Bremen

Bremen Breem / Bräm ( Bremen Market Square; houses on the market square and Bremen Roland Statue; Bremen City Hall; Bremen Cathedral; Town Musicians of Bremen Statue; Schnoor scenery; and Schütting Building
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Bremen
Bremen Show map of Germany Bremen Show map of Bremen
Coordinates: 53°04′33″N 08°48′26″E / 53.07583°N 8.80722°E / 53.07583; 8.80722
Country	Germany
State	Bremen
Subdivisions	5 boroughs, 19 districts, 88 subdistricts
Government
• Mayor	Andreas Bovenschulte (SPD)
• Governing parties	SPD / Greens / Left
Area
• City	326.73 km2 (126.15 sq mi)
• Metro	11,627 km2 (4,489 sq mi)
Elevation	12 m (39 ft)
Population  (2022-12-31)[1]
• City	569,396
• Density	1,700/km2 (4,500/sq mi)
• Metro	2,800,000
Demonym(s)	Bremer (m), Bremerin (f)
Time zone	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes	28001–28779
Dialling codes	0421
Vehicle registration	HB (with 1 to 2 letters and 1 to 4 digits)[2]
Website	Bremen online

Bremen (Low German also: Breem or Bräm), officially the City Municipality of Bremen (German: Stadtgemeinde Bremen, IPA: [ˈʃtatɡəˌmaɪndə ˈbʁeːmən] ^ⓘ), is the capital of the German state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen), a two-city-state consisting of the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven. With about 570,000 inhabitants, the Hanseatic city is the 11th largest city of Germany and the second largest city in Northern Germany after Hamburg.

Bremen is the largest city on the

Bremen's port, together with the port of Bremerhaven at the mouth of the Weser, is the second largest port in Germany after the Port of Hamburg. The airport of Bremen (Flughafen Bremen "Hans Koschnick") lies in the southern borough of Neustadt-Neuenland and is Germany's 12th busiest airport.

Bremen is a major cultural and economic hub of Northern Germany. The city is home to dozens of historical galleries and museums, ranging from historical sculptures to major art museums, such as the

Bremen has a reputation as a working-class city.[4] The city is home to many multinationals and manufacturing companies headquartered in Bremen include Hachez chocolate and Vector Foiltec.^[5] Bundesliga club SV Werder Bremen play in the Weserstadion on the bank of the Weser.

History

For most of its 1,200 year history, Bremen was an independent city within the confederal jurisdiction of Germany's Holy Roman Empire. Its governing merchants and guilds were at the centre of the Hanseatic League that sought to monopolise the North Sea and Baltic Sea trade. To enlarge and confirm its independence, the city had, until the Reformation, to contend with the temporal power of the Church, and after the Thirty Years War with Sweden, the masters of the surrounding Duchy of Bremen-Verden.

In the late nineteenth century, Bremen was drawn by Prussia into the German Empire. With its new sea anchorage and wharves at Bremerhaven, it was the principal port of embarkation for German and central European emigrants to the Americas, and an entrepôt for Germany's late developing colonial trade. The Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL), founded in Bremen in 1857, became one of the world's leading shipping companies.

In the twentieth century, Bremen, a broadly liberal and social-democratic city, lost its autonomy under the Hitler regime. After World War Two, in which almost two thirds of the city's fabric was destroyed, this was restored. Bremen became one of the founding Bundesländer (or states) of West Germany.

Geography

Bremen lies on both sides of the

Bremen has a moderate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) due to its proximity to the North Sea coast and temperate maritime air masses that move in with the predominantly westerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean. However, periods in which continental air masses predominate may occur at any time of the year and can lead to heat waves in the summer and prolonged periods of frost in the winter. In general though, extremes are rare in Bremen and temperatures below −15 °C (5.0 °F) and above 35 °C (95.0 °F) occur only once every couple of years. The record high temperature was 37.6 °C (99.7 °F) on 9 August 1992, while the official record low temperature was −23.6 °C (−10.5 °F) on 13 February 1940. On 13 October 2018, Bremen recorded its warmest October day on record with 28.6 °C (83.4 °F).^[8] However, the astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers reported to have measured −27.3 °C on 23 January 1823.^[9] Being at some distance from the main North Sea, Bremen still has a somewhat wider temperature range than Bremerhaven that is located on the mouth of Weser.

Average temperatures have risen continually over the last decades, leading to a 0.6 °C (1.1 °F) rise in the mean annual temperature between 1961–90 and 1981–2010 reference periods. As in most parts of Germany, the year 2014 has been the warmest year on record averaging 11.1 °C (52.0 °F), making Bremen the second-warmest German state after Berlin in 2014.^[10] While Bremen is located in the comparatively cloudy northwestern part of Germany, there has been a significant increase in average sunshine hours over the last decades, especially in the months of April, May, and July, causing the annual mean to rise by 121 hours between the reference periods of 1961–90 and 1991–2020.^[11] This trend has continued over the last 10 years (2011–2020), which average 1680 hours of sunshine, almost 200 hours more than in the international reference period of 1961–90.^[12] Nevertheless, especially the winters remain extremely gloomy by international standards with December averaging hardly more than one hour of sunshine (out of 7 astronomically possible) per day, a feature that Bremen shares with most of Germany and its neighbouring countries, though.

Precipitation is distributed fairly even around the year with a small peak in summer mainly due to convective precipitation, i.e. showers and thunderstorms. Snowfall and the period of snow cover are variable; whereas in some years, hardly any snow accumulation occurs, there has recently been a series of unusually snowy winters, peaking in the record year 2010 counting 84 days with a snow cover.^[13] Nevertheless, snow accumulation of more than 20 centimetres (8 in) remains exceptional, the record being 68 centimetres (26.8 in) of snow on 18 February 1979.

The warmest months in Bremen are June, July, and August, with average high temperatures of 20.2 to 22.6 °C (68.4 to 72.7 °F). The coldest are December, January, and February, with average low temperatures of −1.1 to 0.3 °C (30.0 to 32.5 °F). Typical of its maritime location, autumn tends to remain mild well into October, while spring arrives later than in the southwestern parts of the country.

Population

Bremen's economy boomed in line with the West German Wirtschaftswunder of the 1950s and 60s. This saw the growth, and permanent settlement, of a large migrant worker population, drawn largely from Turkey and southern Europe. A new wave immigration occurred after the turn of new century, following the entry of Poland, Bulgaria and other former East Bloc countries into the European Union, and after 2015 with the settlement of refugees from Syria and other war-torn regions. Today Bremen has a population of 567,000 and is the 11th largest city in Germany and 5th largest city by area with area of 318.21 km² (122.86 sq mi), which makes this city area bigger than Munich.

By the second decade of the century out of a population (including Bremerhaven) of approximately 680,000, over 115,000 had foreign citizenship,^[6][18] and nearly twice that number, almost a third of the total population, could be classified as having non-German origin/ethnicity.^[19]

Number of minorities in Bremen by nationality as of 31 December 2022:^[20]

Rank	Nationality	Population (31.12.2022)
1	Turkey	22,860
2	Syria	17,345
3	Poland	9,455
4	Bulgaria	9,325
5	Ukraine	5,370
6	Romania	4,240
7	Afghanistan	4,215
8	Serbia	3,535
9	Russia	3,420
10	Ghana	3,170
11	Portugal	2,835
12	Italy	2,470
13	Iran	2,460
14	Albania	2,420
15	Nigeria	2,350

The recent influx has somewhat moderated the tendency toward an accelerated ageing of the population. As it is, more than half the population of the state of Bremen are over 50, and more than a quarter are over 60.^[21]

Politics

The Stadtbürgerschaft (municipal assembly) is currently made up of 72 of the 87 legislators of the state legislature, the Bremische Bürgerschaft who reside in the city of Bremen. The legislature is elected by the citizens of Bremen every four years.

Bremen has a reputation as a left-wing city. The port, shipyards and related industries sustained a large and unionised working class. This translated into support for the Social Democrats, considered Bremen's natural governing party. However, in the 1980s mechanization of the port and closure of the city's leading shipbuilder induced an employment crisis and shook the confidence of the party's traditional voter base. The SPD, which had still polled 51% in 1987, lost its effective majority. The once dominant left-liberal vote split, and coalition government became the norm.^[22] The state today is governed by a coalition of the Social Democratic Party, The Greens and The Left.

In November 2019 the right-wing group Phalanx 18 was banned by the city-state of Bremen.^[23]

One of the two mayors (Bürgermeister) is elected President of the Senate (Präsident des Senats) and serves as head of the city and the state. The current mayor is Andreas Bovenschulte.^[24]

Last state election

State election 2015

Party		Votes	%	+/–	Seats	+/–
	Social Democratic Party (SPD)		32.9	5.7	30	6
	Christian Democratic Union (CDU)		22.4	2.0	20	0
	Alliance '90/The Greens		15.1	7.4	14	7
	The Left		9.5	3.9	8	3
	Free Democratic Party (FDP)		6.5	4.1	6	6
	Alternative for Germany (AfD)		5.5	N/A	4	N/A
	Citizens in Rage (BIW)		3.2	0.5	1	0
	The Party		1.9	N/A	0	N/A
	Pirate Party Germany (PIRATEN)		1.5	0.4	0	0
	Human Environment Animal Protection (The Animal Protection Party)		1.2	N/A	0	N/A
	National Democratic Party (NPD)		0.2	1.4	0	0
Totals			100.0%	—	83	—

Provisional results; the AfD did not reach the 5% threshold in Bremerhaven (and will hence only receive seats for votes from Bremen), the BIW did not reach the threshold in Bremen (and will only receive one seat in Bremerhaven, none in Bremen).^[25][26]

Administrative structure

Stadtbezirk (borough)	Stadtteile (urban districts), Ortsteile (subdistricts, selectively)	Area	Population	Density of population	Maps
Mitte (Central) 1	Mitte (Central) Altstadt (Old city), incl. Schnoor Ostertor, part of Viertel (Bremen) Häfen (Ports)	33.741 km²	17,392	515 / km²	Mitte	Häfen
Süd (South) 2	Neustadt (New Town) Alte Neustadt (Old New Town, near the Weser, opposite of the City) Buntentor (an old suburb, southeast of Alte Neustadt) Huckelriede, between Buntentor and Habenhausen Hohentor, west of Alte Neustadt Neuenland, with Bremen Airport and some hightech companies Neustadt, Südervorstadt and Gartenstadt Süd between Alte Neustadt and the airport city Obervieland [de] Arsten (near Weser river, upstream) Habenhausen (near Weser, north of Arsten) Kattenesch (west of Arsten) Kattenturm (northwestern section) Huchting, mainly west of river Ochtum Woltmershausen with Rablinghausen, between Weser river and Neustädter Hafen Seehausen, a village near river Weser Strom, a village	66.637 km²	123,303	1,850 / km²	Neustadt Huchting Seehausen	Obervieland Woltmershausen Strom
Ost (East) 3	Östliche Vorstadt (Eastern Suburb) Steintor (near the city), part of Viertel (Bremen) Fesenfeld (northern part of Steintor) Peterswerder (with Weserstadion) Hulsberg (north of Peterswerder) Schwachhausen Vahr [de] (with Aalto-Hochhaus) Horn-Lehe (with University of Bremen) Borgfeld Oberneuland [de] Osterholz Hemelingen Hastedt (near Östliche Vorstadt) Sebaldsbrück (east of Hastedt) Hemelingen (south of Sebaldsbrück, near Weser river) Arbergen (east of Hemelingen) Mahndorf (east of Arbergen)	108.201 km²	218,843	2,023 / km²	Östliche Vorstadt Vahr Borgfeld Osterholz	Schwachhausen Horn-Lehe Oberneuland Hemelingen
West 4	Blockland Findorff Walle Gröpelingen [de] Oslebshausen	56.606 km²	89,216	1,576 / km²	Blockland Findorff	Walle Gröpelingen
Nord (North) 5	Burglesum [de] Vegesack Blumenthal Rönnebeck Farge Rekum [de] (with Valentin submarine pens)	60.376 km²	98,606	1,633 / km²	Burglesum Blumenthal	Vegesack

Main sights

• Many of the sights in Bremen are found in the Altstadt (Old Town), an oval area surrounded by the Weser River, on the southwest, and the Wallgraben, the former moats of the medieval city walls, on the northeast. The oldest part of the Altstadt is the southeast half, starting with the Marktplatz and ending at the Schnoor quarter.
• The
  Town Hall of Bremen. The building was erected between 1405 and 1410 in Gothic style, but the façade was built two centuries later (1609–12) in Renaissance style. The Town Hall is the seat of the president of the Senate of Bremen. Today, it hosts a restaurant in original decor with gigantic wine barrels, the Ratskeller in Bremen. In July 2004, along with the Bremen Roland, the building was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites
  .
• Two statues stand to the west side of the Town Hall: one is the statue Bremen Roland (1404) of the city's protector, Roland, with his view against the Cathedral and bearing Durendart, the "sword of justice" and a shield decorated with an imperial eagle. The other near the entrance to the Ratskeller is Gerhard Marcks' bronze sculpture (1953) Die Stadtmusikanten (Town Musicians), which portrays the donkey, dog, cat and rooster of the Grimm Brothers' fairy tale.
• Other interesting buildings in the vicinity of the Marktplatz are the Schütting, a sixteenth-century Flemish-inspired guild hall, Rathscafé, Raths-Apotheke, Haus der Stadtsparkasse and the Stadtwaage, the former weigh house (built in 1588), with an ornate Renaissance façade, and the nearby Essighaus, once a fine Renaissance town house. The façades and houses surrounding the market square were the first buildings in Bremen to be restored after World War II, by the citizens of Bremen themselves.
• St Peter's
  Paul and Charlemagne. The Bismarck Monument
  is also outside the cathedral, which is the only monument in Germany to depict Otto von Bismarck in an equestrian format.
• On Katherinenklosterhof to the northwest of the cathedral, a few remaining traces can be found of St Catherine's Monastery dating back to the thirteenth century.
• The
  Liebfrauenkirche
  (Our Lady's Church) is the oldest church of the town (11th century). Its crypt features several impressive murals from the fourteenth century.
• Off the south side of the Markplatz, the 110 m (120 yd) Böttcherstraße was transformed in 1923–1931 by the coffee magnate Ludwig Roselius, who commissioned local artists to convert the narrow street (in medieval times, the street of the barrel makers) into an inspired mixture of Gothic and Art Nouveau. It was considered "entartete Kunst" (degenerate art) by the Nazis. Today, the street is one of Bremen's most popular attractions, with the Glockenspiel House at No. 4 with its carillon of Meissen porcelain bells.^[27]
• At the end of Böttcherstraße, by the Weser bank, stands the Martinikirche (St Martin's Church), a Gothic brick church built in 1229, and rebuilt in 1960 after its destruction in World War II.^[28]
• Tucked away between the Cathedral and the river is the
  Convent of Saint Birgitta (Birgittenkloster) founded in 2002 is a small community of just seven nuns offering guest accommodation.^[29]
• Schlachte, the medieval harbour of Bremen (the modern port is some kilometres downstream) is today a riverside boulevard with pubs and bars aligned on one side and the banks of Weser on the other.^[30]
• The Viertel district to the east of the old town combines rows of nineteenth-century Bremen houses (Bremer Häuser) with museums and the theatres of Theater Bremen along the city's cultural mile (Kulturmeile (Bremen) [de]).^[31]
• Knoops Park which is one of the larger green spaces in the city that many locals love to visit especially when the weather is warmer. There is also an option to rent small
  rowboats
  in the middle of the park.
• The Nasir Moschee is the first purpose built mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Bremen.^[32]

More contemporary tourist attractions include:

• Universum Science Center, a modern science museum
• The Rhododendron-Park Bremen, a major collection of rhododendrons and azaleas; also includes a botanical garden
• Botanika, a nature museum within the Rhododendron-Park Bremen that attempts be to the same as the Universum, but for biology
• Beck's Brewery, tours are available to the public which include beer tasting
• The Kunsthalle Bremen, an art museum with paintings from the nineteenth and twentieth century, maintained by the citizens of Bremen
• Focke Museum,^[33] museum of art and cultural history
• The
  ethnographic museum near by the Central Station Bremen
  .
• The Kunstsammlungen Böttcherstraße, an art museum in expressionist architecture from Bernhard Hoetger with paintings from the twentieth century from Paula Modersohn-Becker
• The Weserburg Museum für moderne Kunst ("Weserburg Modern Art Museum"), a modern art museum located in the middle of the Weser River^[34]

Structures

• Mediumwave transmitter Bremen
• Fallturm Bremen
• Bremen-Walle Telecommunication Tower

The Freie Waldorfschule in Bremen-Sebaldsbrück was Germany's first school built to the Passivhaus low-energy building standard.^[35]

Economy

According to data from the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, Bremen had a GDP per capita of $53,379 in 2013, higher than the average for Germany as a whole. For comparison, in 2013, the World Bank reported Germany had a GDP per capita of $46,268, and the EU overall had a GDP per capita of $35,408 in the same year.^[36]

Bremen is the second development centre of the region, after

A400M military transport aircraft takes place before delivery on to Spain.^[37]

More than 3,100 persons are employed at Airbus Bremen, the second largest Airbus site in Germany. As part of the Centre of Excellence – Wing/Pylon, Bremen is responsible for the design and manufacture of high-lift systems for the wings of Airbus aircraft. The entire process chain for the high-lift elements is established here, including the project office, technology engineering, flight physics, system engineering, structure development, verification tests, structural assembly, wing equipping and ultimate delivery to the final assembly line. In addition, Bremen manufactures sheet metal parts like clips and thrust crests for all Airbus aircraft as part of the Centre of Excellence – Fuselage and Cabin.^[38]

In Bremen there is a plant of

OHB-System

, respectively the first and the third space companies of European Union.

There is also a Mercedes-Benz factory in Bremen, building the C, CLK, SL, SLK, and GLK series of cars.^[39]

Beck & Co's headlining brew Beck's and St Pauli Girl beers are brewed in Bremen. In past centuries when Bremen's port was the "key to Europe", the city also had a large number of wine importers, but the number is down to a precious few. Apart from that there is another link between Bremen and wine: about 800 years ago, quality wines were produced here. The largest wine cellar in the world is located in Bremen (below the city's main square),^{[citation needed]} which was once said to hold over 1 million bottles, but during WWII was raided by occupying forces.

A large number of food producing or trading companies are located in Bremen with their German or European headquarters:

Kellogg's, Kraft Foods (Kraft, Jacobs Coffee, Milka Chocolate, Milram, Miràcoli), Frosta (frosted food), Nordsee (chain of sea fast food), Melitta Kaffee, Eduscho Kaffee, Azul Kaffee, Vitakraft (pet articles and food for cats, dogs, birds, fish, rodents and other pets), Atlanta AG (Chiquita banana), chocolatier Hachez

(fine chocolate and confiserie), feodora chocolatier.

Bremer Woll-Kämmerei (BWK), a worldwide operating company for manufacturing wool and trading in wool and similar products, is headquartered in Bremen. Gleistein is a German cordage factory with head office in Bremen.

Bremen Central Station

Transport

Bremen has an international airport situated 3 km (2 mi) south of the city centre.

Bremer Straßenbahn AG (translates from German as Bremen Tramways Corporation), often abbreviated BSAG, the public transport provider for Bremen.^[40]

The

Bremen Central Station. It has been in operation since 2010.^[41] This network unified existing regional transport in Bremen as well as surrounding cities, including Bremerhaven, Delmenhorst, Twistringen, Nordenham, Oldenburg, and Verden an der Aller. The network lies completely within the area of the Bremen-Lower Saxony Transport Association

, whose tariff structure applies.

Events

• On August 8, 1992, in Weserstadion, Michael Jackson performed a show as part of his Dangerous World Tour. It was one of his three shows in Bremen and on his next and last tour he kicked off the HIStory World Tour in Bremen.
• Every year since 1036, in the last two weeks of October, Bremen has hosted the Freimarkt ("Free market"), one of the world's oldest and in Germany one of today's biggest continuously celebrated fairground festivals.
• Bremen is host to one of the four big annual Techno parades, the Vision Parade.
• Bremen is also host of the "Bremer 6 Tage Rennen" a bicycle race at the Bremen Arena.
• Every year the city plays host to young musicians from across the world, playing in the International Youth Symphony Orchestra of Bremen (IYSOB).
• On March 12, 1999, the rock band Kiss played a live show in Bremen. Before the show, they were told by the fire marshall not to use any fireworks. They did not use any fireworks until the very end, when they set off all of the fireworks at once. Because of this, they are now banned from playing in Bremen.
• Bremen was host to the 2006 RoboCup competition.
• Bremen was host to the 32nd
  Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag
  , 20–24 May 2009.
• Bremen hosted the 50th International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) from 10–22 July 2009.^[42]
• The Rolling Stones named a Live Album "Bridges to Bremen", which was recorded 1998 in Bremen. ^{[citation needed]}

Sports

Bremen is home to the football team Werder Bremen, who won the German Football Championship for the fourth time and the German Football Cup for the fifth time in 2004, making them only the fourth team in German football history to win the double; the club won the German Football Cup for the sixth time in 2009. Only Bayern Munich has won more titles. In the final match of the 2009–10 season, Werder Bremen lost to Bayern Munich. The home stadium of SV Werder Bremen is the Weserstadion, a pure football stadium, almost completely surrounded by solar cells. It is one of the biggest buildings in Europe delivering alternative energy.

Education

With 18,000 students,

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community with the Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (zmt).^[44] The Bremerhaven-based Alfred-Wegener-Institute of the Helmholtz Association closely cooperates with the aforementioned institutes, especially within the MARUM^[45] a center for marine environmental sciences, affiliated to the University of Bremen. Furthermore, The Fraunhofer Society is present in Bremen with centers for applied material research (IFAM^[46]) and medical image computing (MEVIS^[47]

).

Miscellaneous

• In December 1949, Bremen hosted the lecture cycle Einblick in das, was ist by the philosopher Martin Heidegger, in which Heidegger introduced his concept of a "fourfold" of earth and sky, gods and mortals. This was also Heidegger's first public-speaking engagement following his removal from his Freiburg professorship by the Denazification authorities.
• Bremen is connected with a fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm, the Town Musicians of Bremen, although they never actually reach Bremen in the tale.
• The 1922 film Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens was set mostly in Bremen.
• In July 2022, Yorushika released a song titled Bremen.

People

Main articles: List of people from Bremen and List of mayors of Bremen

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Bremen is twinned with:^[48]

• Gdańsk, Poland (1976)
• Riga, Latvia (1985)
• Dalian, China (1985)
• Rostock, Germany (1987)
• Haifa, Israel (1988)
• Bratislava, Slovakia (1989)
• Corinto, Nicaragua (1989)
• İzmir, Turkey (1995)
• Durban, South Africa (2011)
• Odesa, Ukraine (2023)

See also

• List of mayors of Bremen

References

Notes

1. Statistisches Landesamt Bremen
   . June 2023.
2. ^ The carsign HB with 1 letter and 4 digits is reserved for vehicle registration in Bremerhaven.
3. ^ "Museums and Galleries – bremen.de". www.bremen.de. Archived from the original on 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
4. ^ "Bremen city report". Retrieved 2015-08-28.^{[dead link]}
5. ^ "Bremen – Made in Bremen". www.bremen.de. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
6. ^ ^{a b} "Statistisches Jahrbuch 2016" (PDF). Statistisches Landesamt Bremen. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2017-07-04.
7. ^ 100 schräge Fakten über diese Stadt. In: Zitty 16/2012, p. 15.
8. ^ "Wetterrekorde" (in German). Wetterdienst.de. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
9. ^ -21,8 °Ré reports Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers in a letter to Carl Friedrich Gauss from 6 February 1823, printed in: Carl Friedrich Gauß, Briefwechsel mit H.W.M. Olbers, Georg Olms Verlag, 1860 S. 233 (Bremen, p. 233, at Google Books).
10. ^ "Wetter und Klima im Überblick" (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original on 2015-08-26. Retrieved 2015-01-10.
11. ^ "Wetter und Klima im Überblick" (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-01-09.
12. ^ "Datenbankabfrage ausgewählter DWD Stationen Deutschlands" (in German). SKlima. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
13. ^ "Wetter im Rückblick" (in German). wetteronline. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
14. ^ "Bremen Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
15. ^ "Dekaden – Rekorde der DWD – Stationen – Wetterwerte – Deutschland". Vorhersagezentrale.de. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-16.
16. ^ "Welcome to nginx!". www.dwd.de. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
17. ^ "Climatologie de l'année à Bremen (Brême)" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
18. ^ "Demographic statisticsRegion BREMEN, population density, population, average age, families, foreigners". ugeo.urbistat.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-19. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
19. ^ "Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund I" Archived 2019-05-19 at the Wayback Machine, (German). Retrieved 16 May 2019.
20. ^ "Ausländer in Bremen nach Herkunftsländern 2021". Statista (in German). Archived from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
21. ^ "Bevölkerung in Bremen nach Altersgruppen". Statista (in German). Archived from the original on 2021-05-19. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
22. ISBN 978-0-313-32400-0
    .
23. ^ "Bremen bans right-wing group Phalanx 18 | DW | 20.11.2019". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2021-09-18. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
24. ^ "Bovenschulte zu Bremens Bürgermeister gewählt". Der Spiegel. 15 August 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
25. ^ "Bürgerschafts- und Beirätewahlen 2015, Vorläufiges Endergebnis" [2015 elections for Bürgerschaft and Beiräte (state, city, and local legislature), preliminary results] (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Bremen (Statistical Office of the State of Bremen). Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
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Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Bremen

• Tristam Carrington-Windo, Katrin M. Kohl (1998). A Dictionary of Contemporary Germany. Routledge (UK). p. page 64.
  ISBN 1-57958-114-5.^{[dead link}
  ]}
• Claus Christian (2007): A photographic excursion through Bremen, Bremen-North, Bremerhaven, Fischerhude and Worpswede,

  ISBN 978-3-00-015451-5
• Dannenberg, Hans-Eckhard; Schulze, Heinz-Joachim (1995). Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser vol. 1 Vor- und Frühgeschichte. Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.
  ISBN 978-3-9801919-7-5
  .
• Dannenberg, Hans-Eckhard; Schulze, Heinz-Joachim (1995). Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser vol. 2 Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte). Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.
  ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2
  .
• Dannenberg, Hans-Eckhard; Schulze, Heinz-Joachim (2008). Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser vol. 3 Neuzeit. Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.
  ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9
  .
• ISBN 3-86108-283-7

External links

• Official city website
• Official visitors information (various languages)
• Bremen City Panoramas – Panoramic Views and virtual Tours
• Official site of the city center
• Official site of the Schnoor quarter
• Official site of the shopping quarter Das Viertel
• Official site of the Weser promenade Schlachte Archived 2022-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
• Official site of the shopping avenue Sögestraße
• Official site of the shopping mall Lloyd Passage
• Official site of the shopping quarter Ansgari Quartier
• Remnant from World War II in Bremen