Brent Spar

Coordinates: 61°03′N 1°40′E / 61.050°N 1.667°E / 61.050; 1.667
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The Brent Spar oil storage buoy

Brent Spar, or Brent E, was a

British government announced its support for Shell's application for its disposal in deep Atlantic waters at North Feni Ridge
(approximately 160 mi (250 km) from the west coast of Scotland, at a depth of around 1.6 mi (2.5 km)).

service station in Germany), Shell abandoned its plans to dispose of Brent Spar at sea  — whilst continuing to stand by its claim that this was the safest option, both from an environmental and an industrial health and safety perspective. Greenpeace's own reputation also suffered during the campaign, when it had to acknowledge that its assessment of the oil remaining in Brent Spar's storage tanks had been grossly overestimated. Following Shell's decision to pursue only on-shore disposal options, as favoured by Greenpeace and its supporters, Brent Spar was given temporary moorings in a Norwegian fjord. In January 1998, Shell announced its decision to re-use much of the main structure in the construction of new harbour facilities near Stavanger, Norway
.

Technical information

Brent "E" was a floating oil storage facility constructed in 1976 and moored approximately 1.2 mi (2 km) from the Brent "A"

crude oil. This section was built from 0.79 in (20 mm) thick steel plate, reinforced by ribs and cross-braces. It was known that this section had been stressed and damaged on installation. This led to doubts on whether the facility would retain its structural integrity if it was re-floated into a horizontal position.[1]

Shell based its decommissioning decisions on estimates of the quantities of various pollutants, including

radioactivity found in the rocks from which the oil is extracted, is considered to be low-level radioactive waste. It is regularly dealt with on-shore by workers wearing breathing masks to prevent inhalation of dust.[citation needed
]

Disposal options

Shell examined a number of options for disposing of the Brent Spar, and took two of these forward for serious consideration.[2]

On-shore dismantling

The first option involved towing the Brent Spar to a shallow water harbour to decontaminate it and reuse the materials used in its construction. Any unusable waste could be disposed of on land. Technically, this option was more complex and presented a greater hazard to the workforce. This option was estimated to cost £41M. There was some concern that the facility would disintegrate in shallow coastal water, having a much more economically and environmentally significant effect.

Deep sea disposal

The second option involved towing the decommissioned platform into deep water in the

sea birds and the fishing industry
in that area. The cost of this option was estimated at between £17M and £20M.

Rockall Trough
.

Shell proposed that deep sea disposal was the best option for Brent Spar, arguing that their decision had been made on sound scientific principles and data. Dismantling the platform on-shore was more complex from an engineering point of view than disposal at sea. Shell also cited the lower risk to the

Her Majesty's Government
and to regional authorities. Shell acknowledged that sinking the Brent Spar at sea was also the cheaper option.

Having decided on a preferred method of disposal, Shell contracted

Rockall Trough
.

At these three sites, FRS carried out:

The North Feni Ridge was found to include a narrow channel. The Rockall Trough area was found to be a gently sloping basin between the Anton Dohrn Seamount and the Wyville-Thomsom Ridge. The Maury Channel area was found to be a flat, gently sloping area.

Infaunal communities were found to be high in diversity and low in abundance, characteristic of unimpacted sediments. These communities were thought to have a limited food supply, which is also normal in deep water communities.

The final conclusions of FRS were that abundance and diversity were greater than had been expected, especially in the North Feni Ridge area, however the limited extent of sampling precluded detailed analysis of data for the entire area. On the basis of the data which FRS gathered, there was little to choose between the three potential disposal areas. Analysis of the North Feni Ridge area may indicate that this area may have been accumulative, but that this would not preclude deep-sea disposal of the platform.[4]

Having received these conclusions, Shell opted for the North Feni Ridge site, and applied to the British government for a licence to dispose of the rig at sea. This was approved in December 1994.

Greenpeace involvement

OSPAR convention.[5]

Greenpeace objected to the plan to dispose of the Brent Spar at sea on a number of issues:

  1. That there was a lack of understanding of the deep sea environment, and therefore no way to predict the effects of the proposed dumping on deep sea ecosystems.
  2. The documents which supported Shell's licence application were "highly conjectural in nature", containing unsubstantiated assumptions, minimal data and extrapolations from unnamed studies.
  3. That dumping the Brent Spar at sea would create a precedent for dumping other contaminated structures in the sea and would undermine current international agreements. The environmental effects of further dumping would be cumulative.
  4. Dismantling of the Brent Spar was technically feasible and offshore engineering firms believed they could do it safely and effectively. The necessary facilities were already routinely in use and decommissioning of many other oil installations had already been carried out elsewhere in the world.
  5. To protect the environment, the principle of minimizing the generation of wastes should be upheld and harmful materials always recycled, treated or contained.

Greenpeace claimed that the scientific arguments for ocean dumping were being used as a way of disguising Shell's primary aim, which was to cut costs.[6][citation needed]

The "battle" of Brent Spar

Four Greenpeace

activists first occupied Brent Spar on 30 April 1995. In total, 25 activists, photographers and journalists were involved in this stage of occupation. They decided to cover up the Exxon logos on the platform.[citation needed] At this time, activists collected a sample of the contents of the Spar and sent it for testing, to determine the nature of the pollutants which the platform contained. This sample was collected incorrectly, leading to a large overestimate in the contents of the facility. Although Greenpeace quoted Shell's own estimate of the amount of heavy metals and other chemicals on board, they also claimed there were more than 5,500 tonnes of oil on the Spar – while Shell's estimate was 50 tonnes. For context, the Exxon Valdez oil spill
involved around 42,000 tonnes.

Greenpeace mounted an energetic media campaign that influenced public opinion against Shell's preferred option. It disputed Shell's estimates of the contaminants on the Brent Spar, saying that these were much more than initially estimated. On 9 May, the

German government issued a formal objection to the British government, with respect to the dumping plan. On 23 May, after several attempts, Shell obtained legal permission to evict the Greenpeace protesters from the Brent Spar, and they were eventually taken by helicopter to Aberdeen, Scotland
, where they held a press conference.

Towing of the platform to its final position began on 11 June. By this time, the call for a boycott of Shell products was being heeded across much of continental

Halifax, Nova Scotia. Support from within the oil industry was not unanimous. Although oil production companies supported Shell's position, influential companies in the offshore construction sector stood to make money from onshore dismantling if a precedent could be set, and consequently supported the Greenpeace point of view.[citation needed
]

On 20 June, Shell had decided that their position was no longer tenable, and withdrew their plan to sink the Brent Spar. They released the following statement:

"Shell's position as a major European enterprise has become untenable. The Spar had gained a symbolic significance out of all proportion to its environmental effect. In consequence, Shell companies were faced with increasingly intense public criticism, mostly in Continental northern Europe. Many politicians and ministers were openly hostile and several called for consumer boycotts. There was violence against Shell service stations, accompanied by threats to Shell staff."

In early July, the Norwegian government gave Shell permission to mothball the Brent Spar in Erfjord. It remained there for several years while other options for disposal were considered.

Aftermath

Inventory of the Brent Spar
Contaminant Shell Co est. (kg) DNV audit est. (kg)
PCBs trace 6.5 – 8.0
Hydrocarbons 50,700 75,000 – 100,000
Aluminium 28,677 24,000 – 40,000
Arsenic 0.3 0.0
Bismuth 29.0 0.0
Cadmium 16.4 1.0–3.8
Copper 13,542.9 7,500 – 13,200
Indium 10.2 5.0 – 21.0
Lead 9.5 0.11
Mercury 0.3 0.4
Nickel 7.4 0.9 – 1.5
Silicon 48.0 0.0
Titanium 8.8 0.0
Zinc 13,811.4 5,200 – 8,300
Scale (oil production residue) 30,000 7800–9400

Having moored the Brent Spar in Erfjord, Shell commissioned the independent Norwegian consultancy

Det Norske Veritas (DNV) to conduct an audit of Spar's contents and investigate Greenpeace's allegations. Greenpeace admitted that its claims that the Spar contained 5500 tonnes of oil were inaccurate and apologized to Shell on 5 September. This preempted the publication of DNV's report, which endorsed Shell's initial estimates for many pollutants.[7] Greenpeace noted that its opposition to the dumping had never been solely based on the presence or absence of oil, however, and that opposition to the disposal plan was part of a larger campaign opposing the dumping of all waste into the North Sea.[citation needed
]

Shell received over 200 individual suggestions for what could be done with the Brent Spar. One of these came from the Stavanger Port Authority. They were planning a quay extension at Mekjarvik, to provide new Roll-On/Roll-Off ferry facilities. It was hoped that using slices of the Spar's hull would save both money and energy that would otherwise have been spent in new steel construction. The Spar was raised vertically in the water by building a lifting cradle, placed underneath the Spar and connected by cables to jacks on board heavy barges. Jacking the cables upwards raised the Spar so that its hull could be cut into 'rings' and slid onto a barge.[8]

After cleaning, the rings were placed in the sea beside the existing quay at Mekjarvik and filled with ballast. The construction of the quay extension was completed by placing a concrete slab across the rings. The Spar's living quarters and operations module were removed and scrapped onshore at a Norwegian landfill site.[9]

While the Brent Spar was being dismantled, quantities of the endangered cold-water coral

Lophelia pertusa were found growing on the legs of the platform.[10] At the time, this was considered unusual, although recent studies have shown this to be a common occurrence, with 13 of 14 North Sea oil rigs examined having L. pertusa colonies.[11] The authors of the original work suggested that it may be better to leave the lower parts of such structures in place — a suggestion opposed by Greenpeace campaigner Simon Reddy, who compared it to "[dumping] a car in a wood – moss would grow on it, and if I was lucky a bird may even nest in it. But this is not justification to fill our forests with disused cars".[12]

Effect of Brent Spar

According to a poll of 1000 adults carried out by Opinion Leader Research on 26 January 1996 on behalf of Greenpeace, a majority of the British public were aware of the Brent Spar (57%). Of these, 57% were opposed to the dumping of Brent Spar in the Atlantic, and 32% were in favour of it.

Although Shell had carried out an environmental impact assessment in full accordance with existing legislation, they had severely underestimated strength of public opinion. Shell were particularly criticised for having thought of this as a "Scottish", or "UK" problem, and neglecting to think of the effect which it would have on their image in the wider world. The final cost of the Brent Spar operation to Shell was between £60M

OSPAR conventions
have since agreed that oil facilities should be disposed of onshore, so it is difficult to see how this does not set a precedent. Shell claimed that spending such an amount to protect a small area of remote, low resource value, deep sea was pointless and this money could be much more constructively spent.

The overestimation of the contents of the Brent Spar damaged the credibility of Greenpeace in their wider campaigns. They were criticised in an editorial column in the scientific journal Nature for their lack of interest in facts.[14] Greenpeace moved to distance itself from its "5500 tonnes" claim, after the Brent Spar argument was won.

Timeline

Helicopter crash

References

  1. ^ "Structural damage danger for Brent Spar". Chemical Engineer. 7. London: 615–616. 1996.[verification needed]
  2. ^ "Brent Spar". Shell. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007.
  3. ^ Owen & Rice 1999, p. 38.
  4. ^ "Case study: Brent Spar" (PDF). Fisheries Research Services. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2006.
  5. ^ Parmentier, R, "Greenpeace and the Dumping of Wastes at Sea" Archived 28 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, 1999
  6. ^ Nash, Nathaniel C. (23 June 1995). "A Humbled Shell Is Unsure On Disposal of Atlantic Rig". The New York Times.
  7. ^ "DNV Inventory". Contents of Brent Spar, relative to quantities in the North Sea, as detailed by Det Norske Veritas. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2005.
  8. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(99)90003-6
    .
  9. ^ "Brent Spar gets chop". BBC News. 25 November 1998.
  10. S2CID 4431862
    .
  11. PMID 16300800. INIST 17830117
    .
  12. ^ "Oil rig home to rare coral". BBC News. 8 December 1999.
  13. ^ "Brent Spar Outcry Leaves Shell with a 60 m Pound Bill". Professional Engineering. 12 (16): 9. 1999.[verification needed]
  14. S2CID 4369687
    .
  15. ^ "BBC apologises to Greenpeace". BBC News. 25 November 1999.
  16. ^ "Aircraft accident report 2/91" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  17. ^ "Appendices" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2012. in "Report on the accident to Sikorsky S-61N, G-BEWL at Brent Spar, East Shetland Basin on 25 July 1990".

Sources

  • Owen, P.; Rice, T. (1999). Decommissioning of Brent Spar. Spon Press.
    ISBN 0-419-24090-X
    .

Further reading

External links

61°03′N 1°40′E / 61.050°N 1.667°E / 61.050; 1.667

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