Bridgwater
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Bridgwater is a historic market town and civil parish in Somerset, England. The town had a population of 41,276 at the 2021 Census.[1] Bridgwater is at the edge of the Somerset Levels, in level and well-wooded country. The town lies along both sides of the River Parrett; it has been a major inland port and trading centre since the industrial revolution. Most of its industrial bases still stand today. Its larger neighbour, Taunton, is linked to Bridgwater via a canal, the M5 motorway and the GWR railway line.
Historically, the town had a politically radical tendency. The Battle of Sedgemoor, where the Monmouth Rebellion was finally crushed in 1685, was fought nearby. Notable buildings include the Church of St Mary and Blake Museum, which is a largely restored house in Blake Street and was the birthplace of Admiral Blake in 1598. The town has an arts centre and plays host to the annual Bridgwater Guy Fawkes Carnival.
Etymology
It is thought that the town was originally called Brigg, meaning
History
Bridgwater proper
Bridgwater is mentioned both in the
During the 13th century
Bridgwater was incorporated by charter of
Gunpowder Plotter Guy Fawkes is remembered during the carnival season, including a grand illuminated procession through Bridgwater town centre, which culminates in the Squibbing.[26] Bridgwater, being staunchly Protestant at the time of the plot celebrated the thwarting of the conspiracy with particular enthusiasm.
In the English Civil War the town and the castle were held by the Royalists under Colonel Edmund Wyndham, a personal acquaintance of the King.[27] British history might have been very different had his wife, Lady (Crystabella) Wyndham, been a little more accurate with a musket shot that missed Oliver Cromwell but killed his aide de camp.[28] Eventually, with many buildings destroyed in the town, the castle and its valuable contents were surrendered to the Parliamentarians on 21 July 1645. The castle itself was deliberately destroyed (slighted) the following year, while in 1651 Colonel Wyndham made arrangements for Charles II to flee to France following the Battle of Worcester.[25]
Following the
In the 1685 Monmouth Rebellion, the rebel Duke of Monmouth was proclaimed King on the Cornhill in Bridgwater and in other local towns. He eventually led his troops on a night-time attack on the King's position near Westonzoyland.[31] Surprise was lost when a musket was accidentally discharged, and the Battle of Sedgemoor resulted in defeat for the Duke. He was later beheaded at the Tower of London,[32] and nine locals were executed for treason.[25]
The
Bridgwater became the first town in Britain to petition the government to ban slavery, in 1785.[36]
The population of Bridgwater in 1841 was 9,899.[37]
In 1896, the
A by-election in 1938 enabled the town to send a message to the government and Hitler, when an Independent anti-appeasement candidate, journalist Vernon Bartlett was elected MP.[39]
In World War II the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal formed part of the Taunton Stop Line, designed to prevent the advance of a German invasion. Pillboxes can still be seen along its length. The first bombs fell on Bridgwater on 24 August 1940, destroying houses on Old Taunton Road, and three men, three women and one child were killed. Later a prisoner of war camp was established at Colley Lane, holding Italian prisoners.[40] During the preparations for the invasion of Europe, American troops were based in the town.[41]
The first council estate to be built was in the 1930s at Kendale Road, followed by those at Bristol Road. The 1950s saw the start of a significant increase in post-war housebuilding, with council house estates being started at Sydenham and Rhode Lane and the former cooperative estate near Durleigh.[42]
On 4 November 2011 West Quay alongside the River Parrett and 19 adjoining properties were evacuated after a 40 metres (130 ft) stretch of the retaining wall partially collapsed after heavy rain and flooding.[43][44] The old hospital in Salmon Parade, which was built in 1813,[45] closed in 2014 and has been replaced with a community hospital in Bower Lane. This provides a maternity unit and 30 inpatient beds.[46] The old hospital site has been sold for development at a price of £1.6 million, and may be turned into a hotel.[47][48]
Port of Bridgwater
In the medieval period the River Parrett was used to transport
Historically, the main port on the river was at Bridgwater; the river was bridged at this point: the first bridge was built in 1200.
Shipping to Bridgwater expanded with the construction of
Although ships no longer dock in the town of Bridgwater, 90,213 tonnes (99,443 tons) of cargo were handled within the port authority's area in 2006, most of which was stone products via the wharf at Dunball.
Sedgemoor District Council acts as the Competent Harbour Authority for the port, and has provided pilotage services for all boats over 98 feet (30 m) using the river since 1998, when it took over the service from Trinity House. Pilotage is important because of the constant changes in the navigable channel resulting from the large tidal range, which can exceed 39 feet (11.9 m) on spring tides.[52]
Its historic estates include the
Governance
The Local Government Act 1972 removed the historic status of Bridgwater as a Borough, as it became part of the district of Sedgemoor, which had its headquarters in King Square.
Bridgwater Town Council, which is based at Bridgwater Town Hall, was created in 2003,[65] with sixteen elected members representing six wards of the town; Bower (three), Eastover (two), Hamp (three), Quantock (three), Sydenham (three) and Victoria (two). With powers or functions over allotments, bus shelters, making of byelaws, cemeteries, clocks, crime prevention, entertainment and arts, highways, litter, public buildings, public conveniences, recreation, street lighting, tourism, traffic calming, community transport and war memorials.
All other local services for the town are delivered by the
In 2018, Diogo Rodrigues became the first Portuguese national to be elected as a Mayor in England, also becoming Bridgwater's youngest ever mayor.[67]
Members of Parliament
The
Bridgwater was in the South West England constituency for elections to the European Parliament, prior to Brexit in 2020.[71]
Twinning
Bridgwater is twinned with the following towns and cities:[72]
- Uherské Hradiště, in the Czech Republic, since 1992
- La Ciotat in France, since 1957
- Homberg, Efze in Germany, since 1992
- Marsa in Malta, since 2006
- Priverno in Italy, since 2015
- Madeira Autonomous Region, Portugal, since 2019
Geology
Bridgwater is centred on an outcrop of
Climate
Along with the rest of
Climate data for Yeovilton, 20 m asl (1991–2020 normals), extremes since 1973 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) |
17.7 (63.9) |
21.3 (70.3) |
25.4 (77.7) |
27.5 (81.5) |
34.0 (93.2) |
35.0 (95.0) |
33.9 (93.0) |
29.3 (84.7) |
26.5 (79.7) |
18.5 (65.3) |
16.0 (60.8) |
35.0 (95.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
11.2 (52.2) |
13.9 (57.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
19.9 (67.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.6 (70.9) |
19.2 (66.6) |
15.3 (59.5) |
11.5 (52.7) |
9.0 (48.2) |
14.9 (58.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) |
5.4 (41.7) |
7.1 (44.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
12.3 (54.1) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
16.9 (62.4) |
14.6 (58.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
8.0 (46.4) |
5.7 (42.3) |
10.7 (51.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.0 (35.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
3.0 (37.4) |
4.5 (40.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
10.3 (50.5) |
12.2 (54.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
7.6 (45.7) |
4.4 (39.9) |
2.3 (36.1) |
6.5 (43.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −16.1 (3.0) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
1.8 (35.2) |
4.0 (39.2) |
2.9 (37.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
−16.1 (3.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 70.0 (2.76) |
50.9 (2.00) |
48.5 (1.91) |
51.5 (2.03) |
47.2 (1.86) |
57.1 (2.25) |
50.2 (1.98) |
60.7 (2.39) |
53.3 (2.10) |
80.9 (3.19) |
81.9 (3.22) |
77.4 (3.05) |
729.6 (28.74) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 12.2 | 10.4 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 9.8 | 9.1 | 12.0 | 13.2 | 12.9 | 125.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 59.5 | 79.5 | 121.6 | 170.5 | 202.2 | 199.8 | 205.3 | 185.5 | 149.2 | 107.6 | 71.6 | 53.5 | 1,605.8 |
Source: Met Office[77] Infoclimat[78] |
Demography
Bridgwater had a population of 35,800 according to the 2001 census[1] (up from 22,718 in 1951, 3,634 in 1801, and 7,807 in 1831).
Population since 1801 - Source: A Vision of Britain through Time & ONS, 2006 Population projections; 2001 Census | |||||||||||||||
Year | 1801 | 1851 | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1941 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2008 | 2011* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population Sedgemoor[79][80] | 27,205 | 48,575 | 49,907 | 51,263 | 52,082 | 52,917 | 57,964 | 63,497 | 71,684 | 80,933 | 88,544 | 99,317 | 105,867 | 113,500 | 117,300 |
Economy
As early as 1300, the port exported wheat, peas and beans to Ireland, France and Spain, and by 1400 was also exporting cloth from Somerset and the adjoining counties. By 1500 it was the largest port in Somerset,[81] later becoming the fifth largest in England,[82][83][84] until eclipsed by Bristol in the 18th century.[85] In its heyday, imports included wine, grain, fish, hemp, coal and timber. Exports included wheat, wool, cloth, cement, bricks and tiles. Unlike Bristol, Bridgwater was never involved in the slave trade and, in 1785, was the first town in Britain to petition the government to ban it.[86]
The Bridgwater ship the Emanuel was one of three that took part in Martin Frobisher's 1577 search for the Northwest Passage. In 1828, 40 ships were registered in the port, averaging 60 tons each.[87]
Industry
Bridgwater was the leading industrial town in Somerset and remains a major centre for manufacturing.[88] A major manufacturing centre for clay tiles and bricks in the 19th century, including the famous "Bath brick", were exported through the port.[89] In the 1890s there were a total of 16 brick and tile companies, and 24 million bricks per annum were exported during that decade alone.[90] These industries are celebrated in the Somerset Brick and Tile Museum on East Quay.[91]
These industries collapsed in the aftermath of World War II due to the failure to introduce mechanisation, although the automated Chilton Tile Factory, which produced up to 5 million tiles each year, lasted until 1968.[92] The importance of the Bath Brick declined with the advent of detergents and other cleaning products. Dunware ponds used to make bricks and can still be found along the paths.
During the 19th century,
In the 19th century, Bridgwater was also home to a number of
At the start of World War II, the government built a factory to manufacture high explosives at Puriton near Bridgwater.[98] Called ROF Bridgwater, the plant is today owned by BAE Systems and closed after decommissioning was completed in July 2008.[99]
Bridgwater is now a major centre of industry in Somerset, with industries including the production of plastics, engine parts, industrial chemicals, and foods. Bowerings Animal Feed Mill is now the only industry still located at the docks. Being close to the M5 motorway and halfway between Bristol and Exeter, Bridgwater is also home to two major distribution centres, while retailer Argos has a regional distribution centre based at Huntworth. A new £100 m Regional Agricultural Business Centre opened in 2007, following construction which began in 2006.[102][103]
As of 2021, a 616 acres (249 ha) commercial development campus named Gravity, targeting the low-carbon economy, is planned for the former ROF Bridgwater site 3.5 miles (5.6 km) north of Bridgwater.[104][105]
Landmarks
Bridgwater is home to the Somerset Brick and Tile Museum, built on part of the former Barham Brothers site (brick and tile manufacturers between 1857 and 1965). Castle House was built in 1851 and was one of the first to make extensive use of concrete demonstrating "an innovative interpretation of traditional masonry features in concrete".[93]
The Bridgwater Town Mill, originating in the Middle Ages is located at the end of Blake Street, and there are plans to develop it as an extension to the Blake Museum
A house in Blake Street, largely restored, is believed to be the birthplace of Robert Blake in 1598, and is now the Blake Museum. It was built in the late 15th or early 16th century, and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building.[106] His statue from 1898 by F. W. Pomeroy has been repositioned from the front of the Corn Exchange to face down Cornhill.[107] The public library by E Godfrey Page dates from 1905.[108]
Transport
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As trade expanded during the
The importance of shipping and the docks started to decline after 1886, the year in which the opening of the
The Drove Bridge, which marks the current extent of the Port of Bridgwater is the nearest to the mouth and the newest road bridge to cross the river. With a span of 184 feet (56 m), the bridge was constructed as part of the Bridgwater Northern Distributor road scheme (1992), and provides a navigable channel which is 66 feet (20 m) wide with 8.2 feet (2.5 m) headroom at normal spring high tides.
The next bridge is the Town Bridge. There has been a bridge here since the 13th century, when Bridgwater was granted a charter by King John. The present bridge was designed by R. C. Else and G. B. Laffan, and the 75-foot (23 m) cast iron structure was completed in 1883.[85][122] It replaced an earlier bridge, which was the first cast iron bridge to be built in Somerset when it was completed in 1797.[122] The stone abutments of that bridge were reused by the later bridge, which formed the only road crossing of the river in Bridgwater until 1958.[120] Above the bridge there were two shoals, called The Coals and The Stones, which were a hazard to barge traffic on the river, and bargees had to choose carefully when to navigate the river, to ensure that there was sufficient water to carry them over these obstructions.[123] In March 1958 a new reinforced concrete road bridge, the Blake Bridge, was opened as part of a bypass to take traffic away from the centre of Bridgwater.[124] It now carries the A38 and A39 roads. On the southern edge of Bridgwater there is a bridge which carries the Bristol & Exeter Railway across the River Parrett. Isambard Kingdom Brunel designed a brick bridge, known as the Somerset Bridge, with a 100 feet (30 m) span but a rise of just 12 feet (3.7 m). Work started in 1838 and was completed in 1841. Brunel left the scaffold supporting the centre of the bridge in place as the foundations were still settling but was forced to remove it in 1843 to reopen the river for navigation. Brunel demolished the brick arch and had replaced it with a timber arch within six months without interrupting the traffic on the railway. This was in turn replaced in 1904 by a steel girder bridge.[125] Slightly further east is a modern concrete bridge which carries the M5 motorway over both the river and the railway line. It was started in 1971 and opened in 1973.[126]
Bridgwater is served twice daily by Berrys Coaches 'Superfast' service to and from London.[127]
Education
The
Bridgwater was selected as the first town in the South West, outside Bristol, to be selected for the UK government's Building Schools for the Future (BSF) initiative, which aimed to rebuild and renew nearly every secondary school in England.[130] Within Bridgwater, BSF was to redevelop all of the four secondary schools and two special provision schools at an expected cost of around £100 million.[131] This included the complete relocation and rebuilding of a new school combining both the Haygrove and Penrose Schools. In July 2010, several components of the Bridgwater BSF programme were cancelled and others were singled out for further review.[132][133] Following a meeting with Education Secretary Michael Gove, Bridgwater MP Ian Liddell-Grainger announced that the fate of all six affected schools would be subject to review, including the ones that were cancelled.[134]
Schools which have since closed include: Bridgwater Grammar School For Boys (originally the Poplar School of Engineering And Navigation, then Dr Morgan's Grammar School For Boys, which became Haygrove School with the Somerset County Council introduction of Comprehensive education), Bridgwater Grammar School For Girls, also in Durleigh, and Westover Senior Council School.
Religious sites
Among several places of worship the chief is the
There is also Christ Church Unitarian Chapel on Dampiet Street, built in 1688, it still retains many of its original features from 1688 and its remodeling in 1788. It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building. [138]
The Church of St John the Baptist in Blake Place was built by the Revd. John More Capes
Classes in
Arts
Nearing Bridgwater on the M5 motorway it is possible to see the Willow Man sculpture, a striding human figure constructed from willow, sometimes called the Angel of the South (see also Angel of the North). Standing 12 metres (39 ft) tall, it was created by sculptor Serena de la Hey and is the largest known sculpture in willow, a traditional local material.[145]
Bridgwater is the home of Music on the Quantocks, Somerset's most successful music series specialising in world-class classical music. The series also features performance poetry, jazz and folk. Most events are staged in venues such as churches, barns and halls surrounding Bridgwater and attract audiences up to 850 people at an event. Artists featured have included
.The Bridgwater Arts Centre was opened on 10 October 1946, the first community arts centre opened in the UK with financial assistance from the newly established
Somerset Film (then Somerset Film & Video) opened their community media centre, The Engine Room, in March 2003. The centre allows the public to drop in and use the computers and equipment for free (on certain days) to teach themselves how to edit video, design websites or screen films at open evenings. Cameras and edit suites can also be hired and day courses on using creative software are run regularly.
Castle Street was used as a location in the 1963 film Tom Jones.[150] Horror writer and film journalist Kim Newman was educated at Dr Morgan's school in Bridgwater, and set his 1999 experimental novel Life's Lottery in a fictionalised version of the town (Sedgwater).[151] A sailor who had sailed "from Bridgwater with bricks" and found "There was lice in that bunk in Bridgwater" features in James Joyce's Ulysses (Chapter 16).[152]
In 2013, community radio station Access FM was launched on 104.2 FM. This was the first truly local radio station for the town since
In October 2015 the station went through a re-branding process under a revised management team, creating Sedgemoor FM, which launched on 4 April 2016. Sedgemoor FM broadcasts on 104.2FM across Bridgwater and the rest of the district, providing listeners with programming specific for the community. Scheduling consists of a variety of informative and entertaining radio shows including Dave Englefield's Breakfast Show, Sedgemoor Life with Jackie Sealy and The Carnival Show with Andy Bennett, along with local and national news coverage, local events guide, The Lowdown, and Just The Job, which highlights current job vacancies in the area.[citation needed]
Annual events
Bridgwater is now best known for the illuminated "
Bridgwater Fair normally takes place in September — it starts on the last Wednesday in September and lasts four days. The fair takes place on St Matthew's Field, better known locally as the Fair Field. The fair is now a
A new annual event was launched in 2014, taking place in May each year. The Bridgwater Science Festival brings science-related family entertainment and activities to town. The event takes place in the Town Hall, and works with local organisations and the University of the West of England.
An annual Food and Drink Festival also takes place each year at the Bridgwater Town Hall. The Bridgwater Food and Drink Festival takes place at the beginning of March[157] each year and features the best in local produce with cooking demonstrations taking place from local chefs.
Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by
Sport and leisure
Sport
The cricket club play at The Parks on Durleigh Road.[162]
Bridgwater Hockey Club was founded in 1925 and field four men's teams and three women's teams, playing fixtures at 1610 Leisure Centre.[163]
Leisure
East Bridgwater Sports Centre offers badminton courts, outside football pitches, squash courts and a fitness room.[164]
Bridgwater had a series of swimming pools from 1890 until 2009. The first pool, on Old Taunton Road, was replaced by the Bridgwater Lido on Broadway, which was opened in 1960 by the Mayor, Alderman Mrs A. B. Potterton. The lido, which had three pools, a diving bay and paddling pool, was demolished in the late 1980s to make way for a supermarket and to fund the indoor Sedgemoor Splash swimming pool in Mount Street, which opened in 1991.[165] In 2009, after the local council were unable to raise the funds needed to upgrade the pool, it was closed and demolished to make way for another supermarket.[166][167] A new pool was planned as part of the Building Schools for the Future (BSF) rebuild of Chilton Trinity School,[168]
The town is both on the route of the Samaritans Way South West and the River Parrett Trail.
Notable people
- Admiral Robert Blake (1598–1657) was born in Bridgwater, and attended the local grammar school (Bridgwater Grammar School For Boys). His home is now the Blake Museum and contains details of his career amongst its exhibits of local history and archaeology.[169]
- John Chubb (1746–1818), Bridgwater merchant and amateur artist, who painted portraits of his local contemporaries, as well as a number of paintings of Bridgwater street scenes. His work is in the collection of the Blake Museum, Bridgwater.[170]
- John Clark (1785-1853) created the first automated text generator, The Eureka, which was exhibited in 1845.
- Donald Crowhurst (1932–1969), who tried to fake a round-the-world solo yacht journey, set up his business in Bridgwater and was a borough councillor.[171]
- William Diaper (1685–1717), clergyman and innovative poet, was born in Bridgwater.[172]
- Sir Paul Dukes (1889–1967) was born in Bridgwater and educated at Caterham School, and went on to be an SIS agent.[173]
- YouTube personality, was born in Bridgwater.[174]
- Peter Haggett (b. 1933), academic geographer and professor at University of Bristol, was educated at Dr Morgan's Grammar School, Bridgwater.[175]
- Chris Harris (1942–2014), English performer, director and writer who starred in Into the Labyrinth. He also starred in and directed the pantomime at the Theatre Royal, Bath from 2001.[176]
- Harry "Breaker" Morant (1864–1902), Anglo-Australian Boer War soldier, was born in Bridgwater.[177]
- Henry Phillpotts (1778–1869), Bishop of Exeter 1830–1869, was born in Bridgwater.[178]
- John de Ponz (c.1248-c.1307), royal administrator and senior judge in Ireland, was born in Bridgwater, and was sometimes known as "John of Bridgwater".[179]
- Jean Rees (1914–2004), artist and co-founder of the Bridgwater Arts Centre.[180]
- Alexander Scoles (1844–1920), Roman Catholic priest and architect of Catholic churches: he served as parish priest in Bridgwater and designed and built St Joseph's church, Binford Place.[181]
- James Sully (1842–1923), psychologist, was born in Bridgwater.[182]
- Fanny Talbot (1824–1917), born in Bridgwater, philanthropist and friend of John Ruskin, who donated the first property to the National Trust.[183]
Sport
- Robert Dibble (1882–1963), England rugby player, was born in Bridgwater, and played club rugby for Bridgwater & Albion RFC and Newport RFC.[184]
- Charles Kent (1953–2005), England rugby player, was born in Bridgwater.[185]
- David Luckes (b. 1969), England and Great Britain hockey player 1989–2000, was brought up in Bridgwater.[186]
- Richard (b. 1981) and Simon Mantell (b. 1984), brothers and field hockey players for England, were both born in Bridgwater.[187][188]
- Tommy Woods (1883–1955), England rugby player, was born in Bridgwater and played club rugby for Bridgwater & Albion RFC and Rochdale Hornets.[189]
Notes
- ^ a b c "Statistics for Wards, LSOAs and Parishes — SUMMARY Profiles" (Excel). Somerset Intelligence. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
- ^ "Bridgwater Town Council Website". Bridgwater Town Council. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
- ^ a b c d Gathercole, Clare. "Bridgwater archaeological survey" (PDF). Somerset County Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- ISBN 0-7524-1941-2.
- ISBN 1-874336-03-2.
- ^ a b c d Farr, Grahame (1954). Somerset Harbours. London: Christopher Johnson. pp. 101–116.
- ^ Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1855). "On False Etymologies". Transactions of the Philological Society (6): 67.
- ^ Dunning, RW; C R Elrington; A P Baggs; M C Siraut (1992). "North Petherton Hundred'". A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 6: Andersfield, Cannington, and North Petherton Hundreds (Bridgwater and neighbouring parishes). British History Online. pp. 178–181. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
- ^ "Cannington". British History Online. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
- ^ "Franciscan Friary and later mansion, Bridgwater". Somerset Historic Environment Record. Somerset County Council. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
- ^ ISBN 0-906456-98-3.
- ^ "Bridgwater Castle Trail". Bridgwater Town Web. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
- ^ "Bridgwater". Everything Exmoor. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
- ^ "The Hospital of St John the Baptist Bridgwater". Friarn.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
- ^ "Bridgwater Friary, Somerset". Wessex Archeology. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
- ^ "The Hospital of St John the Baptist Bridgwater". Friarn.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2009.
- ^ "Radical History". Bridgwater. Archived from the original on 10 November 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
- ISBN 0-900178-26-4.
- ^ "Disqualification of voters for corrupt practice". HC Deb vol 295 cc1502-57. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 17 March 1885. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
- ^ Baggs, A. P.; Siruat, M. C. "Bridgwater". British History Online. Victoria County History. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
- ^ Baggs, A. P.; Siruat, M. C. "Bridgwater: Local Government". British History Online. Victoria County History. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
- ^ "National Gazetteer (1868) - Bridgwater". GENUKI. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
- ^ "Western Section". National Fairground Archive. University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
- ^ "Somerset". Centre for Metropolitan History. 18 June 2003. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
- ^ ISBN 1-874336-26-1.
- ^ "Squibbing". Cavaliers Carnival Club. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
- ISBN 978-0750901925.
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References
- Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 4 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 342 ,
Attribution:
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Bridgwater", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 4 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 560 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
External links
- Port of Bridgwater
- Bridgwater at Curlie