Wrocław

Coordinates: 51°06′36″N 17°01′57″E / 51.11000°N 17.03250°E / 51.11000; 17.03250
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Breslau
)

Wrocław
UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
50-041 to 54–612
Area code+48 71
Car platesDW, DX
Primary airportWrocław Airport
Websitewww.wroclaw.pl

Wrocław (Polish pronunciation: [ˈvrɔt͡swaf] ; UK: /ˈvrɒtswɑːf/ VROT-swahf,[3] US: /ˈvrɔːtswɑːf, -slɑːf/ VRAWT-swahf, -⁠slahf.[4][5] German: Breslau, [ˈbʁɛslaʊ] , also known by other names) is a city in southwestern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe, roughly 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the Sudeten Mountains to the south. As of 2023, the official population of Wrocław is 674,132 making it the third largest city in Poland. Population of the Wrocław metropolitan area is around 1.25 million.

Wrocław is the historical capital of Silesia and Lower Silesia. Today, it is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The history of the city dates back over 1,000 years;[6] at various times, it has been part of the Kingdom of Poland, the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg monarchy of Austria, the Kingdom of Prussia and Germany, and has been German-speaking since the Middle Ages, until the town became part of Poland in 1945 as the result of territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II.

Wrocław is a

UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city is also home to the Wrocław Zoo
, the oldest zoological garden in Poland.

Wrocław is classified as a

Eucharistic Congress in 1997, and the 2012 European Football Championship. In 2016, the city was a European Capital of Culture and the World Book Capital.[14] Also in that year, Wrocław hosted the Theatre Olympics, World Bridge Games and the European Film Awards. In 2017, the city was host to the IFLA Annual Conference and the World Games. In 2019, it was named a UNESCO City of Literature
.

Etymology

Coat of arms of Wrocław (with the inscription Civitas Wratislaviensis) in Lauf Castle, c. 1360.

The origin of the city's name is disputed. The city was believed to be named after Duke

Old Czech -ra-.[16] In the Polish language, the city's name Wrocław derives from the given name Wrocisław
, which is the Polish equivalent of the Czech Vratislav. Also, the earliest variations of this name in the Old Polish language would have used the letter l instead of the modern Polish ł.

The Old Czech language version of the name was used in Latin documents, as Vratislavia or Wratislavia. The city's first municipal seal was inscribed with Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie.[17] By the 15th century, the Early New High German variations of the name, Breslau, first began to be used. Despite the noticeable differences in spelling, the numerous German forms were still based on the original West Slavic name of the city, with the -Vr- sound being replaced over time by -Br-,[18] and the suffix -slav- replaced with -slau-. These variations included Wrotizla, Vratizlau, Wratislau, Wrezlau, Breßlau or Bresslau among others.[19] A Prussian description from 1819 mentions two names of the city – Polish and German – stating "Breslau (polnisch Wraclaw)”.[20]

In other languages, the city's name is:

Latin: Wratislavia, Vratislavia.[21]

People born or resident in the city are known as "Wrocławians" or "Vratislavians" (Polish: wrocławianie). The now little-used German equivalent is "Breslauer."

History

In

Ostrów Tumski
.

Wrocław originated at the intersection of two

Mieszko I of Poland conquered Silesia, and constructed new fortifcations on Ostrów.[24] The town was mentioned by Thietmar explicitly in the year 1000 AD in connection with its promotion to an episcopal see during the Congress of Gniezno.[25]

Middle Ages

Ostrów Tumski
, the oldest section of Wrocław

During Wrocław's early history, control over it changed hands between the

Otto III, during the Gniezno Congress.[26] In the years 1034–1038 the city was affected by the pagan reaction in Poland.[27]

The city became a commercial centre and expanded to

River Oder. Around 1000, the town had about 1,000 inhabitants.[28] In 1109 during the Polish-German war, Prince Bolesław III Wrymouth defeated the King of Germany Henry V at the Battle of Hundsfeld, stopping the German advance into Poland. The medieval chronicle, Gesta principum Polonorum (1112–1116) by Gallus Anonymus, named Wrocław, along with Kraków and Sandomierz, as one of three capitals of the Polish Kingdom. Also, the Tabula Rogeriana, a book written by the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi in 1154, describes Wrocław as one of the Polish cities, alongside Kraków, Gniezno, Sieradz, Łęczyca and Santok.[29]

The oldest printed text in the Polish languageStatuta Synodalia Episcoporum Wratislaviensis, printed in Wrocław by Kasper Elyan, 1475

By 1139, a settlement belonging to Governor

Dunin) was built, and another on the left bank of the River Oder, near the present site of the university. While the city was largely Polish, it also had communities of Bohemians (Czechs), Germans, Walloons and Jews.[30][27][31]

In the 13th century, Wrocław was the political centre of the divided Polish kingdom.[32] In April 1241, during the first Mongol invasion of Poland, the city was abandoned by its inhabitants and burnt down for strategic reasons. During the battles with the Mongols Wrocław Castle was successfully defended by Henry II the Pious.[33]

After the Mongol invasion the town was partly populated by German settlers who, in the ensuing centuries, gradually became its dominant population.[34] The city, however, retained its multi-ethnic character, a reflection of its importance as a trading post on the junction of the Via Regia and the Amber Road.[35]

With the influx of settlers, the town expanded and in 1242 came under

Holy Cross church.[38]

Piast
castle that once stood in Wrocław

Wrocław, which for 350 years had been mostly under Polish hegemony, fell in 1335, after the death of Henry VI the Good, to John of Luxembourg. His son Emperor Charles IV in 1348 formally incorporated the city into the Holy Roman Empire. Between 1342 and 1344, two fires destroyed large parts of the city. In 1387 the city joined the Hanseatic League. On 5 June 1443, the city was rocked by an earthquake, estimated at magnitude 6, which destroyed or seriously damaged many of its buildings.

Between 1469 and 1490, Wrocław was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and king Matthias Corvinus was said to have had a Vratislavian mistress who bore him a son.[39] In 1474, after almost a century, the city left the Hanseatic League. Also in 1474, the city was besieged by combined Polish-Czech forces. However, in November 1474, Kings Casimir IV of Poland, his son Vladislaus II of Bohemia, and Matthias Corvinus of Hungary met in the nearby village of Muchobór Wielki (present-day a district of Wrocław), and in December 1474 a ceasefire was signed according to which the city remained under Hungarian rule.[40] The following year was marked by the publication in Wrocław of the Statuta Synodalia Episcoporum Wratislaviensium (1475) by Kasper Elyan, the first ever Incunable in Polish, containing the proceedings and prayers of the Wrocław bishops.[41]

Renaissance and the Reformation

Oder River

In the 16th century, the Breslauer Schöps beer style was created in Breslau.[42]

The

Protestant Reformation reached the city in 1518 and it converted to the new rite. However, starting in 1526 Silesia was ruled by the Catholic House of Habsburg. In 1618, it supported the Bohemian Revolt out of fear of losing the right to religious freedom. During the ensuing Thirty Years' War, the city was occupied by Saxon and Swedish troops and lost thousands of inhabitants to the plague.[43]

The

Jesuits, then Capuchins, and finally Ursuline nuns in 1687.[15]
These orders erected buildings that shaped the city's appearance until 1945. At the end of the Thirty Years' War, however, it was one of only a few Silesian cities to stay Protestant.

The Polish Municipal school opened in 1666 and lasted until 1766. Precise record-keeping of births and deaths by the city fathers led to the use of their data for analysis of mortality, first by

bourgeoisie
lost some of its dominance to the Catholic orders as patrons of the arts.

Enlightenment period

Battle of Breslau during the Seven Years' War (Third Silesian War 1756–1763)

One of two main routes connecting

Baroque literature and was home to the First and Second Silesian school of poets.[46] In 1742, the Schlesische Zeitung was founded in Breslau. In the 1740s the Kingdom of Prussia annexed the city and most of Silesia during the War of the Austrian Succession. Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa ceded most of the territory in the Treaty of Breslau in 1742 to Prussia. Austria attempted to recover Silesia during the Seven Years' War at the Battle of Breslau, but they were unsuccessful. The Venetian Italian adventurer, Giacomo Casanova, stayed in Breslau in 1766.[47]

Napoleonic Wars

Entry of Prince Jérôme Bonaparte into the city, 7 January 1807

During the

Frankfurt an der Oder was relocated to Breslau in 1811, and united with the local Jesuit University to create the new Silesian Frederick-William University (German: Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität, now the University of Wrocław). The city became a centre of the German Liberation movement against Napoleon, and a gathering place for volunteers from all over Germany. The city was the centre of Prussian mobilisation for the campaign which ended at the Battle of Leipzig.[48]

Industrial age

The Confederation of the Rhine had increased prosperity in Silesia and in the city. The removal of fortifications opened room for the city to expand beyond its former limits. Breslau became an important railway hub and industrial centre, notably for linen and cotton manufacture and the metal industry. The reconstructed university served as a major centre of science; Johannes Brahms later wrote his Academic Festival Overture to thank the university for an honorary doctorate awarded in 1879.[49]

In 1821, the

Greater Poland uprising against Prussia.[50] On 5 May 1848, a convention of Polish activists from the Prussian and Austrian partitions of Poland was held in the city.[51] On 10 October 1854, the Jewish Theological Seminary opened. The institution was the first modern rabbinical seminary in Central Europe. In 1863 the brothers Karl and Louis Stangen founded the travel agency Stangen, the second travel agency in the world.[52]

The Royal Palace from 1717 was once the residence of Prussian monarchs. Today, the building houses the City Museum.

The city was an important centre of the

Polish secret resistance movement and the seat of a Polish uprising committee before and during the January Uprising of 1863–1864 in the Russian Partition of Poland.[53] Local Poles took part in Polish national mourning after the Russian massacre of Polish protesters in Warsaw in February 1861, and also organized several patriotic Polish church services throughout 1861.[54] Secret Polish correspondence, weapons, and insurgents were transported through the city.[55] After the outbreak of the uprising in 1863, the Prussian police carried out mass searches of Polish homes, especially those of Poles who had recently come to the city.[56] The city's inhabitants, both Poles and Germans, excluding the German aristocracy, largely sympathized with the uprising, and some Germans even joined local Poles in their secret activities.[57] In June 1863 the city was officially confirmed as the seat of secret Polish insurgent authorities.[58] In January 1864, the Prussian police arrested a number of members of the Polish insurgent movement.[59]

Old Town Hall, 1900

The Unification of Germany in 1871 turned Breslau into the sixth-largest city in the German Empire. Its population more than tripled to over half a million between 1860 and 1910. The 1900 census listed 422,709 residents.[60]

In 1890, construction began of Breslau Fortress as the city's defenses. Important landmarks were inaugurated in 1910, the Kaiser bridge (today

Wrocław University of Technology
. The 1900 census listed 98% of the population as German-speakers, with 5,363 Polish-speakers (1.3%), and 3,103 (0.7%) as bilingual in German and Polish.
Jewish community of Breslau was among the most important in Germany, producing several distinguished artists and scientists.[63]

From 1912, the head of the university's Department of Psychiatry and director of the Clinic of Psychiatry (Königlich Psychiatrischen und Nervenklinik) was Alois Alzheimer and, that same year, professor William Stern introduced the concept of IQ.[64]

Market Square, 1890–1900
Feniks Department Store, built in 1902–1904

In 1913, the newly built

Napoleon and the first award of the Iron Cross.[65] The Centennial Hall was built by Max Berg (1870–1947), since 2006 it is part of the world heritage of UNESCO.[66] The central station (by Wilhelm Grapow, 1857) was one of the biggest in Germany and one of the first stations with electrified railway services.[67]
Since 1900 modern department stores like Barasch (today "Feniks") or Petersdorff (built by architect Erich Mendelsohn) were erected.

During World War I, in 1914, a branch of the Organizacja Pomocy Legionom ("Legion Assistance Organization") operated in the city with the goal of gaining support and recruiting volunteers for the Polish Legion, but three Legions' envoys were arrested by the Germans in November 1914 and deported to Austria, and the organization soon ended its activities in the city.[68] During the war, the Germans operated seven forced labour camps for Allied prisoners of war in the city.[69]

Following the war, Breslau became the capital of the newly created Prussian Province of Lower Silesia of the Weimar Republic in 1919. After the war the Polish community began holding masses in Polish at the Church of Saint Anne, and, as of 1921, at St. Martin's and a Polish School was founded by Helena Adamczewska.[70] In 1920 a Polish consulate was opened on the Main Square.

In August 1920, during the Polish Silesian Uprising in Upper Silesia, the Polish Consulate and School were destroyed, while the Polish Library was burned down by a mob. The number of Poles as a percentage of the total population fell to just 0.5% after the re-emergence of Poland as a state in 1918, when many moved to Poland.[62] Antisemitic riots occurred in 1923.[71]

The city boundaries were expanded between 1925 and 1930 to include an area of 175 km2 (68 sq mi) with a population of 600,000. In 1929, the

WuWa (German: Wohnungs- und Werkraumausstellung) in Breslau-Scheitnig, an international showcase of modern architecture by architects of the Silesian branch of the Werkbund. In June 1930, Breslau hosted the Deutsche Kampfspiele, a sporting event for German athletes after Germany was excluded from the Olympic Games after World War I. The number of Jews remaining in Breslau fell from 23,240 in 1925 to 10,659 in 1933.[72] Up to the beginning of World War II, Breslau was the largest city in Germany east of Berlin.[73]

Pre-war aerial view of the city, 1920

Known as a stronghold of left wing liberalism during the German Empire, Breslau eventually became one of the strongest support bases of the Nazi Party, which in the 1932 elections received 44% of the city's vote, their third-highest total in all Germany.[74][75]

KZ Dürrgoy, one of the first concentration camps in Nazi Germany, was set up in the city in 1933.[76]

After

forced labour camps was established around Breslau to serve industrial concerns, including FAMO, Junkers, and Krupp. Tens of thousands of forced laborers were imprisoned there.[80]

The last big event organized by the National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise, called Deutsches Turn-und-Sportfest (Gym and Sports Festivities), took place in Breslau from 26 to 31 July 1938. The Sportsfest was held to commemorate the 125th anniversary of the German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon's invasion.[81]

Second World War

Wartime destruction around the cathedral, 1945

During the invasion of Poland, which started World War II, in September 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of local Polish activists and banned Polish organizations,[79] and the city was made the headquarters of the southern district of the Selbstschutz, whose task was to persecute Poles.[82] For most of the war, the fighting did not affect the city. During the war, the Germans opened the graves of medieval Polish monarchs and local dukes to carry out anthropological research for propaganda purposes, wanting to demonstrate German "racial purity."[37] The remains were transported to other places by the Germans, and they have not been found to this day.[37] In 1941 the remnants of the pre-war Polish minority in the city, as well as Polish slave labourers, organised a resistance group called Olimp. The organisation gathered intelligence, carrying out sabotage and organising aid for Polish slave workers. In September 1941 the city's 10,000 Jews were expelled from their homes and soon deported to concentration camps. Few survived the Holocaust.[83] As the war continued, refugees from bombed-out German cities, and later refugees from farther east, swelled the population to nearly one million,[84] including 51,000 forced labourers in 1944, and 9,876 Allied PoWs. At the end of 1944 an additional 30,000–60,000 Poles were moved into the city after the Germans crushed the Warsaw Uprising.[85]

During the war the Germans operated four subcamps of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp in the city.[86] Approximately 3,400–3,800 men were imprisoned in three subcamps, among them Poles, Russians, Italians, Frenchmen, Ukrainians, Czechs, Belgians, Yugoslavs, and about 1,500 Jewish women were imprisoned in the fourth camp.[86] Many prisoners died, and the remaining were evacuated to the main camp of Groß-Rosen in January 1945.[86] There were also three subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp,[87] and two Nazi prisons in the city, including a youth prison, with multiple forced labour subcamps.[88][89]

In 1945, the city became part of the front lines and was the site of the brutal

communists.[93]

Following the

Lwów along with the massive territory of Kresy in the east, which was annexed by the Soviet Union.[94] The Polish name of Wrocław was declared official. There had been discussion among the Western Allies to place the southern Polish-German boundary on the Eastern Neisse, which meant post-war Germany would have been allowed to retain approximately half of Silesia, including those parts of Breslau that lay on the west bank of the Oder. However, the Soviet government insisted the border be drawn at the Lusatian Neisse farther west.[94]

1945–present

Wrocław dwarf

The city's German inhabitants who had not fled, or who had returned to their home city after the war had ended,

Soviet occupation zone or in the Allied Occupation Zones in the remainder of Germany. The city's last pre-war German school was closed in 1963.[95]

The Polish population was dramatically increased by the resettlement of Poles, partly due to postwar

Picasso's lithograph, La Colombe (The Dove), a traditional, realistic picture of a pigeon, without an olive branch, was created on a napkin at the Monopol Hotel in Wrocław during the World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace.[99]

In 1963, Wrocław was declared a closed city because of a smallpox epidemic.[100]

Fighting Solidarity logo

In 1982, during

Wrocław's dwarves, made of bronze, famously grew out of and commemorate Orange Alternative.[101]

In 1983 and 1997, Pope John Paul II visited the city.[102]

PTV Echo, the first non-state television station in Poland and in the post-communist countries, began to broadcast in Wrocław on 6 February 1990.[103]

In May 1997, Wrocław hosted the 46th International

Eucharistic Congress.[104]

In July 1997, the city was heavily affected by the Millennium Flood, the worst flooding in post-war Poland, Germany, and the Czech Republic. About one-third of the area of the city was flooded.[105] The smaller Widawa River also flooded the city simultaneously, worsening the damage. An earlier, equally devastating flood of the Oder river had taken place in 1903.[106] A small part of the city was also flooded during the flood of 2010. From 2012 to 2015, the Wrocław water node was renovated and redeveloped to prevent further flooding.[107]

Municipal Stadium in Wrocław, opened in 2011, hosted three matches in Group A of the UEFA Euro 2012 championship.[108]

In 2016, Wrocław was declared the European Capital of Culture.[109]

In 2017, Wrocław hosted the 2017 World Games.[110]

Wrocław won the European Best Destination title in 2018.[111]

Wrocław is now a unique European city of mixed heritage, with architecture influenced by Polish,

Centennial Hall (Hala Stulecia or Jahrhunderthalle; 1911–1913) designed by Max Berg
.

Geography

Wrocław is located in the three

Bystrzyca, Oława, Ślęza and Widawa.[113] In addition, the Dobra River and many streams flow through the city. The city has a sewage treatment plant on the Janówek estate.[114]

Flora and fauna

John of Nepomuk Church in Szczytnicki Park, 16th-century

There are 44 city parks and public green spaces covering around 800 hectares. The most notable are

Anders Park. In addition, Wrocław University runs an historical Botanical garden (founded in 1811), with a salient Alpine garden, a lake and a valley.[115]

In Wrocław, the presence of over 200 species of birds has been registered, of which over 100 have nesting places there.

Wrocław South Park – Park Południowy

In addition, the city is periodically plagued by the

raccoon dogs. There are also occasional sightings of escaped muskrat, american mink and raccoon.[117][118]

Climate

According to the

city in Poland, among those tracked by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW), with the mean annual temperature of 9.7 °C (49 °F).[120]

The city experiences relatively mild and dry winters, but with the skies frequently overcast; summers are warm and generally sunny, however, that is the period when most precipitation occurs, which often falls during thunderstorms. The city also sometimes experiences foehn-like conditions, particularly when the wind blows from the south or the south-west.[119] In addition to that, the temperatures in the city centre often tend to be higher than on the outskirts due to the urban heat island effect.[121][119] Snow may fall in any month from October to May but normally does so in winter; the snow cover of at least 1 cm (0.39 in) stays on the ground for an average of 27.5 days per year – one of the lowest in Poland.[120] The highest temperature in Wrocław recognised by IMGW was noted on 8 August 2015 (37.9 °C (100 °F)),[120] though thermometers at the meteorological station managed by the University of Wrocław indicated 38.9 °C (102 °F) on that day.[122] The lowest temperature was recorded on 11 February 1956 (−32 °C (−26 °F)).

Climate data for Wrocław (Wrocław Airport), elevation: 120 m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.0
(64.4)
20.6
(69.1)
25.2
(77.4)
30.0
(86.0)
32.4
(90.3)
36.9
(98.4)
37.4
(99.3)
38.9
(102.0)
35.3
(95.5)
28.1
(82.6)
20.9
(69.6)
16.4
(61.5)
38.9
(102.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 10.8
(51.4)
12.7
(54.9)
18.2
(64.8)
24.3
(75.7)
27.8
(82.0)
31.5
(88.7)
32.8
(91.0)
32.5
(90.5)
27.6
(81.7)
22.8
(73.0)
16.2
(61.2)
11.4
(52.5)
34.3
(93.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4)
4.7
(40.5)
9.0
(48.2)
15.3
(59.5)
20.0
(68.0)
23.4
(74.1)
25.6
(78.1)
25.4
(77.7)
20.0
(68.0)
14.3
(57.7)
8.3
(46.9)
4.1
(39.4)
14.4
(57.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0)
1.1
(34.0)
4.3
(39.7)
9.7
(49.5)
14.3
(57.7)
17.7
(63.9)
19.7
(67.5)
19.3
(66.7)
14.5
(58.1)
9.6
(49.3)
4.8
(40.6)
1.1
(34.0)
9.7
(49.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1)
−2.5
(27.5)
0.0
(32.0)
3.8
(38.8)
8.3
(46.9)
12.0
(53.6)
13.9
(57.0)
13.4
(56.1)
9.4
(48.9)
5.2
(41.4)
1.3
(34.3)
−2.1
(28.2)
5.0
(41.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −14.6
(5.7)
−11.4
(11.5)
−7.3
(18.9)
−3.5
(25.7)
1.9
(35.4)
6.0
(42.8)
8.7
(47.7)
7.0
(44.6)
2.4
(36.3)
−2.8
(27.0)
−6.4
(20.5)
−11.5
(11.3)
−16.8
(1.8)
Record low °C (°F) −30.0
(−22.0)
−32.0
(−25.6)
−23.8
(−10.8)
−8.1
(17.4)
−4.0
(24.8)
0.2
(32.4)
3.6
(38.5)
2.1
(35.8)
−3.0
(26.6)
−9.3
(15.3)
−18.2
(−0.8)
−24.4
(−11.9)
−32.0
(−25.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 28.3
(1.11)
25.6
(1.01)
35.0
(1.38)
31.2
(1.23)
59.6
(2.35)
65.4
(2.57)
91.4
(3.60)
59.5
(2.34)
48.4
(1.91)
37.6
(1.48)
31.4
(1.24)
27.9
(1.10)
541.1
(21.30)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 4.6
(1.8)
4.5
(1.8)
2.7
(1.1)
0.4
(0.2)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.2
(0.1)
1.5
(0.6)
3.0
(1.2)
4.6
(1.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 15.50 12.99 13.50 10.90 13.03 12.97 14.00 11.80 11.30 12.27 13.17 14.77 156.19
Average snowy days (≥ 0.0 cm) 12.4 9.1 4.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.4 6.4 34.9
Average
relative humidity
(%)
83.7 80.1 75.3 68.0 69.8 69.8 69.9 70.5 76.8 81.6 85.5 84.9 76.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 58.8 82.2 129.2 202.6 245.5 247.6 257.4 250.8 170.1 118.5 66.9 52.8 1,882.5
Source 1: IMGW (normals, except humidity)[120]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (humidity and extremes)[123][124][125]
Climate data for Wrocław (Wrocław Airport), elevation: 120 m, 1961–1990 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3)
3.2
(37.8)
7.9
(46.2)
13.6
(56.5)
18.8
(65.8)
22.0
(71.6)
23.4
(74.1)
23.2
(73.8)
19.3
(66.7)
14.1
(57.4)
7.4
(45.3)
3.0
(37.4)
13.1
(55.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.8
(28.8)
−0.5
(31.1)
3.2
(37.8)
8.0
(46.4)
13.1
(55.6)
16.5
(61.7)
17.7
(63.9)
17.2
(63.0)
13.4
(56.1)
8.9
(48.0)
3.9
(39.0)
0.2
(32.4)
8.3
(47.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.3
(22.5)
−4.0
(24.8)
−0.9
(30.4)
2.8
(37.0)
7.1
(44.8)
10.7
(51.3)
12.0
(53.6)
11.6
(52.9)
8.7
(47.7)
4.6
(40.3)
0.6
(33.1)
−3.1
(26.4)
3.7
(38.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 28
(1.1)
26
(1.0)
26
(1.0)
39
(1.5)
64
(2.5)
80
(3.1)
84
(3.3)
78
(3.1)
48
(1.9)
40
(1.6)
43
(1.7)
34
(1.3)
590
(23.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.3 6.6 7.2 7.7 9.6 10.0 9.7 8.4 7.9 7.1 9.2 8.6 99.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 49.0 65.0 107.0 142.0 198.0 194.0 205.0 197.0 139.0 108.0 52.0 39.0 1,495
Source: NOAA[126]

Government and politics

Wrocław New City Hall – the seat of the city mayor

Wrocław is the capital city of

Wrocław Voivodeship.[127] The city is a separate urban gmina and city-county. It is also the seat of Wrocław County, which adjoins but does not include the city.[128]

Districts

Wrocław was previously subdivided into five

. Although they were abolished in 1991 and have not existed as public administration units since then, areas of borders and names similar/identical to the former districts still exist in the practice of operation of various types of authorities and administrations (e.g. as divisions of territorial competencies of courts, prosecutors' offices, tax offices, etc.).

The present Wrocław districts (Polish: osiedla) were all created on 21 March 1991, and are a type of local government district.

    Old Town

  1. Old Town
  2. Przedmieście Świdnickie
  3. Szczepin

  4. Downtown
  5. Nadodrze
  6. Kleczków
  7. Ołbin
  8. Grunwald Square
  9. Zacisze-Zalesie-Szczytniki
  10. Biskupin-Sępolno-Dąbie-Bartoszowice

  11. Krzyki
  12. Przedmieście Oławskie
  13. Tarnogaj
  14. Huby
  15. Powstańców Śląskich
  16. Gaj
  17. Borek
  18. Księże
  19. Brochów
  20. Bieńkowice
  21. Jagodno
  22. Wojszyce
  23. Ołtaszyn
  24. Krzyki-Partynice
  25. Klecina

    Fabryczna

  1. Pilczyce-Kozanów-Popowice Płn.
  2. Gądów-Popowice Płd.
  3. Muchobór Mały
  4. Gajowice
  5. Grabiszyn-Grabiszynek
  6. Oporów
  7. Muchobór Wielki
  8. Nowy Dwór
  9. Kuźniki
  10. Żerniki
  11. Jerzmanowo-Jarnołtów-Strachowice-Osiniec
  12. Leśnica
  13. Maślice
  14. Pracze Odrzańskie

  15. Psie Pole
  16. Karłowice-Różanka
  17. Kowale
  18. Strachocin-Swojczyce-Wojnów
  19. Psie Pole-Zawidawie
  20. Pawłowice
  21. Sołtysowice
  22. Polanowice-Poświętne-Ligota
  23. Widawa
  24. Lipa Piotrowska
  25. Świniary
  26. Osobowice-Rędzin

Municipal government

Wrocław is currently governed by the

city's mayor
and a municipal legislature known as the city council. The city council is made up of 39 councilors and is directly elected by the city's inhabitants. The remit of the council and president extends to all areas of municipal policy and development planning, up to and including development of local infrastructure, transport and planning permission. However, it is not able to draw taxation directly from its citizens, and instead receives its budget from the Polish national government whose seat is in Warsaw.

The city's current mayor is Jacek Sutryk, who has served in this position since 2018. The first mayor of Wrocław after the war was Bolesław Drobner, appointed to the position on 14 March 1945, even before the surrender of Festung Breslau.

Economy

Sky Tower is one of the tallest buildings in Poland. It offers office, commercial, residential and recreational space.

Wrocław is the second-wealthiest of the large cities in Poland after

leasing and debt collection companies in the country, including the largest European Leasing Fund as well as numerous banks. Due to the proximity of the borders with Germany and the Czech Republic, Wrocław and the region of Lower Silesia
is a large import and export partner with these countries.

Wrocław is one of the most innovative cities in Poland with the largest number of R&D centers, due to the cooperation between the municipality, business sector and numerous universities.[130] Currently, in Wrocław there are many organizations that are dealing with innovation–research institutions and technology transfer offices, incubators, technology and business parks, business support organizations, companies, start-ups and co-working spaces. The complex and varied infrastructure available in Wrocław facilitates the creation of innovative products and services and enables conducting research projects. The city has the biggest number of R&D centers in Poland, with many co-working spaces and business incubators offering great support to start a project fast and without high costs or too much paperwork.

Wrocław's industry manufactures

MCI Management SA. Additionally, Kaufland Poland has its main headquarters in the city.[131]

Crédit Agricole Poland headquarters in Wrocław

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the city has had a developing high-tech sector. Many high-tech companies are located in the Wrocław Technology Park, such as Baluff, CIT Engineering, Caisson Elektronik, ContiTech, Ericsson, Innovative Software Technologies,

LiveChat Software, Mitsubishi Electric, Maas, PGS Software, Technology Transfer Agency Techtra and Vratis. In Biskupice Podgórne (Community Kobierzyce) there are factories of LG (LG Display, LG Electronics, LG Chem, LG Innotek), Dong Seo Display, Dong Yang Electronics, Toshiba, and many other companies, mainly from the electronics and home appliances sectors, while the Nowa Wieś Wrocławska factory and distribution centre of Nestlé
Purina and factories a few other enterprises.

The city is the seat of Wrocław Research Centre EIT+, which contains, inter alia, geological research laboratories to the unconventional and Lower Silesian Cluster of Nanotechnology.[132] The logistics centres DHL, FedEx and UPS are based in Wrocław.[133] Furthermore, it is a major centre for the pharmaceutical industry (U.S. Pharmacia, Hasco-Lek, Galena, Avec Pharma, 3M, Labor, S-Lab, Herbapol, and Cezal).

Wrocław is home to Poland's largest

In February 2013, Qatar Airways launched its Wrocław European Customer Service.[135]

Major corporations

Shopping malls

Wrocław Market Hall
Wroclavia Shopping Mall with a central bus station located underground

Transport

Map of Wrocław illustrating the A8 bypass and surrounding arterial roads

Wrocław is a major transport hub, situated at the crossroad of many routes linking Western and Central Europe with the rest of Poland.[139] The city is skirted on the south by the A4 highway, which is part of the European route E40, extending from the Polish-German to the Polish-Ukrainian border across southern Poland. The 672-kilometre highway beginning at Jędrzychowice connects Lower Silesia with Opole and the industrial Upper Silesian metropolis, Kraków, Tarnów and Rzeszów. It also provides easy access to German cities such as Dresden, Leipzig, Magdeburg and with the A18 highway Berlin, Hamburg.[139]

The toll-free

ring road) around the west and north of the city connects the A4 highway with three major routes – S5 expressway leading to Poznań, Bydgoszcz; the S8 express road towards Oleśnica, Łódź, Warsaw, Białystok; and the National Road 8 to Prague, Brno and other townships in the Czech Republic
.

Traffic congestion is a significant issue in Wrocław as in most Polish cities; in early 2020 it was ranked as the fifth-most congested city in Poland, and 41st in the world.[140] On average, a car driver in Wrocław annually spends seven days and two hours in a traffic jam.[141] Roadblocks, gridlocks and narrow cobblestone streets around the Old Town are considerable obstacles for drivers. The lack of parking space is also a major setback; private lots or on-street pay bays are the most common means of parking.[142] A study in 2019 has revealed that there are approximately 130 vehicles per each parking spot, and the search for an unoccupied bay takes on average eight minutes.[143]

Aviation

Strachowice

The city is served by

Frankfurt am Main, Zürich and Budapest.[146] Low-cost flights are common among British, Italian, Spanish and Ukrainian travellers, based on the number of destinations.[146] Seasonal charter flights are primarily targeted at Polish holidaymakers travelling to Southern Europe and North Africa.[146]

Rail and bus

Koleje Dolnośląskie train at Wrocław Main Station

The main rail station is

Budapest-Nyugati
with one transfer depending on the carrier.

Bus transport in Wrocław

Adjacent to the railway station, is a central bus station located in the basement of the shopping mall

Flixbus, Sindbad, and others.[148][149]

Public transport

The public transport in Wrocław comprises 99 bus lines and a well-developed network of 23

mPay, Apple Pay, SkyCash, Mobill, Google Pay
. Tickets are one-ride or temporary (0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 24, 48, 72, or 168 hours).

All buses and big part of trams is low-floor.

Moderus Gamma LF07AC tram

Over a dozen traditional

taxicab firms operate in the city as well as Uber, iTaxi, Bolt and Free Now
.

Other

Wrocław City Bike

There are 1200 km of cycling paths including about 100 km paths on flood embankments. Wrocław has a bike rental network called the City Bike (Wrocławski Rower Miejski). It has 2000 bicycles and 200 self-service stations.[152] In addition to regular bicycles, tandem, cargo, electric, folding, tricycles, children's, and handbikes are available, operating every year from 1 March to 30 November. During winter (December – February) 200 bikes are available in the system.

Wrocław possesses a

rental is available using a mobile application.

Electronic car rental systems include Traficar, Panek CarSharing (hybrid cars),[153][154] GoScooter and hop.city electric scooters using the mobile application.

A

marinas
.

Demographics

Wrocław population pyramid in 2021

In December 2020, the population of Wrocław was estimated at 641,928 individuals, of which 342,215 were women and 299,713 were men.

seniors (per Statistics Poland – men aged 65 or above and women aged 60 or above) surged from 21.5% to 24.2%.[158]

Historically, the city's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and 20th centuries; in the year 1900 approximately 422,709 people were registered as residents and by 1933 the population was already 625,000.[160] The strongest growth was recorded from 1900 to 1910, with almost 100,000 new residents within the city limits. Although the city was overwhelmingly German-speaking, the ethnic composition based on heritage or place of birth was mixed.[161][162] According to a statistical report from 2000, around 43% of all inhabitants in 1910 were born outside Silesia and migrated into the city, mostly from the contemporary regions of Greater Poland (then the Prussian Partition of Poland) or Pomerania.[161] Poles and Jews were among the most prominent active minorities. Simultaneously, the city's territorial expansion and incorporation of surrounding townships further strengthened population growth.[161]

Following the end of the Second World War and

areas in the east which Poland lost (Vilnius and Lviv), or from other provinces, notably the regions of Greater Poland, Lublin, Białystok and Rzeszów.[161] At the end of 1947, the city's population was estimated at 225,000 individuals, most of whom were migrants.[161] German nationals who stayed were either resettled in the late 1940s and 1950s, or assimilated.[163]

Contemporary Wrocław has one of the highest concentration of foreigners in Poland alongside Warsaw and Poznań; a significant majority are migrant workers from Ukraine; others came from Italy, Spain, South Korea, India, Russia and Turkey.[164][165] No exact statistic exists on the number of temporary residents from abroad. Many are students studying at Wrocław's schools and institutions of higher learning.

[166]

Religion

Wrocław Cathedral

Wrocław's population is predominantly

Roman Catholic, like the rest of Poland. The diocese was founded in the city as early as 1000, it was one of the first dioceses in the country at that time. Now the city is the seat of a Catholic Archdiocese
.

Prior to World War II, Breslau was mostly inhabited by

Holocaust.[167] The Polish authorities together with the German Foreign Minister attended the official ceremony.[167]

White Stork Synagogue, initially opened in 1829

Post-war resettlements from Poland's ethnically and religiously more diverse former eastern territories (known in Polish as

Rodnovery neopaganism.[168][169]

In 2007, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Wrocław established the Pastoral Centre for English Speakers, which offers Mass on Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation, as well as other sacraments, fellowship, retreats, catechesis and pastoral care for all English-speaking Catholics and non-Catholics interested in the Catholic Church. The Pastoral Centre is under the care of

Education

University of Wrocław
Wrocław University of Technology
– Faculty of Architecture

Wrocław is the third largest educational centre of Poland, with 135,000 students in 30 colleges which employ some 7,400 staff.[171] The city is home to ten

Tadeusz Kościuszko Land Forces Military Academy (Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych).[185]

Private universities in the city include Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa (University of Business in Wrocław);

University of Social Sciences and Humanities (SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny); University of Law (Wyższa Szkoła Prawa);[186] and Coventry University Wrocław[187] (Branch campus of the Coventry University
, UK). Other cultural institutions based in Wrocław are Alliance Française in Wrocław; Austrian Institute in Wrocław; British Council in Wrocław; Dante Alighieri Society in Wrocław and Grotowski Institute in Wrocław.

Culture and landmarks

Old Town

The Old Town of Wrocław is listed in the

Renoma department stores.[190]

The

Ostrów Tumski (Cathedral Island) is the oldest section of the city; it was once an isolated islet between the branches of the Oder River. The Wrocław Cathedral, one of the tallest churches in Poland, was erected in the mid 10th century and later expanded over the next hundreds of years. The island is also home to five other Christian temples and churches, the Archbishop's Palace, the Archdiocese Museum, a 9.5-metre 18th-century monument dedicated to Saint John of Nepomuk, historic tenements and the steel Tumski Bridge from 1889.[191][192] A notable attraction are 102 original gas lanterns which are manually lit each evening by a cloaked lamplighter.[193]

The early 13th-century Main Market Square (Rynek) is the oldest medieval public square in Poland, and also one of the largest (the area of the main square together with the auxiliary square is 48,500 m²).

St. Mary Magdalene Church, which during the Reformation (1523) was converted into Wrocław's first Protestant temple.[197]

The

Henry IV Probus, respectively.[198]

The Pan Tadeusz Museum, open since May 2016, is located in the "House under the Golden Sun" at 6 Market Square. The manuscript of the national

epos, Pan Tadeusz, is housed there as part of the Ossolineum National Institute, with multimedia and interactive educational opportunities.[199]

Tourism and places of interest

wireless Internet (Wi-Fi) is available at a number of places around town.[201]

Japanese garden in Szczytnicki Park

Wrocław is a major attraction for both domestic and international tourists. Noteworthy landmarks include the

Wrocław water tower, the Royal Palace, ropes course on the Opatowicka Island, White Stork Synagogue, the Old Jewish Cemetery and the Cemetery of Italian Soldiers. An interesting way to explore the city is seeking out Wrocław's dwarfs – over 800 small bronze figurines can be found across the city, on pavements, walls and lampposts.[202] They first appeared in 2005.[203]

The

Lwów and following the end of World War II it was brought to Wrocław.[204]

Wrocław Zoo is home to the Africarium – the only space devoted solely to exhibiting the fauna of Africa with an oceanarium. It is the oldest zoological garden in Poland established in 1865. It is also the third-largest zoo in the world in terms of the number of animal species on display.[205]

Small passenger vessels on the Oder offer river tours, as do historic

trams or the converted open-topped historic buses Jelcz 043.[206] In 2021, the Odra Centrum has opened, an educational centre on the river which is offering workshops, a library and kayak rentals.[207]

The

Centennial Hall (Hala Stulecia, German: Jahrhunderthalle), designed by Max Berg in 1911–1913, is a World Heritage Site listed by UNESCO in 2006.[208]

Entertainment

Świdnica Cellar (Piwnica Świdnicka), one of the oldest restaurant establishments in Europe.[209]

The city is well known for its large number of

brewpub Spiż. There are also 3 other brewpubs – Browar Stu Mostów, Browar Staromiejski Złoty Pies, Browar Rodzinny Prost. Every year on the second weekend of June the Festival of Good Beer takes place.[210] It is the biggest beer festival in Poland.[210]

Each year in November and December the Christmas market is held at the Main Market Square.[211]

Museums

The National Museum at Powstańców Warszawy Square, one of Poland's main branches of the National Museum system, holds one of the largest collections of contemporary art in the country.[212]

Interior of the National Museum

Lwów (now Lviv in Ukraine), containing items of international and national significance. It has a history of major World War II theft of collections after the invasion and takeover of Lwów by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union
.

Major museums also include the

Museum of Natural History at University of Wrocław, Museum of Contemporary Art in Wrocław, Archdiocese Museum (pl), Galeria Awangarda, the Arsenal, Museum of Pharmacy (pl), Post and Telecommunications Museum (pl), Geological Museum (pl), the Mineralogical Museum (pl), Ethnographic Museum (pl). Recent openings of museums were the Historical Centrum Zajezdnia (opened in 2016), the OP ENHEIM Gallery (opened in 2018), and the Museum of Illusions (opened in 2021). [213]

In literature

The history of Wrocław is described in minute detail in the monograph Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City by Norman Davies and Roger Moorhouse.[214] A number of books have been written about Wrocław following World War II.

Wrocław philologist and writer

Eberhard Mock, a fictional character from the city of Breslau.[215] Accordingly, Michał Kaczmarek published Wrocław according to Eberhard Mock – Guide based on the books by Marek Krajewski. In 2011 appeared the 1104-page Lexicon of the architecture of Wrocław and in 2013 a 960-page Lexicon about the greenery of Wrocław. In March 2015 Wrocław filed an application to become a UNESCO City of Literature[216] and received it in 2019. Wrocław was designated as the World Book Capital for 2016 by UNESCO.[217]

Films, music and theatre

National Forum of Music

Wrocław is home to the Audiovisual Technology centre (formerly Wytwórnia Filmów Fabularnych), the Film Stuntman School, ATM Grupa, Grupa 13, and Tako Media.[218]

Film directors

Numerous Polish TV-series were also shot in Wrocław, notably

.

There are several theatres and theatre groups, including

Polish Theatre (Teatr Polski) with three stages, and Contemporary Theatre (Wrocławski Teatr Współczesny). The International Theatre Festival Dialog-Wrocław is held every two years.[220]

Wrocław's opera traditions are dating back to the first half of the seventeenth century and sustained by the Wrocław Opera, built between 1839 and 1841. Wrocław Philharmonic, established in 1954 by Wojciech Dzieduszycki is also important for music lovers. The National Forum of Music was opened in 2015 and is a famous landmark, designed by the Polish architectural firm, Kurylowicz & Associates.[221]

Sport

Euro 2012
Stadium
Olympic Stadium

The area of Wrocław is home to many popular professional sports teams; the most popular sport is football (Śląsk Wrocław club – Polish Champion in 1977 and 2012), followed by basketball (Śląsk Wrocław Basketball Club – award-winning men's basketball team and 17-time Polish Champion).[222]

UEFA Euro 2012 fan zone in Wrocław

Matches of

Municipal Stadium. Matches of EuroBasket 1963 and EuroBasket 2009, as well as 2009 Women's European Volleyball Championship, 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship and 2016 European Men's Handball Championship were also held in Wrocław. Wrocław was the host of the 2013 World Weightlifting Championships and will the host World Championship 2016 of Duplicate bridge and World Games
2017, a competition in 37 non-Olympic sport disciplines.

The

Olympic Stadium in Wrocław hosts the Speedway Grand Prix of Poland. It is also the home arena of the popular motorcycle speedway club WTS Sparta Wrocław, five-time Polish Champion
.

A marathon takes place in Wrocław every year in September.[223] Wrocław also hosts the Wrocław Open, a professional tennis tournament that is part of the ATP Challenger Tour.

Men's sports

Women's sports

People

International relations

General Consulate of Germany

Diplomatic missions

There are 3 general consulates in Wrocław – Germany, Hungary and Ukraine, and 23 honorary consulates – Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Chile, Denmark, Georgia, Estonia, France, Finland, Spain, India, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Malta, Mexico, Norway, Slovakia, Sweden, Turkey, Italy.

Twin towns – sister cities

Wrocław is twinned with:[233][234]

See also

Notes

References

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Bibliography

External links