Bribri language
Bribri | |
---|---|
Talamanca | |
Native to | Chibchan
|
Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | Costa Rica |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | bzd |
Glottolog | brib1243 |
ELP | Bribri |
Bribri, also known as Bri-bri, Bribriwak, and Bribri-wak, is a
There are three traditional dialects of Bribri: Coroma (in the western region of the
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n
|
ɲ | ||||
Plosive | p b | d
|
k | ʔ | |||
Affricate | t͡k | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ɟ͡ʝ | |||
Fricative | s | ʃ | h | ||||
Flap
|
ɾ | ||||||
Glide | w | j |
- /b/ can have allophones of [β, m].
- /d/ can have an allophone of [ɽ], as well as nasal allophones of [ɽ̃, n].
- /ɟ͡ʝ/ can have an allophone of [ɲ].
- /ɾ/ can have an allophone of [r].
- /w, j/ can have nasalised allophones of [w̃, j̃].[6]
Vowels
I, u and a are pronounced in the same manner as they would be in Spanish. E and o are more open than in Spanish. The sound of ë is between i and e, in the same manner as ö is between u and o. The nasal vowels are pronounced similarly to the corresponding orals, with the addition of some air exiting through the nose.
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
High
|
oral | i | u | |
nasal | ĩ | ũ | ||
Near-high
|
ɪ | ʊ | ||
Mid-low
|
oral | ɛ | ɔ | |
nasal | ɛ̃ | ɔ̃ | ||
Low
|
oral | a | ||
nasal | ã |
yì
¿quién? |
ù
casa | |
yë
padre, papá |
tö
sí | |
ye'
yo |
só
cucaracha | |
awá
médico |
mĩ
madre, mamá |
ũ
olla | |
sẽ
eso, ese |
mõ
nube | |
ã
en; para |
Alphabet
The Linguistics Department at the University of Costa Rica has conceived a standardized spelling system that is based on several earlier attempts.[7]
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | B | D | CH | E | Ë | I | J | K | L | M | N | Ñ | O | Ö | P | PP |
R | RR |
S | SH | T | TT |
TCH |
TS |
U | Y | ʼ | |||||
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | b | d | ch | e | ë | i | j | k | l | m | n | ñ | o | ö | p | pp | r | rr | s | sh | t | tt | tch | ts | u | y | ʼ |
Nasal vowels are indicated by a tilde: ⟨ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ⟩ (Previously indicated with a macron below: a̱, e̱, i̱, o̱, u̱), except after a nasal consonant (already indicating nasalisation of the vowel).
Tones are indicated by the grave accent for the high tone and the acute accent for the low tone; these can also be placed on the nasal vowels.
See also
References
- ^ a b Bribri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "Ethnologue". Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ^ "Vista de Morfología verbal de la lengua bribri". revistas.ucr.ac.cr. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
- ^ "Bribri Language and the Bribri Indian Tribe (Bri-Bri, Talamanca, Coroma)". www.native-languages.org. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
- ^ "Bribri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
- ^ Chevrier, Natacha (2017). Analyse de la phonologie du bribri (chibcha) dans une perspective typologique: Nasalité et géminée modulée.
- ^ Jara & García 2013.
Bibliography
- Constenla Umaña, Adolfo; Feliciano Elizondo Figueroa; Francisco Pereira Mora (1998). Curso básico de bribri. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
- Constenla Umaña, Adolfo (1991). Las lenguas del área intermedia: Introducción a su estudio areal. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
- Constenla Umaña, Adolfo (2008). "Estado actual de la subclasificación de las lenguas chibchenses y de la reconstrucción fonológica y gramatical del protochibchense". Estudios de Lingüística Chibcha. 27. San José, Costa Rica: 117–135.
- García Miguel; José María (1999). "La expresión de actantes centrales en español (romance) y bribri (chibcha): tipología, discurso y cognición" (PDF). Actas do 1º Encontro de Lingüística Cognitiva. Faculdade de Letras do Porto: 101–121.
- Jara Murillo; Carla Victoria (1993). I ttè. Historias bribris. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
- Jara Murillo; Carla Victoria (2013). "Morfología verbal de la lengua bribri". Estudios de Lingüística Chibcha. 32. San José, Costa Rica: 95–152.
- Jara Murillo; Carla Victoria; Alí García Segura (1997). Kó késka. El lugar del tiempo. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
- Jara Murillo; Carla Victoria; Alí García Segura (2009). Se' ẽ' yawö bribri wa. Aprendemos la lengua bribri. San José, Costa Rica: Universidad de Costa Rica – UNICEF.
- Jara Murillo; Carla Victoria; Alí García Segura (2013). Se' ttö́ bribri ie. Hablemos en bribri. San José, Costa Rica: E-Digital.
- Krohn, Haakon Stensrud (2014). "Semántica de los clasificadores numerales en el bribri de Coroma". Estudios de Lingüística Chibcha. 33. San José, Costa Rica: 209–239.
- Margery Peña, Enrique (1982). Diccionario fraseológico bribri–español español–bribri. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
- Quesada, J. Diego (2007). The Chibchan languages. Cartago, Costa Rica: Editorial Tecnológica de Costa Rica.
- Sánchez Avendaño, Carlos (2009). "La voz media en bribri y la hipótesis de la elaboración relativa de los eventos". Estudios de Lingüística Chibcha. 28. San José, Costa Rica: 47–73.
- Tohsaku, Y.-H. (1987). "Bribri nasal harmony from the vantage point of the universal theory of harmony". Working Papers of the Linguistic Circle of the University of Victoria. 6 (1): 1–10.
External links
- Portal de la lengua bribri. Bribri texts, audios and transcriptions, by Carla V. Jara and Alí García Segura
- Bribri's entry on the WALS
- A Bribri course with audio files: Jara Murillo, Carla con Alí García Segura. 2008. Materiales y Ejercicios para el Curso de Bribri I, Universidad de Costa Rica.
- Recordings of Bribri conversations and narratives from the Indigenous Languages of Costa Rica Collection of Laura Cervantes at AILLA.