt, replacing Bremen-Verden's deputation (decision-taking body), however, allowing Bremen-Verden's government (executive body) to work on.[11] Napoleon I especially confiscated the Hanoverian electoral demesnes in order to enfeoff veterans with them.[11] He retained exclusive access to the domains and their earnings, when on 1 March 1810 he allowed his brother King Jérôme Bonaparte to incorporate Bremen-Verden into his short-lived Kingdom of Westphalia, forming its Département Nord,[12] only to annexe Bremen-Verden to the French Empire with effect from 1 January 1811, forming the Arrondissement Stade in the Département Bouches-de-l'Elbe and several cantons in the Département Bouches-du-Weser.[13]
From Restitution to incorporation into Hanover in 1823
In 1813, the Duchies of Bremen and Verden were restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which transformed into the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814. Even though Bremen-Verden's status as a territory of imperial immediacy had become void with the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Duchies were not right away incorporated in a real union into the Hanoverian state. Since the Hanoverian monarchs had moved to London, Hanover had become a state of very conservative and backward rule, with a local government recruited from local aristocrats adding much to the preservation of outdated structures.[14] The administrative union with Hanover only followed in 1823, when a local government reform united Bremen-Verden and Hadeln to form the High-Bailiwick of Stade, administered according to unitarian modern standards, thereby doing away with various traditional government forms of Bremen, Verden and Hadeln.
For the further history see Stade Region (1823–1977), which emerged by the establishment of the High-Bailiwick of Stade in 1823, comprising the territories of the former Duchies of Bremen and Verden and the Land of Hadeln.
List of rulers (1648–1823)
For the consorts see List of consorts of Bremen-Verden.
Dukes of Bremen and Verden (1648–1823) | |||||
Reign | Portrait | Name | Birth and death with places |
Reason for end of reign |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
House of Vasa (1648–1654) | |||||
1648–1654 | Christina
|
Stockholm *18 December [O.S. 8 December] 1626[15] – [N.S.] 19 April 1689*, Rome |
abdicated | ||
House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken (1654–1719) | |||||
1654–1660 | Charles X Gustav
|
Nyköping Castle *8 November [O.S. 29 October] 1622 – 4 November [O.S. 25 October] 1660*,[15] Gothenburg |
death | ||
1660–1697 | Charles XI | Tre Kronor Castle, *4 December [O.S. 24 November] 1655 – 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1697*,[15] Tre Kronor Castle |
death | enfeoffed by Emperor Leopold I in 1664
| |
1697–1718 | Charles XII | Stockholm Palace, Stockholm *17 June [O.S. 7 June] 1682 – 30 November [O.S. 19 November] 1718*,[15] Fredrikshald |
de facto deposed by Danish occupants, who sold Bremen-Verden to Electoral Hanover in 1715, death |
||
1718–1719 | Ulrika Eleonora
|
Stockholm Palace, Stockholm *23 January [O.S. 13 January] 1688 – 24 November [O.S. 13 November] 1741*,[15] Stockholm |
de facto inhibited by Hanoverian takeover, waived claim to dukedom by Treaty of Stockholm
|
only by claim, never enfeoffed by the Emperor, sister of the preceding | |
House of Hanover (1719–1823) | |||||
Reign | Portrait | Name | Birth and death with places |
Reason for end of reign |
Notes |
1715–1727 | George I Louis | Hanover *7 June [O.S. 28 May] 1660[16] – [N.S.] 22 June 1727*, Osnabrück |
death | de facto ruling, but never enfeoffed by the Emperor | |
1727–1760 | George II Augustus | Herrenhausen Palace, Hanover, *20 November [O.S. 10 November] 1683[16] – [N.S.] 25 October 1760*, Kensington Palace, London |
death | enfeoffed by Emperor Charles VI in 1733
| |
1760–1820 | George III
|
Norfolk House, *4 June [O.S. 24 May] 1738[17] – [N.S.] 29 January 1820*, Windsor Castle |
de facto temporarily deposed 1803–1805, 1806–1813 by various occupations and annexations during the Napoleonic Wars, death |
became sovereign duke through the end of the Holy Roman Empire on 6 August 1806, mentally unfit since 1811 and represented by his eldest son Regent George (later No. IV) of Hanover from 1816
in Bremen-Verden his younger 6th son Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge officiated as Viceroy | |
1820–1823 | George IV
|
] 26 June 1830*, Windsor Castle |
title had turned void and the duchies were deleted as administrative entities in 1823, when merged into the Kingdom of Hanover | only pro forma, son of the preceding, Regent 1811–1820, represented in Bremen-Verden by his younger brother Viceroy Adolphus |
Heads of government (1648–1823)
Governors-general under Swedish rule (1646/1648–1712)
- 1646–1663 Hans Christoffer Königsmarck(*1600–†1663)
- 1663–1666 Gustav Evertsson Horn (*1614–†1666)
- 1668–1693 Henrik Horn (*1618–†1693), de facto interrupted 1676–1679 by Brandenburg-Prussian and Danish occupation in the course of the Scanian War
- 1693–1693 Erik Dahlbergh (*1625–†1703)
- vacancy
- 1696–1698 Jürgen Mellin (*1633–†1713)
- 1698–1710 Nils Carlsson Gyllenstierna af Fogelvik (*1648–†1720)
- 1711–1712 Mauritz Vellingk (*1651–†1727)
- vacancy due to Danish occupation
Presidents of the government under Hanoverian rule (1715–1807, 1813–1823)
- 1715–1716 Cord Plato von Schloen, called Gehle (*1661–†1723)
- 1716–1730 Johann Friedrich von Staffhorst (*1653–†1730)
- vacancy
From 1739 on the presidents were in
- 1739–1759 Hanoverian Chancery (German: Deutsche Kanzlei) in London
- 1759–1782 Bodo Friedrich von Bodenhausen (*1719–†?), ranked state minister in 1769
- 1782–1798 Gotthelf Dietrich von Ende (*1726–†1798)
- vacancy
- 1800–1810 Christian Ludwig von Hake (*1745–†1818), ranked state minister, name giving for the species Hakea
- 1811-1813 vacancy due to French annexation
- 1813–1823 Engelbert Johann von Marschalck (*1766–†1845), Bremen-Verden's Estates elected him president of the provisional government after the French retreat. In 1823 he became the first High-Bailiff of Stade Region, the merely administrative entity succeeding Bremen-Verden's dissolution in 1823.
Source[18]
President of the government under Westphalian Rule (1810 March-Dec.)
- 1800–1810 Christian Ludwig von Hake (*1745–†1818)
- 1810, April–December Johann Julius Conrad von Schlütter (*1749–†1827)
Nobility of Bremen
Luneberg Mushard , Bremisch- und Verdischer Ritter-Sahl Oder Denckmahl Der Uhralten Berühmten Hoch-adelichen Geschlechter Insonderheit der Hochlöblichen Ritterschafft In Denen Hertzogthümern Bremen und Verden. 1720 [1]
Notable people
A list of interesting people whose birth, death, residence or activity took place in Bremen-Verden.
- Heinrich Böse (*1783–†1867), Bremian and Danish and West Indian sugar manufacturer, politician, anti-Napoléonic freedom fighter
- Claus von der Decken (born in Rittershausen, today part of Balje; *1742–†1826), Hanoverian administrator, active in the restitution of Bremen-Verden to the Electorate of Hanover, Hanoverian minister
- Diedrich von Düring (*1611–†1668), military
- Alexander Erskein (also Alexander von Esken; *1598–†1656), diplomat, president of Swedish Bremen-Verden's government
- Gustav Evertsson Horn (*1614–†1666), politician, military, governor-general of Bremen-Verden
- Henrik Henriksson Horn (*1618–†1693), politician, military, governor-general of Bremen-Verden
- Johann Friedrich Andreas Huth (*1777–†1864), merchant and merchant banker of Frederick Andrew Huth & Co. in London, supplying Wellington's armed forces with bread, donator of the library Friedrich-Huth-Bibliothek,[19] in Harsefeld, Bremen-Verden, where he grew up
- Hans Christoffer von Königsmarck, military entrepreneur, general and strategist, governor-general of Bremen-Verden, grandfather of the next
- Augustus the Strong
- Philipp Christoph von Königsmarck (born in Stade; *1665–†1694), brother of the former, military, lover of Duchess Sophia Dorothea of Celle.
- Ss. Cosmae et Damiani Lutheran Church in Stade(1675–1702)
- Christoph Meiners (born in Warstade; *1747–†1810), philosopher, historian, ethnologist
- Luneberg Mushard , teacher and historian, vice-rector at the Gymnasium Athenaeum in Stade, father of the next
- Martin Mushard (*1699–†1770), Lutheran pastor in Geestendorf (today a part of Bremerhaven), archeologist, prehistorian, son of the former
- Daniel Nicolai (since 1664, ennobled as von Greiffencrantz; *1613–†1670), chancellor of Swedish Bremen-Verden
- explorerin Danish service
- superintendentof the Lutheran consistory of Bremen-Verden proper (without Land of Hadeln) in Stade, historian
- Esaias von Pufendorf (*1628–†1689), diplomat, chancellor of Swedish Bremen-Verden's government
- Michael Richey (*1678–†1761), polyhistor, professor of history and Greek language, poet, rector at the Gymnasium Athenaeum in Stade
- Ss. Cosmae et Damiani in Stade
- George III of the United Kingdom, in personal union Duke of Bremen
- Dietrich von Stade (the Elder) (*1637–†1718), Lutheran consistorial secretary, archivist, Germanist, father of the next
- Reichstag in Regensburg, son of the former
- Johann Hinrich Voß (*1751–†1826), philologist, teacher, translator of Homer into German, lyricist, editor, rector of the Latin School in Otterndorf (1778–1782)
- Anton Christian Wedekind (*1763–†1845), administrator, jurist, historian, especially of North Western German history including the time when Bremen-Verden was annexed as the French départements Bouches-de-l'Elbe and Bouches-du-Weser.
Source: Lebensläufe zwischen Elbe und Weser: Ein biographisches Lexikon[20]
See also
- Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
- Prince-Bishopric of Verden
- Bremen-Verden Campaign
- Gustav Gustavsson af Vasaborg
- Stade Region
- Swedish Pomerania
- Wismar
Notes
- Bremen's northern quarters, incorporated in 1939, which prior belonged to the Landschaft's ambit too.
- ^ Cf. Wolfgang Dörfler, Herrschaft und Landesgrenze: die langwährenden Bemühungen um die Grenzziehung zwischen den Stiften und späteren Herzogtümern Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 2004, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der Ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 22).
- ^ Beate Christine Fiedler, "Die Entwicklung der schwedischen Staatsform im 17. Jahrhundert und ihre Auswirkung auf die deutschen Provinzen Bremen und Verden", In: Landschaft und regionale Identität: Beiträge zur Geschichte der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden und des Landes Hadeln, Heinz-Joachim Schulze (ed.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1989, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 3), pp. 84-96, here p. 92.
- ^ Matthias Nistahl, "Die Reichsexekution gegen Schweden in Bremen-Verden", In: Landschaft und regionale Identität: Beiträge zur Geschichte der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden und des Landes Hadeln, Heinz-Joachim Schulze (ed.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1989, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 3), pp. 97–123, here pp. 97seqq.
- ^ Beate Christine Fiedler, "Die Entwicklung der schwedischen Staatsform im 17. Jahrhundert und ihre Auswirkung auf die deutschen Provinzen Bremen und Verden", In: Landschaft und regionale Identität: Beiträge zur Geschichte der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden und des Landes Hadeln, Heinz-Joachim Schulze (ed.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1989, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 3), pp. 84–96, here p. 92.
- ^ In German: Königlich Großbritannischer und Churfürstlich-Braunschweigisch-Lüneburgischer zur Regierung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden verordneter Geheimer Rath und Regierungs-Räthe, cf. Klaus Isensee, Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 28
- ^ Klaus Isensee, Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 33. No ISBN.
- ^ Peter von Kobbe, Geschichte und Landesbeschreibung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1824, p. 184
- Electorate of Brandenburgbecame senseless, when the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved on 6 August 1806, thereby abolishing the function of prince-electors electing its emperors.
- ^ Klaus Isensee, Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 34. No ISBN.
- ^ a b Klaus Isensee, Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 36. No ISBN.
- ^ Klaus Isensee, Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 58. No ISBN.
- ^ Klaus Isensee, Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), pp. 90seq. No ISBN.
- ^ Klaus Isensee, Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 25. No ISBN.
- ^ Gregorian Calendar. The Old Style Julian calendar remained in use in Swedenuntil Thursday, 1 March (N.S.) came after Wednesday, 17 February 1753 (O.S.).
- ^ Gregorian Calendar. The Old Style Julian calendar remained in use in Calenberguntil Monday 1 March 1700 (N.S.) came after Sunday 18 February 1700 (O.S.).
- Gregorian Calendar. The Old Style Julian calendar remained in use in Great Britainuntil Thursday, 14 September (N.S.) came after Wednesday, 2 September 1752 (O.S.).
- ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9
- ^ "Google Translate". translate.google.com.
- ^ Lebensläufe zwischen Elbe und Weser: Ein biographisches Lexikon, Brage Bei der Wieden and Jan Lokers (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 2002, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 16)
References
- Dannenberg, Hans-Eckhard; Schulze, Heinz-Joachim (1995). Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser vol. 1 Vor- und Frühgeschichte. Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden. ISBN 978-3-9801919-7-5.
- Dannenberg, Hans-Eckhard; Schulze, Heinz-Joachim (1995). Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser vol. 2 Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte). Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden. ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2.
- Dannenberg, Hans-Eckhard; Schulze, Heinz-Joachim (2008). Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser vol. 3 Neuzeit. Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden. ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9.