Wrocław
Wrocław | |
---|---|
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal code | 50-041 to 54–612 |
Area code | +48 71 |
Car plates | DW, DX |
Primary airport | Wrocław Airport |
Website | www |
Wrocław (Polish pronunciation: [ˈvrɔt͡swaf] ⓘ; UK: /ˈvrɒtswɑːf/ VROT-swahf,[3] US: /ˈvrɔːtswɑːf, -slɑːf/ ⓘ VRAWT-swahf, -slahf.[4][5] German: Breslau, [ˈbʁɛslaʊ] ⓘ, also known by other names) is a city in southwestern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe, roughly 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the Sudeten Mountains to the south. As of 2023[update], the official population of Wrocław is 674,132 making it the third largest city in Poland. Population of the Wrocław metropolitan area is around 1.25 million.
Wrocław is the historical capital of Silesia and Lower Silesia. Today, it is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The history of the city dates back over 1,000 years;[6] at various times, it has been part of the Kingdom of Poland, the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg monarchy of Austria, the Kingdom of Prussia and Germany, and has been German-speaking since the Middle Ages, until the town became part of Poland in 1945 as the result of territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II.
Wrocław is a
Wrocław is classified as a
Etymology
The origin of the city's name is disputed. The city was believed to be named after Duke
The Old Czech language version of the name was used in Latin documents, as Vratislavia or Wratislavia. The city's first municipal seal was inscribed with Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie.[17] By the 15th century, the Early New High German variations of the name, Breslau, first began to be used. Despite the noticeable differences in spelling, the numerous German forms were still based on the original West Slavic name of the city, with the -Vr- sound being replaced over time by -Br-,[18] and the suffix -slav- replaced with -slau-. These variations included Wrotizla, Vratizlau, Wratislau, Wrezlau, Breßlau or Bresslau among others.[19] A Prussian description from 1819 mentions two names of the city – Polish and German – stating "Breslau (polnisch Wraclaw)”.[20]
In other languages, the city's name is:
People born or resident in the city are known as "Wrocławians" or "Vratislavians" (Polish: wrocławianie). The now little-used German equivalent is "Breslauer."
History
In
Wrocław originated at the intersection of two
Middle Ages
During Wrocław's early history, control over it changed hands between the
The city became a commercial centre and expanded to
By 1139, a settlement belonging to Governor
In the 13th century, Wrocław was the political centre of the divided Polish kingdom.[32] In April 1241, during the first Mongol invasion of Poland, the city was abandoned by its inhabitants and burnt down for strategic reasons. During the battles with the Mongols Wrocław Castle was successfully defended by Henry II the Pious.[33]
After the Mongol invasion the town was partly populated by German settlers who, in the ensuing centuries, gradually became its dominant population.[34] The city, however, retained its multi-ethnic character, a reflection of its importance as a trading post on the junction of the Via Regia and the Amber Road.[35]
With the influx of settlers, the town expanded and in 1242 came under
Wrocław, which for 350 years had been mostly under Polish hegemony, fell in 1335, after the death of Henry VI the Good, to John of Luxembourg. His son Emperor Charles IV in 1348 formally incorporated the city into the Holy Roman Empire. Between 1342 and 1344, two fires destroyed large parts of the city. In 1387 the city joined the Hanseatic League. On 5 June 1443, the city was rocked by an earthquake, estimated at magnitude 6, which destroyed or seriously damaged many of its buildings.
Between 1469 and 1490, Wrocław was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and king Matthias Corvinus was said to have had a Vratislavian mistress who bore him a son.[39] In 1474, after almost a century, the city left the Hanseatic League. Also in 1474, the city was besieged by combined Polish-Czech forces. However, in November 1474, Kings Casimir IV of Poland, his son Vladislaus II of Bohemia, and Matthias Corvinus of Hungary met in the nearby village of Muchobór Wielki (present-day a district of Wrocław), and in December 1474 a ceasefire was signed according to which the city remained under Hungarian rule.[40] The following year was marked by the publication in Wrocław of the Statuta Synodalia Episcoporum Wratislaviensium (1475) by Kasper Elyan, the first ever Incunable in Polish, containing the proceedings and prayers of the Wrocław bishops.[41]
Renaissance and the Reformation
In the 16th century, the Breslauer Schöps beer style was created in Breslau.[42]
The
The
These orders erected buildings that shaped the city's appearance until 1945. At the end of the Thirty Years' War, however, it was one of only a few Silesian cities to stay Protestant.The Polish Municipal school opened in 1666 and lasted until 1766. Precise record-keeping of births and deaths by the city fathers led to the use of their data for analysis of mortality, first by
Enlightenment period
One of two main routes connecting
Napoleonic Wars
During the
Industrial age
The Confederation of the Rhine had increased prosperity in Silesia and in the city. The removal of fortifications opened room for the city to expand beyond its former limits. Breslau became an important railway hub and industrial centre, notably for linen and cotton manufacture and the metal industry. The reconstructed university served as a major centre of science; Johannes Brahms later wrote his Academic Festival Overture to thank the university for an honorary doctorate awarded in 1879.[49]
In 1821, the
The city was an important centre of the
The Unification of Germany in 1871 turned Breslau into the sixth-largest city in the German Empire. Its population more than tripled to over half a million between 1860 and 1910. The 1900 census listed 422,709 residents.[60]
In 1890, construction began of Breslau Fortress as the city's defenses. Important landmarks were inaugurated in 1910, the Kaiser bridge (today
From 1912, the head of the university's Department of Psychiatry and director of the Clinic of Psychiatry (Königlich Psychiatrischen und Nervenklinik) was Alois Alzheimer and, that same year, professor William Stern introduced the concept of IQ.[64]
In 1913, the newly built
During World War I, in 1914, a branch of the Organizacja Pomocy Legionom ("Legion Assistance Organization") operated in the city with the goal of gaining support and recruiting volunteers for the Polish Legion, but three Legions' envoys were arrested by the Germans in November 1914 and deported to Austria, and the organization soon ended its activities in the city.[68] During the war, the Germans operated seven forced labour camps for Allied prisoners of war in the city.[69]
Following the war, Breslau became the capital of the newly created Prussian Province of Lower Silesia of the Weimar Republic in 1919. After the war the Polish community began holding masses in Polish at the Church of Saint Anne, and, as of 1921, at St. Martin's and a Polish School was founded by Helena Adamczewska.[70] In 1920 a Polish consulate was opened on the Main Square.
In August 1920, during the Polish Silesian Uprising in Upper Silesia, the Polish Consulate and School were destroyed, while the Polish Library was burned down by a mob. The number of Poles as a percentage of the total population fell to just 0.5% after the re-emergence of Poland as a state in 1918, when many moved to Poland.[62] Antisemitic riots occurred in 1923.[71]
The city boundaries were expanded between 1925 and 1930 to include an area of 175 km2 (68 sq mi) with a population of 600,000. In 1929, the
Known as a stronghold of left wing liberalism during the German Empire, Breslau eventually became one of the strongest support bases of the Nazi Party, which in the 1932 elections received 44% of the city's vote, their third-highest total in all Germany.[74][75]
After
The last big event organized by the National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise, called Deutsches Turn-und-Sportfest (Gym and Sports Festivities), took place in Breslau from 26 to 31 July 1938. The Sportsfest was held to commemorate the 125th anniversary of the German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon's invasion.[81]
Second World War
During the invasion of Poland, which started World War II, in September 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of local Polish activists and banned Polish organizations,[79] and the city was made the headquarters of the southern district of the Selbstschutz, whose task was to persecute Poles.[82] For most of the war, the fighting did not affect the city. During the war, the Germans opened the graves of medieval Polish monarchs and local dukes to carry out anthropological research for propaganda purposes, wanting to demonstrate German "racial purity."[37] The remains were transported to other places by the Germans, and they have not been found to this day.[37] In 1941 the remnants of the pre-war Polish minority in the city, as well as Polish slave labourers, organised a resistance group called Olimp. The organisation gathered intelligence, carrying out sabotage and organising aid for Polish slave workers. In September 1941 the city's 10,000 Jews were expelled from their homes and soon deported to concentration camps. Few survived the Holocaust.[83] As the war continued, refugees from bombed-out German cities, and later refugees from farther east, swelled the population to nearly one million,[84] including 51,000 forced labourers in 1944, and 9,876 Allied PoWs. At the end of 1944 an additional 30,000–60,000 Poles were moved into the city after the Germans crushed the Warsaw Uprising.[85]
During the war the Germans operated four subcamps of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp in the city.[86] Approximately 3,400–3,800 men were imprisoned in three subcamps, among them Poles, Russians, Italians, Frenchmen, Ukrainians, Czechs, Belgians, Yugoslavs, and about 1,500 Jewish women were imprisoned in the fourth camp.[86] Many prisoners died, and the remaining were evacuated to the main camp of Groß-Rosen in January 1945.[86] There were also three subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp,[87] and two Nazi prisons in the city, including a youth prison, with multiple forced labour subcamps.[88][89]
In 1945, the city became part of the front lines and was the site of the brutal
Following the
1945–present
The city's German inhabitants who had not fled, or who had returned to their home city after the war had ended,
The Polish population was dramatically increased by the resettlement of Poles, partly due to postwar
In 1963, Wrocław was declared a closed city because of a smallpox epidemic.[100]
In 1982, during
In 1983 and 1997, Pope John Paul II visited the city.[102]
PTV Echo, the first non-state television station in Poland and in the post-communist countries, began to broadcast in Wrocław on 6 February 1990.[103]
In May 1997, Wrocław hosted the 46th International
In July 1997, the city was heavily affected by the Millennium Flood, the worst flooding in post-war Poland, Germany, and the Czech Republic. About one-third of the area of the city was flooded.[105] The smaller Widawa River also flooded the city simultaneously, worsening the damage. An earlier, equally devastating flood of the Oder river had taken place in 1903.[106] A small part of the city was also flooded during the flood of 2010. From 2012 to 2015, the Wrocław water node was renovated and redeveloped to prevent further flooding.[107]
In 2016, Wrocław was declared the European Capital of Culture.[109]
In 2017, Wrocław hosted the 2017 World Games.[110]
Wrocław won the European Best Destination title in 2018.[111]
Wrocław is now a unique European city of mixed heritage, with architecture influenced by Polish,
Geography
Wrocław is located in the three
Flora and fauna
There are 44 city parks and public green spaces covering around 800 hectares. The most notable are
In Wrocław, the presence of over 200 species of birds has been registered, of which over 100 have nesting places there.
In addition, the city is periodically plagued by the
Climate
According to the
The city experiences relatively mild and dry winters, but with the skies frequently overcast; summers are warm and generally sunny, however, that is the period when most precipitation occurs, which often falls during thunderstorms. The city also sometimes experiences foehn-like conditions, particularly when the wind blows from the south or the south-west.[119] In addition to that, the temperatures in the city centre often tend to be higher than on the outskirts due to the urban heat island effect.[121][119] Snow may fall in any month from October to May but normally does so in winter; the snow cover of at least 1 cm (0.39 in) stays on the ground for an average of 27.5 days per year – one of the lowest in Poland.[120] The highest temperature in Wrocław recognised by IMGW was noted on 8 August 2015 (37.9 °C (100 °F)),[120] though thermometers at the meteorological station managed by the University of Wrocław indicated 38.9 °C (102 °F) on that day.[122] The lowest temperature was recorded on 11 February 1956 (−32 °C (−26 °F)).
Climate data for Wrocław (Wrocław Airport), elevation: 120 m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) |
20.6 (69.1) |
25.2 (77.4) |
30.0 (86.0) |
32.4 (90.3) |
36.9 (98.4) |
37.4 (99.3) |
38.9 (102.0) |
35.3 (95.5) |
28.1 (82.6) |
20.9 (69.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
38.9 (102.0) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 10.8 (51.4) |
12.7 (54.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
27.8 (82.0) |
31.5 (88.7) |
32.8 (91.0) |
32.5 (90.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
22.8 (73.0) |
16.2 (61.2) |
11.4 (52.5) |
34.3 (93.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
4.7 (40.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
15.3 (59.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.4 (74.1) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.4 (77.7) |
20.0 (68.0) |
14.3 (57.7) |
8.3 (46.9) |
4.1 (39.4) |
14.4 (57.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
4.3 (39.7) |
9.7 (49.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
19.3 (66.7) |
14.5 (58.1) |
9.6 (49.3) |
4.8 (40.6) |
1.1 (34.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.3 (26.1) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
0.0 (32.0) |
3.8 (38.8) |
8.3 (46.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
5.2 (41.4) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
5.0 (41.0) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −14.6 (5.7) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
1.9 (35.4) |
6.0 (42.8) |
8.7 (47.7) |
7.0 (44.6) |
2.4 (36.3) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−16.8 (1.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −30.0 (−22.0) |
−32.0 (−25.6) |
−23.8 (−10.8) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
0.2 (32.4) |
3.6 (38.5) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
−18.2 (−0.8) |
−24.4 (−11.9) |
−32.0 (−25.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 28.3 (1.11) |
25.6 (1.01) |
35.0 (1.38) |
31.2 (1.23) |
59.6 (2.35) |
65.4 (2.57) |
91.4 (3.60) |
59.5 (2.34) |
48.4 (1.91) |
37.6 (1.48) |
31.4 (1.24) |
27.9 (1.10) |
541.1 (21.30) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 4.6 (1.8) |
4.5 (1.8) |
2.7 (1.1) |
0.4 (0.2) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.1) |
1.5 (0.6) |
3.0 (1.2) |
4.6 (1.8) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 15.50 | 12.99 | 13.50 | 10.90 | 13.03 | 12.97 | 14.00 | 11.80 | 11.30 | 12.27 | 13.17 | 14.77 | 156.19 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.0 cm) | 12.4 | 9.1 | 4.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 6.4 | 34.9 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
83.7 | 80.1 | 75.3 | 68.0 | 69.8 | 69.8 | 69.9 | 70.5 | 76.8 | 81.6 | 85.5 | 84.9 | 76.3 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 58.8 | 82.2 | 129.2 | 202.6 | 245.5 | 247.6 | 257.4 | 250.8 | 170.1 | 118.5 | 66.9 | 52.8 | 1,882.5 |
Source 1: IMGW (normals, except humidity)[120] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (humidity and extremes)[123][124][125] |
Climate data for Wrocław (Wrocław Airport), elevation: 120 m, 1961–1990 normals | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) |
3.2 (37.8) |
7.9 (46.2) |
13.6 (56.5) |
18.8 (65.8) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.2 (73.8) |
19.3 (66.7) |
14.1 (57.4) |
7.4 (45.3) |
3.0 (37.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.8 (28.8) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
3.2 (37.8) |
8.0 (46.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
8.9 (48.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
0.2 (32.4) |
8.3 (47.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.3 (22.5) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
2.8 (37.0) |
7.1 (44.8) |
10.7 (51.3) |
12.0 (53.6) |
11.6 (52.9) |
8.7 (47.7) |
4.6 (40.3) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
3.7 (38.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 28 (1.1) |
26 (1.0) |
26 (1.0) |
39 (1.5) |
64 (2.5) |
80 (3.1) |
84 (3.3) |
78 (3.1) |
48 (1.9) |
40 (1.6) |
43 (1.7) |
34 (1.3) |
590 (23.1) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.3 | 6.6 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 9.6 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 8.4 | 7.9 | 7.1 | 9.2 | 8.6 | 99.3 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 49.0 | 65.0 | 107.0 | 142.0 | 198.0 | 194.0 | 205.0 | 197.0 | 139.0 | 108.0 | 52.0 | 39.0 | 1,495 |
Source: NOAA[126] |
Government and politics
Wrocław is the capital city of
Districts
Wrocław was previously subdivided into five
. Although they were abolished in 1991 and have not existed as public administration units since then, areas of borders and names similar/identical to the former districts still exist in the practice of operation of various types of authorities and administrations (e.g. as divisions of territorial competencies of courts, prosecutors' offices, tax offices, etc.).The present Wrocław districts (Polish: osiedla) were all created on 21 March 1991, and are a type of local government district.
Municipal government
Wrocław is currently governed by the
The city's current mayor is Jacek Sutryk, who has served in this position since 2018. The first mayor of Wrocław after the war was Bolesław Drobner, appointed to the position on 14 March 1945, even before the surrender of Festung Breslau.
Economy
Wrocław is the second-wealthiest of the large cities in Poland after
Wrocław is one of the most innovative cities in Poland with the largest number of R&D centers, due to the cooperation between the municipality, business sector and numerous universities.[130] Currently, in Wrocław there are many organizations that are dealing with innovation–research institutions and technology transfer offices, incubators, technology and business parks, business support organizations, companies, start-ups and co-working spaces. The complex and varied infrastructure available in Wrocław facilitates the creation of innovative products and services and enables conducting research projects. The city has the biggest number of R&D centers in Poland, with many co-working spaces and business incubators offering great support to start a project fast and without high costs or too much paperwork.
Wrocław's industry manufactures
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the city has had a developing high-tech sector. Many high-tech companies are located in the Wrocław Technology Park, such as Baluff, CIT Engineering, Caisson Elektronik, ContiTech, Ericsson, Innovative Software Technologies,
The city is the seat of Wrocław Research Centre EIT+, which contains, inter alia, geological research laboratories to the unconventional and Lower Silesian Cluster of Nanotechnology.[132] The logistics centres DHL, FedEx and UPS are based in Wrocław.[133] Furthermore, it is a major centre for the pharmaceutical industry (U.S. Pharmacia, Hasco-Lek, Galena, Avec Pharma, 3M, Labor, S-Lab, Herbapol, and Cezal).
Wrocław is home to Poland's largest
In February 2013, Qatar Airways launched its Wrocław European Customer Service.[135]
Major corporations
- 3M
- Akwawit–Polmos S.A. – Wratislavia vodka plant
- The Bank of New York Mellon
- Bombardier Transportation Poland
- BSH – Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte
- CD Projekt
- CH Robinson Worldwide
- Crédit Agricole Poland
- Credit Suisse[136]
- Deichmann
- DeLaval Operations Poland
- DHL
- Dolby Labs
- Ernst & Young
- Fantasy Expo – owner CD-Action
- GigasetCommunications
- Hewlett-Packard
- IBM[137]
- Kaufland Poland
- KGHM Polska Miedź
- LiveChat Software
- LG Electronics
- McKinsey & Company
- Microsoft[138]
- National Bank of Poland
- Nokia Networks
- Olympus Business Services Europe
- Opera Software
- Parker Hannifin
- PZ Cussons Poland
- PZU
- QAD
- Qatar Airways
- Qiagen
- Robert Bosch GmbH
- SAPPoland
- Santander Consumer Bank
- Siemens
- Südzucker
- Techland
- Tieto
- UBS
- UPS
- United Technologies Corporation
- Viessmann
- Volvo Poland
- WABCO Poland
- Whirlpool Poland
Shopping malls
- Wroclavia
- Galeria Dominikańska
- Arkady Wrocławskie
- Galeria Handlowa Sky Tower
- Pasaż Grunwaldzki
- Centrum Handlowe Borek
- Tarasy Grabiszyńskie
- Magnolia Park
- Wrocław Fashion Outlet
- Factoria Park
- Centrum Handlowe Korona
- Renoma, a 1930s department store of architectural interest over and above its shopping value
- Feniks
- Wrocław Market Hall
- Marino
- Park Handlowy Młyn
- Family Point
- Ferio Gaj
- Aleja Bielany in Bielany Wrocławskie (suburb of Wrocław) – the largest shopping mall in Poland
Transport
Wrocław is a major transport hub, situated at the crossroad of many routes linking Western and Central Europe with the rest of Poland.[139] The city is skirted on the south by the A4 highway, which is part of the European route E40, extending from the Polish-German to the Polish-Ukrainian border across southern Poland. The 672-kilometre highway beginning at Jędrzychowice connects Lower Silesia with Opole and the industrial Upper Silesian metropolis, Kraków, Tarnów and Rzeszów. It also provides easy access to German cities such as Dresden, Leipzig, Magdeburg and with the A18 highway Berlin, Hamburg.[139]
The toll-free
Traffic congestion is a significant issue in Wrocław as in most Polish cities; in early 2020 it was ranked as the fifth-most congested city in Poland, and 41st in the world.[140] On average, a car driver in Wrocław annually spends seven days and two hours in a traffic jam.[141] Roadblocks, gridlocks and narrow cobblestone streets around the Old Town are considerable obstacles for drivers. The lack of parking space is also a major setback; private lots or on-street pay bays are the most common means of parking.[142] A study in 2019 has revealed that there are approximately 130 vehicles per each parking spot, and the search for an unoccupied bay takes on average eight minutes.[143]
Aviation
The city is served by
Rail and bus
The main rail station is
Adjacent to the railway station, is a central bus station located in the basement of the shopping mall
Public transport
The public transport in Wrocław comprises 99 bus lines and a well-developed network of 23
All buses and big part of trams is low-floor.
Over a dozen traditional
.Other
There are 1200 km of cycling paths including about 100 km paths on flood embankments. Wrocław has a bike rental network called the City Bike (Wrocławski Rower Miejski). It has 2000 bicycles and 200 self-service stations.[152] In addition to regular bicycles, tandem, cargo, electric, folding, tricycles, children's, and handbikes are available, operating every year from 1 March to 30 November. During winter (December – February) 200 bikes are available in the system.
Wrocław possesses a
rental is available using a mobile application.Electronic car rental systems include Traficar, Panek CarSharing (hybrid cars),[153][154] GoScooter and hop.city electric scooters using the mobile application.
A
Demographics
In December 2020, the population of Wrocław was estimated at 641,928 individuals, of which 342,215 were women and 299,713 were men.
Historically, the city's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and 20th centuries; in the year 1900 approximately 422,709 people were registered as residents and by 1933 the population was already 625,000.[160] The strongest growth was recorded from 1900 to 1910, with almost 100,000 new residents within the city limits. Although the city was overwhelmingly German-speaking, the ethnic composition based on heritage or place of birth was mixed.[161][162] According to a statistical report from 2000, around 43% of all inhabitants in 1910 were born outside Silesia and migrated into the city, mostly from the contemporary regions of Greater Poland (then the Prussian Partition of Poland) or Pomerania.[161] Poles and Jews were among the most prominent active minorities. Simultaneously, the city's territorial expansion and incorporation of surrounding townships further strengthened population growth.[161]
Following the end of the Second World War and
Contemporary Wrocław has one of the highest concentration of foreigners in Poland alongside Warsaw and Poznań; a significant majority are migrant workers from Ukraine; others came from Italy, Spain, South Korea, India, Russia and Turkey.[164][165] No exact statistic exists on the number of temporary residents from abroad. Many are students studying at Wrocław's schools and institutions of higher learning.
Religion
Wrocław's population is predominantly
Prior to World War II, Breslau was mostly inhabited by
Post-war resettlements from Poland's ethnically and religiously more diverse former eastern territories (known in Polish as
In 2007, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Wrocław established the Pastoral Centre for English Speakers, which offers Mass on Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation, as well as other sacraments, fellowship, retreats, catechesis and pastoral care for all English-speaking Catholics and non-Catholics interested in the Catholic Church. The Pastoral Centre is under the care of
Education
Wrocław is the third largest educational centre of Poland, with 135,000 students in 30 colleges which employ some 7,400 staff.[171] The city is home to ten
Private universities in the city include Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa (University of Business in Wrocław);
Culture and landmarks
Old Town
The Old Town of Wrocław is listed in the
The
The early 13th-century Main Market Square (Rynek) is the oldest medieval public square in Poland, and also one of the largest (the area of the main square together with the auxiliary square is 48,500 m²).
The
The Pan Tadeusz Museum, open since May 2016, is located in the "House under the Golden Sun" at 6 Market Square. The manuscript of the national
Tourism and places of interest
Wrocław is a major attraction for both domestic and international tourists. Noteworthy landmarks include the
The
Wrocław Zoo is home to the Africarium – the only space devoted solely to exhibiting the fauna of Africa with an oceanarium. It is the oldest zoological garden in Poland established in 1865. It is also the third-largest zoo in the world in terms of the number of animal species on display.[205]
Small passenger vessels on the Oder offer river tours, as do historic
The
Entertainment
The city is well known for its large number of
Each year in November and December the Christmas market is held at the Main Market Square.[211]
Museums
The National Museum at Powstańców Warszawy Square, one of Poland's main branches of the National Museum system, holds one of the largest collections of contemporary art in the country.[212]
Major museums also include the
In literature
The history of Wrocław is described in minute detail in the monograph Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City by Norman Davies and Roger Moorhouse.[214] A number of books have been written about Wrocław following World War II.
Wrocław philologist and writer
Films, music and theatre
Wrocław is home to the Audiovisual Technology centre (formerly Wytwórnia Filmów Fabularnych), the Film Stuntman School, ATM Grupa, Grupa 13, and Tako Media.[218]
Film directors
Numerous Polish TV-series were also shot in Wrocław, notably
There are several theatres and theatre groups, including
Wrocław's opera traditions are dating back to the first half of the seventeenth century and sustained by the Wrocław Opera, built between 1839 and 1841. Wrocław Philharmonic, established in 1954 by Wojciech Dzieduszycki is also important for music lovers. The National Forum of Music was opened in 2015 and is a famous landmark, designed by the Polish architectural firm, Kurylowicz & Associates.[221]
Sport
The area of Wrocław is home to many popular professional sports teams; the most popular sport is football (Śląsk Wrocław club – Polish Champion in 1977 and 2012), followed by basketball (Śląsk Wrocław Basketball Club – award-winning men's basketball team and 17-time Polish Champion).[222]
Matches of
The
A marathon takes place in Wrocław every year in September.[223] Wrocław also hosts the Wrocław Open, a professional tennis tournament that is part of the ATP Challenger Tour.
Men's sports
- Polish SuperCup winner 1987, 2012; Polish League Cup winner 2009. Now in Ekstraklasa(Polish Premier League).
- WTS Sparta Wrocław: motorcycle speedway team, five-time Polish Champion.
- Śląsk Wrocław (previous names: BASCO Śląsk Wrocław, ASCO Śląsk Wrocław, Bergson Śląsk Wrocław, Era Śląsk Wrocław, Deichmann Śląsk Wrocław, Idea Śląsk Wrocław, Zepter Idea Śląsk Wrocław, Zepter Śląsk Wrocław, Śląsk ESKA Wrocław, PCS Śląsk Wrocław, WKS Śląsk Wrocław)—men's basketball team, 18 times Polish Champion, six times runner-up, 15 times third place; 12 times Polish Cup winner.
- Śląsk Wrocław: men's handball team, 15-time Polish Champion.
- Gwardia Wrocław: volleyball team, three-time Polish Champion.
- KS Rugby Wrocław: rugby union team.
- Panthers Wrocław: American football team. Panthers joined European League of Football (ELF) which is an eight-team professional league, the first league in Europe since the demise of NFL Europe.[224] The Panthers will start playing games against teams from Germany and Spain in June 2021.[225]
Women's sports
- WKS Śląsk Wrocław (formerly KŚ AZS Wrocław): women's football team.
- AZS AWF Wrocław: women's handball team.
- AZS AE Wrocław: women's table tennis team.
- Ślęza Wrocław: women's basketball team.
People
- Alois Alzheimer, psychiatrist and neuropathologist
- Adolf Anderssen, chess master
- Đorđe Andrejević-Kun, painter
- Natalia Avelon, actress
- Max Berg, architect
- Max Bielschowsky, neuropathologist
- Dietrich Bonhoeffer, theologian, anti-Nazi dissident
- Edmund Bojanowski, blessed of the Catholic Church
- Max Born, theoretical physicist and mathematician, Nobel laureate
- Leszek Czarnecki, businessman
- Sławomir Dobrzański, pianist and musicologist
- Hermann von Eichhorn, Prussian field marshal
- Artur Ekert, physicist
- Hermann Fernau, lawyer
- Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, biochemist and virologist
- Władysław Frasyniuk, politician
- Jolanta Fraszyńska, actress
- Hans Freeman, biochemist
- Henryk Gulbinowicz, archbishop
- Jerzy Grotowski, theater director
- Clara Immerwahr, chemist [226]
- Klaudia Jachira, politician and comedian
- Zygmunt Haas, computer scientist
- Fritz Haber, chemist and Nobel laureate
- Jan Hartman, philosopher
- Felix Hausdorff, mathematician
- Mirosław Hermaszewski, astronaut
- Hubert Hurkacz, tennis player[227]
- Lech Janerka, musician
- Carl Gotthard Langhans, architect
- Alfred Kerr, German-Jewish critic
- Hedwig Kohn, notable female physicist
- August Kopisch, poet
- Arthur Korn, physicist, mathematician and inventor
- Urszula Kozioł, poet
- Heinrich Gerhard Kuhn, physicist
- Marek Krajewski, writer and linguist[228]
- Wojciech Kurtyka, mountaineer
- Aleksandra Kurzak, operatic soprano[229]
- Ferdinand Lassalle, initiator of the social-democratic movement in Germany
- Olaf Lubaszenko, actor and film director
- Hugo Lubliner, dramatist
- Mata, rapper
- Aharon Mor, Polish-born Israeli civil servant
- Prime minister of Poland[230]
- Alexander Moszkowski, satirist, writer and philosopher
- Moritz Moszkowski, composer, pianist, and teacher
- Ruth Neudeck, German SS death camps supervisor and war criminal
- Rafał Omelko, athlete
- Margaret Pospiech, writer, filmmaker
- Sepp Piontek, football manager
- Piotr Ponikowski, cardiologist
- Michael Oser Rabin, mathematician and computer scientist
- Manfred von Richthofen, fighter pilot
- Tadeusz Różewicz, poet and dramatist
- Wanda Rutkiewicz, mountaineer[231]
- Auguste Schmidt, educationist and feminist
- Marlene Schmidt, Miss Germany 1961, Miss Universe 1961
- Eva Siewert, journalist and lesbian activist
- Angelus Silesius (Johann Scheffler), convert from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism, mystic and religious poet
- Max Simon, Waffen-SS officer
- Karl Slotta, biochemist
- Agnes Sorma, actress
- Daniel Speer, author, composer
- Eva Stachniak, writer
- Edith Stein, philosopher and Roman Catholic martyr
- Charles Proteus Steinmetz, electrical engineer
- Fritz Stern, historian
- Julius Stern, composer
- William Stern, psychologist
- August Tholuck, theologian
- Olga Tokarczuk, writer, Nobel laureate in Literature [232]
- Jan Tomaszewski, footballer
- Dagmara Wozniak (born 1988), Polish-American U.S. Olympic sabre fencer
- Ludwig von Zanth (1796–1857), architect
- Heinrich Pick (1882-1947), jurist
International relations
Diplomatic missions
There are 3 general consulates in Wrocław – Germany, Hungary and Ukraine, and 23 honorary consulates – Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Chile, Denmark, Georgia, Estonia, France, Finland, Spain, India, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Malta, Mexico, Norway, Slovakia, Sweden, Turkey, Italy.
Twin towns – sister cities
Wrocław is twinned with:[233][234]
- Batumi, Georgia (2019)
- Breda, Netherlands (1991)
- Charlotte, United States (1991)
- Cheongju, South Korea (2023)
- Dresden, Germany (1991)
- Guadalajara, Mexico (1995)
- Hradec Králové, Czech Republic (2003)
- Kaunas, Lithuania (2003)
- Lille, France (2013)
- Lviv, Ukraine (2002)
- Oxford, United Kingdom (2018)
- Ramat Gan, Israel (1997)
- Reykjavík, Iceland (2017)
- Vienne, France (1990)
- Wiesbaden, Germany (1987)
See also
- 2003 Wrocław football riot
- Jan (bishop of Wrocław)
- Wrocław Global Forum
- Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City
- Breslau, Ontario – former village (settled 1806, postal village 1857) and now community named after Wroclaw
Notes
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External links
- Municipal website (in Polish, English, and French)
- Tourist Information Centre website Archived 21 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine (in Polish and English)
- MPK Wrocław (transport company website) (in Polish)
- Christmas market Archived 5 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Polish and English)
- Wrocław in tripadvisor
- Roadside assistance in Wrocław