Bristol
Bristol | |
---|---|
Bristol City Hall | |
43rd ceremonial county) | |
• Density | 11,000/sq mi (4,248/km2) |
• Urban | 707,412[6] |
Demonym | Bristolian |
Ethnicity (2021) | |
• Ethnic groups | |
Religion (2021) | |
• Religion | List
|
£21.2bn ($26.9bn) (4th) | |
• Growth | 1.6% |
• Per capita | £33,700 ($42,800) (4th) |
• Growth | 3.1% |
Website | bristol |
Click the map for an interactive fullscreen view |
Bristol (/ˈbrɪstəl/ ⓘ) is a city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, the most populous city in the region.[9][10] Built around the River Avon, it is bordered by the ceremonial counties of Gloucestershire to the north and Somerset to the south. The county is in the West of England combined authority area, which includes the Greater Bristol area (eleventh most populous urban area in the United Kingdom) and nearby places such as Bath.[7]
Iron Age hillforts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon. Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373 when it became a county corporate. From the 13th to the 18th century, Bristol was among the top three English cities, after London, in tax receipts. A major port, Bristol was a starting place for early voyages of exploration to the New World. At the height of the Bristol slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, more than 2,000 slave ships carried an estimated 500,000 people from Africa to slavery in the Americas. The Port of Bristol has since moved from Bristol Harbour in the city centre to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Dock.
The city's modern economy is built on the creative media, electronics and
Bristol was named the best city in Britain in which to live in 2014 and 2017; it won the
Toponymy
Early recorded place names in the Bristol area include the Roman-era British Celtic Abona (derived from the name of the Avon) and the archaic Welsh Caer Odor ('fort on the chasm'), which may have been calqued as the modern English Clifton.[11][12]
The current name "Bristol" derives from the
History
Middle Ages
Bristol was founded by 1000; by about 1020, it was a trading centre with a
The port developed in the 11th century around the confluence of the
15th and 16th centuries
During the 15th century, Bristol was the second most important port in the country, trading with Ireland,[38] Iceland[39] and Gascony.[34] It was the starting point for many voyages, including Robert Sturmy's (1457–58) unsuccessful attempt to break the Italian monopoly of Eastern Mediterranean trade.[40] New exploration voyages were launched by Venetian John Cabot, who in 1497 made landfall in North America.[41] A 1499 voyage, led by merchant William Weston of Bristol, was the first expedition commanded by an Englishman to North America.[42] During the first decade of the 16th century Bristol's merchants undertook a series of exploration voyages to North America and even founded a commercial organisation, 'The Company Adventurers to the New Found Land', to assist their endeavours.[43] However, they seem to have lost interest in North America after 1509, having incurred great expenses and made little profit.
During the 16th century, Bristol merchants concentrated on developing trade with Spain and its American colonies.[44] This included the smuggling of prohibited goods, such as food and guns, to Iberia[45] during the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).[46] Bristol's illicit trade grew enormously after 1558, becoming integral to its economy.[47]
The original Diocese of Bristol was founded in 1542,[48] when the former Abbey of St. Augustine (founded by Robert Fitzharding four hundred years earlier)[49] became Bristol Cathedral. Bristol also gained city status that year.[50] In the 1640's, during the English Civil War, the city was occupied by Royalists, who built the Royal Fort House on the site of an earlier Parliamentarian stronghold.[51]
17th and 18th centuries
Fishermen from Bristol, who had fished the
The 18th century saw an expansion of Bristol's population (45,000 in 1750)
In 1739,
Wesley published a pamphlet on slavery, titled Thoughts Upon Slavery, in 1774
19th century
The city was associated with Victorian engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, who designed the Great Western Railway between Bristol and London Paddington, two pioneering Bristol-built oceangoing steamships (SS Great Britain and SS Great Western), and the Clifton Suspension Bridge. The new railway replaced the Kennet and Avon Canal, which had fully opened in 1810 as the main route for the transport of goods between Bristol and London.[68] Competition from Liverpool (beginning around 1760), disruptions of maritime commerce due to war with France (1793) and the abolition of the slave trade (1807) contributed to Bristol's failure to keep pace with the newer manufacturing centres of Northern England and the West Midlands. The tidal Avon Gorge, which had secured the port during the Middle Ages, had become a liability. An 1804–09 plan to improve the city's port with a floating harbour designed by William Jessop was a costly error, requiring high harbour fees.[69]
During the 19th century, Samuel Plimsoll, known as "the sailor's friend", campaigned to make the seas safer; shocked by overloaded vessels, he successfully fought for a compulsory load line on ships.[70]
By 1867, ships were getting larger and the meanders in the river Avon prevented boats over 300 ft (90 m) from reaching the harbour, resulting in falling trade.[71] The port facilities were migrating downstream to Avonmouth and new industrial complexes were founded there.[72] Some of the traditional industries including copper and brass manufacture went into decline,[73] but the import and processing of tobacco flourished with the expansion of the W.D. & H.O. Wills business.[74]
Supported by new industry and growing commerce, Bristol's population (66,000 in 1801), quintupled during the 19th century,
The Diocese of Bristol had undergone several boundary changes by 1897 when it was "reconstituted" into the configuration which has lasted into the 21st century.[82]
20th century
From a population of about 330,000 in 1901, Bristol grew steadily during the 20th century, peaking at 428,089 in 1971.[83] Its Avonmouth docklands were enlarged during the early 1900s by the Royal Edward Dock.[84] Another new dock, the Royal Portbury Dock, opened across the river from Avonmouth during the 1970s.[85] As air travel grew in the first half of the century, aircraft manufacturers built factories.[86] The unsuccessful Bristol International Exhibition was held on Ashton Meadows in the Bower Ashton area in 1914.[87] After the premature closure of the exhibition the site was used, until 1919, as barracks for the Gloucestershire Regiment during World War I.[88][89]
Bristol was heavily damaged by Luftwaffe raids during World War II; about 1,300 people living or working in the city were killed and nearly 100,000 buildings were damaged, at least 3,000 beyond repair.[90][91] The original central shopping area, near the bridge and castle, is now a park containing two bombed churches and fragments of the castle. A third bomb-damaged church nearby, St Nicholas was restored and after a period as a museum has now re-opened as a church.[92] It houses a 1756 William Hogarth triptych painted for the high altar of St Mary Redcliffe. The church also has statues of King Edward I (moved from Arno's Court Triumphal Arch) and King Edward III (taken from Lawfords' Gate in the city walls when they were demolished about 1760), and 13th-century statues of Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester (builder of Bristol Castle)[93] and Geoffrey de Montbray (who built the city's walls) from Bristol's Newgate.[94]
The rebuilding of
The 20th-century relocation of the docks to Avonmouth Docks and Royal Portbury Dock, 7 mi (11 km) downstream from the city centre, has allowed the redevelopment of the old dock area (the Floating Harbour).[98] Although the docks' existence was once in jeopardy (since the area was seen as a derelict industrial site), the inaugural 1996 International Festival of the Sea held in and around the docks affirmed the area as a leisure asset of the city.[99]
21st century
From 2018, there were lively discussions about a new explicative plaque under a commemorative statue of one of the city's major benefactors in the 17th and 18th centuries. The plaque was meant to replace an original which made no reference to
Government
Bristol City council consists of 70 councillors representing 35 wards,[103] with between one and three per ward serving four-year terms. Councillors are elected in thirds, with elections held in three years out of every four-year period. Thus, since wards do not have both councillors up for election at the same time, two-thirds of the wards participate in each election.[104] Although the council was long dominated by the Labour Party, the Liberal Democrats have grown strong in the city and (as the largest party) took minority control of the council after the 2005 United Kingdom general election. In 2007, Labour and the Conservatives united to defeat the Liberal Democrat administration; Labour ruled the council as a minority administration, with Helen Holland as council leader.[105]
In February 2009, the Labour group resigned and the Liberal Democrats re-entered office with a minority administration.
These trends were continued into the next election in May 2014, in which Labour gained three seats to take their total to 31, the Green Party won two more seats, the Conservative party gained one seat, and UKIP won their first-ever seat on the council. The Liberal Democrats lost a further seven seats.[110]
On 3 May 2012, Bristol held a referendum on the question of a directly elected mayor replacing one elected by the council. There were 41,032 votes in favour of a directly elected mayor and 35,880 votes against, with a 24% turnout. An election for the new post was held on 15 November 2012, and Independent candidate
The lord mayor of Bristol, not to be confused with the mayor of Bristol, is a figurehead elected each May by the city council. Faruk Choudhury was selected by his fellow councillors for the position in 2013. At 38, he was the youngest person to serve as lord mayor of Bristol and the first Muslim elected to the office.[113] The current lord mayor is Councillor Paul Goggin.
Bristol constituencies in the
The city has a tradition of political activism.
Bristol is both a city and a county, since
Former county of Avon
On 1 April 1974, Bristol became a local government district of the county of Avon.[122] On 1 April 1996, Avon was abolished and Bristol became a unitary authority.[123]
The former Avon area, called Greater Bristol by the Government Office of the South West (now abolished) and others,[124] refers to the city and the three neighbouring local authorities—Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire previously in Avon.
The
West of England Combined Authority
The
Geography and environment
Boundaries
Bristol's boundaries can be defined in several ways, including those of the city itself, the developed area, or Greater Bristol.
The city council boundary is the narrowest definition of the city itself. However, it unusually includes a large, roughly rectangular section of the western Severn Estuary ending at (but not including) the islands of Flat Holm (in Cardiff, Wales) and Steep Holm.[129] This "seaward extension" can be traced back to the original boundary of the County of Bristol laid out in the charter[130] granted to the city by Edward III in 1373.[131]
The
Geography
Bristol lies within a limestone area running from the Mendip Hills in the south to the Cotswolds in the northeast.[133] The rivers Avon and Frome cut through the limestone to the underlying clay, creating Bristol's characteristically hilly landscape. The Avon flows from Bath in the east, through flood plains and areas which were marshes before the city's growth. To the west the Avon cuts through the limestone to form the Avon Gorge, formed largely by glacial meltwater after the last ice age.[134]
The gorge, which helped protect Bristol Harbour, has been quarried for stone to build the city, and its surrounding land has been protected from development as
Bristol is sometimes described, by its inhabitants, as being built on seven hills, like Rome. From 18th-century guidebooks, these 7 hills were known as simply Bristol (the Old Town), Castle Hill, College Green, Kingsdown, St Michaels Hill, Brandon Hill and Redcliffe Hill.[135] Other local hills include Red Lion Hill, Barton Hill, Lawrence Hill, Black Boy Hill, Constitution Hill, Staple Hill, Windmill Hill, Malborough Hill, Nine Tree Hill, Talbot, Brook Hill and Granby Hill.
Bristol is 106 mi (171 km) west of London, 77 mi (124 km) south-southwest of Birmingham and 26 mi (42 km) east of the Welsh capital Cardiff. Areas adjoining the city fall within a loosely defined area known as Greater Bristol. Bath is located 11 mi (18 km) south east of the city centre, Weston-super-Mare is 18 mi (29 km) to the south west and the Welsh city of Newport is 19 mi (31 km) to the north west.
Climate
The climate is oceanic (Köppen: Cfb), milder than most places in England and United Kingdom.[136][137] Located in southern England, Bristol is one of the warmest cities in the UK with a mean annual temperature of approximately 10.5 °C (50.9 °F).[138][139] It is among the sunniest, with 1,541–1,885 hours of sunshine per year.[140] Although the city is partially sheltered by the Mendip Hills, it is exposed to the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel. Rain is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, with autumn and winter the wetter seasons. The Atlantic Ocean influences Bristol's weather, keeping its average temperature above freezing throughout the year, but winter frosts are frequent and snow occasionally falls from early November to late April. Summers are warm and drier, with variable sunshine, rain and clouds, and spring weather is unsettled.[141][142]
The weather stations nearest Bristol for which long-term climate data are available are Long Ashton (about 5 mi (8 km) south west of the city centre) and Bristol Weather Station, in the city centre. Data collection at these locations ended in 2002 and 2001, respectively, and Filton Airfield is currently the nearest weather station to the city.[143] Temperatures at Long Ashton from 1959 to 2002 ranged from 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) in July 1976[144] to −14.4 °C (6.1 °F) in January 1982.[145] Monthly high temperatures since 2002 at Filton exceeding those recorded at Long Ashton include 25.7 °C (78.3 °F) in April 2003,[146] 34.5 °C (94.1 °F) in July 2006[147] and 26.8 °C (80.2 °F) in October 2011.[148] The lowest recent temperature at Filton was −10.1 °C (13.8 °F) in December 2010.[149] Although large cities in general experience an urban heat island effect, with warmer temperatures than their surrounding rural areas, this phenomenon is minimal in Bristol.[150]
Climate data for Filton,[a] elevation: 48 m (157 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1958–present[b] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.2 (57.6) |
18.3 (64.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
25.7 (78.3) |
27.4 (81.3) |
32.5 (90.5) |
34.5 (94.1) |
33.3 (91.9) |
28.3 (82.9) |
26.8 (80.2) |
17.5 (63.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
34.5 (94.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.1 (46.6) |
8.5 (47.3) |
10.8 (51.4) |
13.8 (56.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.8 (67.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
14.8 (58.6) |
11.0 (51.8) |
8.4 (47.1) |
14.5 (58.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) |
5.5 (41.9) |
7.3 (45.1) |
9.7 (49.5) |
12.7 (54.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.6 (63.7) |
17.2 (63.0) |
14.9 (58.8) |
11.6 (52.9) |
8.0 (46.4) |
5.6 (42.1) |
10.9 (51.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) |
2.4 (36.3) |
3.7 (38.7) |
5.5 (41.9) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.4 (52.5) |
13.4 (56.1) |
13.2 (55.8) |
11.0 (51.8) |
8.3 (46.9) |
5.1 (41.2) |
2.8 (37.0) |
7.3 (45.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −14.4 (6.1) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
0.6 (33.1) |
4.7 (40.5) |
3.9 (39.0) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
−14.4 (6.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 82.9 (3.26) |
57.9 (2.28) |
53.3 (2.10) |
47.9 (1.89) |
57.8 (2.28) |
56.3 (2.22) |
58.7 (2.31) |
75.1 (2.96) |
64.3 (2.53) |
85.5 (3.37) |
90.0 (3.54) |
89.9 (3.54) |
819.0 (32.24) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 13.1 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 11.0 | 10.4 | 12.8 | 14.6 | 13.5 | 135.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 61.2 | 78.0 | 122.6 | 174.1 | 206.7 | 219.2 | 220.5 | 189.6 | 153.4 | 107.8 | 68.4 | 56.9 | 1,658.3 |
Source 1: Met Office[151] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: KNMI[152] |
Environment
Bristol was ranked as Britain's most sustainable city (based on its environmental performance, quality of life,
In 2019 Bristol City Council voted in favour of banning all privately owned
Green belt
The city has green belt mainly along its southern fringes, taking in small areas within the Ashton Court Estate, South Bristol crematorium and cemetery, High Ridge common and Whitchurch, with a further area around Frenchay Farm. The belt extends outside the city boundaries into surrounding counties and districts, for several miles in places, to afford a protection from urban sprawl to surrounding villages and towns.
Demographics
Year | Population | Year | Population |
---|---|---|---|
1377 | 9,518[161] | 1901 | 323,698[83] |
1607 | 10,549[162] | 1911 | 352,178[83] |
1700 | 20,000[83] | 1921 | 367,831[83] |
1801 | 68,944[83] | 1931 | 384,204[83] |
1811 | 83,922[83] | 1941 | 402,839[83] |
1821 | 99,151[83] | 1951 | 422,399[83] |
1831 | 120,789[83] | 1961 | 425,214[83] |
1841 | 144,803[83] | 1971 | 428,089[83] |
1851 | 159,945[83] | 1981 | 384,883[83] |
1861 | 194,229[83] | 1991 | 396,559[83] |
1871 | 228,513[83] | 2001 | 380,615[83] |
1881 | 262,797[83] | 2012 | 432,500[163] |
1891 | 297,525[83] | 2017 | 459,300[164] |
According to the
The Runnymede Trust found in 2017 that Bristol "ranked 7th out of the 348 districts of England & Wales (1=worst) on the Index of Multiple Inequality."[167] In terms of employment, the report found that "ethnic minorities are disadvantaged compared to white British people nationally, but this is to a greater extent in Bristol, particularly for black groups." Black people in Bristol experience the 3rd highest level of educational inequality in England and Wales.[167]
Bristol conurbation
The population of
In 2007 the
Economy
Bristol has a long history of trade, originally exporting wool cloth and importing fish, wine, grain and dairy products;[173] later imports were tobacco, tropical fruits and plantation goods. Major imports are motor vehicles, grain, timber, produce and petroleum products.[174] Since the 13th century, the rivers have been modified for docks; during the 1240s, the Frome was diverted into a deep, human-made channel (known as Saint Augustine's Reach) which flowed into the River Avon.[175][176]
Ships occasionally departed Bristol for
By 1670 the city had 6,000 tons of shipping (of which half was imported tobacco), and by the late 17th and early 18th centuries shipping played a significant role in the
The city's economy also relies on the
Bristol is one of the eight-largest regional English cities that make up the Core Cities Group, and is ranked as a Gamma level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, the fourth-highest-ranked English city.[184] In 2017 Bristol's gross domestic product was £88.448 billion.[185][186] Its per capita GDP was £46,000 ($65,106, €57,794), which was some 65% above the national average, the third-highest of any English city (after London and Nottingham) and the sixth-highest of any city in the United Kingdom (behind London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Belfast and Nottingham).[185] According to the 2011 census, Bristol's unemployment rate (claiming Jobseeker's Allowance) was three per cent, compared with two per cent for South West England and the national average of four per cent.[187]
Although Bristol's economy no longer relies upon its port, which was moved to docks at Avonmouth during the 1870s[188] and to the Royal Portbury Dock in 1977 as ship size increased, it is the largest importer of cars to the UK. Until 1991, the port was publicly owned; it is leased, with £330 million invested and its annual tonnage increasing from 3.9 million long tons (4 million tonnes) to 11.8 million (12 million).[189] Tobacco importing and cigarette manufacturing have ceased, but the importation of wine and spirits continues.[190]
The financial services sector employs 59,000 in the city,
During the 20th century, Bristol's manufacturing activities expanded to include aircraft production at Filton by the
Filton played a key role in the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic airliner project during the 1960s. The British Concorde prototype made its maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1969, five weeks after the French test flight.[198] In 2003 British Airways and Air France decided to discontinue Concorde flights, retiring the aircraft to locations (primarily museums) worldwide. On 26 November 2003 Concorde 216 made the final Concorde flight, returning to Bristol Filton Airport as the centrepiece of a proposed air museum which is planned to include the existing Bristol Aero collection (including a Bristol Britannia).[199]
The aerospace industry remains a major sector of the local economy.[200] Major aerospace companies in Bristol include BAE Systems, a merger of Marconi Electronic Systems and BAe (the latter a merger of BAC, Hawker Siddeley and Scottish Aviation). Airbus[201] and Rolls-Royce are also based at Filton, and aerospace engineering is an area of research at the University of the West of England. Another aviation company in the city is Cameron Balloons, who manufacture hot air balloons;[202] each August the city hosts the Bristol International Balloon Fiesta, one of Europe's largest hot-air balloon festivals.[203]
In 2005 Bristol was named by the UK government one of England's six science cities.
Culture
Arts
Bristol has a thriving current and historical arts scene. Some of the modern venues and modern digital production companies have merged with legacy production companies based in old buildings around the city. In 2008 the city was a finalist for the 2008 European Capital of Culture, although the title was awarded to Liverpool.[211] The city was designated "City of Film" by UNESCO in 2017 and has been a member of the Creative Cities Network since then.[212]
The
The city has many venues for live music, its largest the 2,000-seat Bristol Beacon, previously Colston Hall, named after Edward Colston. Others include the Bristol Academy, The Fleece, The Croft, the Exchange, Fiddlers, the Victoria Rooms, Rough Trade, Trinity Centre, St George's Bristol and several pubs, from the jazz-oriented The Old Duke to rock at the Fleece and indie bands at the Louisiana.[219][220] In 2010 PRS for Music called Bristol the UK's most musical city, based on the number of its members born there relative to the city's population.[221]
Since the late 1970s Bristol has been home to bands combining
The
The
Bristol is the birthplace of 18th-century poets Robert Southey[238] and Thomas Chatterton.[239] Southey (born on Wine Street in 1774) and his friend, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, married the Fricker sisters from the city.[240] William Wordsworth spent time in Bristol,[241] where Joseph Cottle published Lyrical Ballads in 1798. Actor Cary Grant was born in Bristol, and comedians from the city include Justin Lee Collins,[242] Lee Evans,[243] Russell Howard[244] and writer-comedian Stephen Merchant.[245]
The author John Betjeman wrote a poem called "Bristol".[246] It begins:
Green upon the flooded Avon shone the after-storm-wet-sky,
Quick the struggling withy branches let the leaves of autumn fly,
And a star shone over Bristol, wonderfully far and high.— John Betjeman, Bristol
Architecture
Bristol has 51
The oldest Grade I listed buildings in Bristol are religious.
Secular buildings include
Sport
Bristol is represented by professional teams in all the major national sports.
The two
Bristol Rovers, the oldest professional football team in the city, were formed in 1883 and promoted back into the football league in 2015. They were third-tier champions twice (
The city is also home to
Dating from 1901, the
The
The
.
Bristol
Dialect
A dialect of English (West Country English), known as Bristolian, is spoken by longtime residents, who are known as Bristolians.[294] Bristol natives have a rhotic accent, in which the post-vocalic r in car and card is pronounced (unlike in Received Pronunciation). The city is regarded as one of the last locations in England, along with Blackburn, to preserve the traditional English rhotic R sound.[295] The unique feature of this accent is the 'Bristol (or terminal) l', in which l is appended to words ending in a or o.[296] Whether this is a broad l or a w is a subject of debate,[297] with area pronounced 'areal' or 'areaw'. The ending of Bristol is another example of the Bristol l. Bristolians pronounce -a and -o at the end of a word as -aw (cinemaw). To non-natives, the pronunciation suggests an l after the vowel.[298][299]
Until recently,[when?] Bristolian was characterised by retention of the second-person singular, as in the doggerel "Cassn't see what bist looking at? Cassn't see as well as couldst, casst? And if couldst, 'ouldn't, 'ouldst?" The West Saxon bist is used for the English art,[300] and children were admonished with "Thee and thou, the Welshman's cow". In Bristolian, as in French and German, the second-person singular was not used when speaking to a superior (except by the egalitarian Quakers). The pronoun thee is also used in the subject position ("What bist thee doing?"), and I or he in the object position ("Give he to I.").[301] Linguist Stanley Ellis, who found that many dialect words in the Filton area were linked to aerospace work, described Bristolian as "a cranky, crazy, crab-apple tree of language and with the sharpest, juiciest flavour that I've heard for a long time".[302]
Religion
In the 2011 United Kingdom census, 46.8% of Bristol's population identified as Christian and 37.4% said they were not religious; the English averages were 59.4% and 24.7%, respectively. Islam is observed by 5.1% of the population, Buddhism by 0.6%, Hinduism by 0.6%, Sikhism by 0.5%, Judaism by 0.2% and other religions by 0.7%; 8.1% did not identify with a religion.[304]
Among the notable Christian churches are the Anglican Bristol Cathedral and St Mary Redcliffe and the Roman Catholic Clifton Cathedral. Nonconformist chapels include Buckingham Baptist Chapel and John Wesley's New Room in Broadmead.[305] After St James' Presbyterian Church was bombed on 24 November 1940, it was never again used as a church;[306] although its bell tower remains, its nave was converted into offices.[307] The city has eleven mosques,[308] several Buddhist meditation centres,[309] a Hindu temple,[310] Reform and Orthodox-Jewish synagogues[311] and four Sikh temples.[312][313][314]
Bars and nightlife
Bristol has been awarded Purple Flag status[315] on many of its districts, which shows that it meets or surpasses the standards of excellence in managing the evening and night-time economy.
DJ Mag's top 100 club list ranked Motion as the 19th-best club in the world in 2016.[316] This is up 5 spots from 2015.[316] Motion is host to some of the world's top DJs, and leading producers. Motion is a complex made up of different rooms, outdoor space and a terrace that looks over the river Avon.[317] In 2011, Motion was transformed from a skate park into the rave spot it is today.[318] In:Motion is an annual series which takes place each autumn and delivers 12 weeks of music and dancing.[318] The club, on Avon Street, behind Temple Meads train station,[319] does not limit itself to playing one genre of music. Party-goers can hear everything from disco, house, techno, grime, drum and bass or hip hop, depending on the night.[317] In 2020 and 2021, Motion adapted many of its indoor events into outdoor events. Some of these included Bingo Lingdo.[320] Other famous clubs in the city include Lakota and Thekla.
The Attic Bar is a venue located in Stokes Croft.[321] Equipped with a sound system and stage which are used every weekend for gigs of every genre, the bar and the connected Full Moon Pub were rated by The Guardian, a British daily paper, as one of the top ten clubs in the UK.[322] Located by Bristol's harbourside, The Apple is a cider bar which opened in 2004, in a converted Dutch barge, offering a range of 40 different ciders.[323] In 2014, the Great British Pub Awards ranked The Apple as the best cider bar in the UK.[324]
Media
Bristol is home to the regional headquarters of BBC West and the BBC Natural History Unit based at Broadcasting House, which produces television, radio and online content with a natural history or wildlife theme. These include nature documentaries, including The Blue Planet and Planet Earth. The city has a long association with David Attenborough's authored documentaries, including Life on Earth.[325] It was made public in 2021 that the BBC was moving the production of many of its programmes from Broadcasting House to Bridgewater House in Finzels Reach in Bristol City Centre.[326]
Bristol has two daily newspapers, the Western Daily Press and the Bristol Post (both owned by Reach plc); and a Bristol edition of the free Metro newspaper (owned by DMGT). The Bristol Cable specialises in investigative journalism with a quarterly print edition and website.
Aardman Animations is a Bristol-based animation studio, known for the characters
The city has several radio stations, including
Publishers in the city have included 18th-century Bristolian Joseph Cottle, who helped introduce
Education
Bristol has two major institutions of higher education: the
In 2005, Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown named Bristol one of six English 'science cities',[339] and a £300 million science park was planned at
The city has produced a number of scientists, including 19th-century chemist Humphry Davy[342] (who worked in Hotwells). Physicist Paul Dirac (from Bishopston) received the 1933 Nobel Prize for his contributions to quantum mechanics.[343] Cecil Frank Powell was the Melvill Wills Professor of Physics at the University of Bristol when he received the 1950 Nobel Prize for, among other discoveries, his photographic method of studying nuclear processes. Colin Pillinger[344] was the planetary scientist behind the Beagle 2 project, and neuropsychologist Richard Gregory founded the Exploratory (a hands-on science centre which was the predecessor of At-Bristol/We The Curious).[345]
Initiatives such as the Flying Start Challenge encourage an interest in science and engineering in Bristol secondary-school pupils; links with aerospace companies impart technical information and advance student understanding of design.[346] The
Transport
Rail
Bristol has two principal railway stations.
Bristol's principal surviving suburban railway is the
Roads
The M4 motorway connects the city on an east–west axis from London to West Wales, and the M5 is a north–south west axis from Birmingham to Exeter. The M49 motorway is a shortcut between the M5 in the south and the M4 Severn Crossing in the west, and the M32 is a spur from the M4 to the city centre.[348] The Portway connects the M5 to the city centre, and was the most expensive road in Britain when opened in 1926.[352][353]
As of 2019, Bristol is working on plans for a Clean Air Zone to reduce pollution, which could involve charging the most polluting vehicles to enter the city centre.[354][355]
Several road-construction plans, including re-routing and improving the
Private car use is high in the city, leading to traffic congestion costing an estimated £350 million per year.[357] Bristol allows motorcycles to use most of the city's bus lanes and provides secure, free parking for them.[358]
Public transport
Public transport in the city consists primarily of a First West of England bus network. Other providers are Abus,[359] Stagecoach West, Stagecoach South West and until its sale to Stagecoach West, Wessex Bus.[360][361] Bristol's bus service has been criticised as unreliable and expensive, and in 2005 FirstGroup was fined for delays and safety violations.[362][363]
Although the city council has included a
In 2006, a project to develop a
Three park and ride sites serve Bristol.[373] The city centre has water transport operated by Bristol Ferry Boats, Bristol Packet Boat Trips and Number Seven Boat Trips, providing leisure and commuter service in the harbour.[374]
Cycling
Bristol was designated as England's first "cycling city" in 2008 and one of England's 12 "Cycling demonstration" areas.[375] It is home to Sustrans, the sustainable transport charity. The Bristol and Bath Railway Path links it to Bath, and was the first part of the National Cycle Network. The city also has urban cycle routes and links with National Cycle Network routes to The rest of the Country. Cycling trips increased by 21% from 2001 to 2005.[357]
Air
The runway, terminal and other facilities at
International relations
Bristol was among the first cities to adopt
Twin towns include:- Bordeaux, France[379][380] (since 1947)
- Hanover, Germany[381] (since 1947; one of the first post-war twinnings of British and German cities)
- Porto, Portugal (since 1984)[382]
- Tbilisi, Georgia (since 1988)[383]
- Puerto Morazán, Nicaragua (since 1989)[384]
- Beira, Mozambique (since 1990)[385]
- Guangzhou, China (since 2001)[386][387]
Freedom of the City
People and military units receiving the Freedom of the City of Bristol include:
- Billy Hughes: 20 May 1916.[388]
- Kipchoge Keino: 5 July 2012.[389]
- Peter Higgs: 4 July 2013.[390]
- Sir David Attenborough: 17 December 2013.[391]
- The Rifles: 2007, 2015.[392]
See also
- Atlantic history
- Bristol Christian Fellowship
- Bristol Pound
- Bristol power stations
- Healthcare in Bristol
- Parks of Bristol
- Subdivisions of Bristol
References
- ^ "How life has changed in Bristol: Census 2021".
- ^ N. Dermott Harding. Bristol Charters 1155–1373 (PDF). Bristol Record Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- ^ Bevis, Gavin (24 January 2020). "Is Rutland really England's smallest county?". BBC News Online. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Bristol". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Historical Weather for Bristol, England, United Kingdom". Weatherbase. Canty & Associates. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ^ "Bristol Population 2024". Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ a b "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2021". Office for National Statistics. 21 December 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ "The Lord-Lieutenant of the County & City of Bristol". The Lord-Lieutenant of the County & City of Bristol. Archived from the original on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
- ^ "The population of Bristol – bristol.gov.uk". www.bristol.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ Higgins, David. "The history of the Bristol region in the Roman period" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ James Fawckner Nicholls and John Taylor, Bristol Past and Present: Civil History (1881), p. 6
- ^ Little 1967, p. ix.
- ^ Smith, Gavin (2016). "The City called 'Bridge' by the Hill called 'Stow' – Implications of the Names of Bristol" (PDF). Bristol & Avon Archaeology. 27: 45–48. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
- ^ Seyer, Samuel (1823). Memoirs, Historical and Topographical of Bristol and its Neighborhood. Bristol, Printed for the author by J. M. Gutch. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015.
- ^ "Market Towns Of Gloucestershire". oldtowns.co.uk. SDUK Penny Cyclopedia. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-7091-5435-8.
- ^ "Bristow Surname Definition". Forebears.io. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ Bates, M.R.; Wenban-Smith, F.F. "Palaeolithic Research Framework for the Bristol Avon Basin" (PDF). Bristol City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
- ^ "Bristol in the Iron Age". Bristol City Council. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ^ "Abona – Major Romano-British Settlement". Roman-Britain.co.uk.
- ^ "Bristol in the Roman Period". Bristol City Council. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ^ a b Lobel & Carus-Wilson 1975, pp. 2–3.
- ^ "The Impregnable City". Bristol Past. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2007.
- ^ "Bristol merchants funded Anglo-Norman invasion". Irish Times. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2007.
- ^ Jean Manco (2006). "Ricart's View of Bristol". Bristol Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ^ a b c d Brace 1976, pp. 13–15.
- The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the originalon 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ Historic England. "Bristol Bridge (1204252)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ^ a b Liddy 2005, p. 13.
- ^ Staff (2011). "High Sheriff – City of Bristol County History". High Sheriffs Association of England and Wales. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
- ^ a b Rayfield 1985, pp. 17–23.
- ISBN 978-0-415-14369-1.
- ^ a b Carus-Wilson 1933, pp. 183–246.
- ^ Manco, Jean (25 July 2009). "The Ranking of Provincial Towns in England 1066–1861". Delving into building history. Jean Manco. Archived from the original on 4 December 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
- ^ McCulloch 1839, pp. 398–399.
- ^ "History in Bristol". Discover Bristol. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- S2CID 165038092.
- ^ Carus-Wilson 1933, pp. 155–182.
- ^ Jenks 2006, p. 1.
- ^ Jones & Condon 2016.
- .
- ^ Jones & Condon 2016, pp. 57–70.
- ^ Connell-Smith 1954, p. 10.
- (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- S2CID 162433225.
- ^ Jones 2012.
- ^ Horn, Joyce M (1996). "Bristol: Introduction". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541–1857: Volume 8: Bristol, Gloucester, Oxford and Peterborough Dioceses: 3–6. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
- ^ Bettey 1996, pp. 1–5.
- ^ Appendix to the First Report of the Commissioners Appointed to inquire into the Municipal Corporations of England and Wales. 1835. p. 1158. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
- ^ "Royal Fort dig". University of Bristol. 21 April 2009. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ Cathcart, Brian (19 March 1995). "Rear Window: Newfoundland: Where fishes swim, men will fight". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- JSTOR 1922354. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- S2CID 253176012.
- ^ Madge Dresser: Slavery Obscured: The Social History of the Slave Trade in an English Provincial Port. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016, page 108.
- ISBN 978-0-00-843704-6.
- ^ David Richardson (1985). "Slave Traders: A Collective Portrait" (PDF). Bristol Record Society. University of Bristol. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ a b "Triangular trade". National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
- ^ "Black Lives in England : The Slave Trade and Abolition". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
- ^ "Marking The End Of The Slave Trade – Abolition 200 Events In Bristol". Culture 24. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ "Wesley's New Room". Looking at Buildings from the Pevsner Architectural Guides. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "Hanham Mount". Methodist Heritage. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
- (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2016.
- ^ Wesley, John (1774). Thoughts Upon Slavery. London: University of North Carolina.
- ^ a b c d Peter Marshall (1968). "The Anti-slave Trade Movement in Bristol" (PDF). Bristol Record Society. University of Bristol. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ "The history of the Seven Stars". Seven Stars. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ "Hannah More (1745–1833): The Poet & Writer". The Abolition Project. e2bn.org. 2009.
- ^ Clew 1970, pp. 79–80.
- ^ Buchanan & Cossons 1969, pp. 32–33.
- ^ "Samuel Plimsoll – the seaman's friend". BBC – Bristol – History. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ Coules 2006, pp. 194–195.
- ^ Buchanan & Cossons 1969, pp. 224–225.
- ^ Day, Joan M. (1988). "The Bristol brass industry: Furnace structures and their associated remains" (PDF). Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 22 (1): 24–. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 November 2015.
- ^ "Bristol's early nineteenth century staple industries". University of the West of England. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Harvey, Charles; Press, Jon. "Industrial Change in Bristol Since 1800. Introduction". Bristol Historical Resource. University of the West of England. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ Historic England. "City Museum and Art Gallery and attached front walls (1202478)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ^ Historic England. "Royal West of England Academy (1282156)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 May 2006.
- ^ Historic England. "Victoria Rooms and attached railings and gates (1202480)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
- ^ Hunt 1818.
- ^ "BBC – Made in Bristol – 1831 Riot facts". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol III, (1847), London, Charles Knight, p.815
- ^ "No. 26871". The London Gazette. 9 July 1897. p. 3787.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Bristol England through time – Population Statistics – Total Population". Great Britain Historical GIS Project. University of Portsmouth. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
- ^ "Royal Edward Dock, Avonmouth". Engineering Timelines. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ Wessex Archaeology (November 2008). "Appendix H Cultural_Heritage" (PDF). eon-uk. p. H–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
- ^ Staff (2011). "BAC 100: 2010–1910s". BAC 100. BCP. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ^ "International exhibition became known as a city". Bristol Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
- ^ "Ashton Gate Drill Hall". The Drill Hall Project. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
- ^ Burlton 2014, pp. 60–90.
- ^ Lambert, Tim. "A brief history of Bristol". Local Histories. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ Penny, John. "The Luftwaffe over Bristol". Fishponds Local History Society. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ "St Nicholas Church closed since World War Two to reopen". BBC News. 25 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-4738-3457-6.
- ^ "Four figures on Arno's Gateway". National Recording Project. Public Monument and Sculpture Association. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
- ^ "Demolition of city tower begins". BBC News. 13 January 2006. Archived from the original on 9 March 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ^ "Almondsbury Interchange". SABRE. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ "'Irish Car Bomb' drink ad censored". BBC News. 12 March 2014.
- ^ Norwood, Graham (30 October 2007). "Bristol: seemingly unstoppable growth". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
- .
- ^ Tristan Cork (25 March 2019). "Second Colston statue plaque not axed and will still happen but mayor steps in to order a re-write". Bristol Live.
- ^ BBC News, Moment that Colston statue ended in harbour dominates national front pages, accessed 8 June 2020
- ^ "Torn down Colston statue pulled out of harbour". BBC News. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "Councillors". Council and Democracy. Bristol City Council. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
- ^ "Wards up for future elections". Bristol City Council. Archived from the original on 17 November 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2007.
- ^ "Council leader battle resolved". BBC News. 27 May 2007. Archived from the original on 9 March 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ "Labour 'lost council confidence'". BBC News Bristol. 25 February 2009. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
- ^ "Lib Dems take control of Bristol". BBC News. 5 June 2009. Archived from the original on 7 June 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
- ^ "Bristol". Local Election Results 2010. BBC. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- ^ "Vote 2013: Results for Bristol". BBC. 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
- ^ "Liberal Democrats lose out in Bristol elections". BBC. 23 May 2014. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
- ^ Morris, Steven (16 November 2012). "Bristol mayoral election won by independent George Ferguson". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ "Bristol mayor vote: City decides to abolish mayor post". BBC News. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ "Council elects Lord Mayor and approves the appointment of City Director". Bristol City Council. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
- ^ "Constituency Map" (PDF). Bristol City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
- ^ "General election shocks in Bristol help pave the way for a hung parliament and a new prime minister". Bristol Post. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ "Edmund Burke, Speech to the Electors of Bristol". University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ Wills, Garry (14 July 2011). "Edmund Burke Against Grover Norquist". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37846. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ "Mr Tony Benn". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ Alan Rusbridger (10 November 2005). "In praise of ... the Race Relations Acts". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ^ Morris, Steven (4 March 2005). "From slave trade to fair trade, Bristol's new image". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
- ^ "Local Government Bill". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 16 November 1971. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
- ^ "The Avon (Structural Change) Order 1995". www.opsi.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ Atkins (2005). "Greater Bristol Strategic Transport Study" (PDF). South West Regional Assembly. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Town and Country Planning Acts" (PDF). London Gazette. 24 July 1987. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ "The West of England Combined Authority Order 2017". www.legislation.gov.uk. 8 February 2017.
- ^ "Mayor of the West of England". BBC News. 5 May 2017.
- ^ "Metro mayor announces new rail station". BBC News. 28 June 2017.
- ^ "Area boundary for the Bristol unitary authority". NOMIS Labour market statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Great charter of liberties including erection into a County". Bristol Archives online catalogue. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ Harding, N. Dermott, ed. (December 1930). "Bristol Charters 1155–1373" (PDF). Bristol Record Society's Publications. 1. Bristol Record Society: 149–165. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Pointer, Graham (2005). "The UK's major urban areas" (PDF). Focus on People and Migration. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
- ^ "Cotswolds AONB". Cotswold AONB. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ S2CID 129044127.
- ^ Taylor, John (1872). A Book about Bristol: Historical, Ecclesiastical, and Biographical, from Original Research. Houlston and Sons. p. 10.
- ^ "Bristol climate and weather". www.wordtravels.com. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
- ^ "Bristol, England Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
- ^ "Average annual temperature". Meteorological Office. 2000. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ^ "South West England: climate". Metereological Office. Archived from the original on 25 February 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ "Average annual sunshine". Meteorological Office. 2000. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ^ "Average annual rainfall". Meteorological Office. 2000. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ^ "National Meteorological Library and Archive Fact sheet 7 — Climate of South West England" (PDF). Meteorological Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ "Weather Station Location". Meteorological Office. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "1976 temperature". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "1982 temperature". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Filton April temperature". TuTiempo. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Filton July temperature". TuTiempo. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Filton Oct temperature". TuTiempo. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Filton December temperature". TuTiempo. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ Hughes, Karen (2006). "The impact of urban areas on climate in the UK: a spatial and temporal analysis, with an emphasis on temperature and precipitation effects". Earth and Environment. 2: 54–83.
- ^ "Filton 1991–2020 averages". Retrieved 2 May 2022.
- KNMI. Archived from the originalon 9 July 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^ "Bristol is Britain's greenest city". Evening Post. Bristol News and Media. 9 November 2008. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Sustainable Cities Index 2008". Forum for the Future. 25 November 2008. Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
- ^ Cotton & Grimshaw 2002.
- ^ "Resourcesaver: Home Page". Beehive. Bristol News and Media. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
- ^ Goss, Alexandra (23 March 2014). "Best places to live in Britain". The Sunday Times. SundayTimes. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "2015-Bristol". European Commission. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ "Bristol approves clean air diesel ban". BBC News. 5 November 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
- ^ "Bristol Clean Air Zone launches". Bristol City Council. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
- ^ Russell 1948, pp. 142–143.
- ^ Latimer 1900, p. 34.
- ^ "Mid-2012 Population Estimates" (PDF). Bristol City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
- ^ "The population of Bristol". bristol.gov.uk. 1 July 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
- ^ "2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- ^ "Method of Travel to Work". UK Census Data. UKCensusdata.com#sthash.umJUM2up.dpuf. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
- ^ a b Runnymede Trust. "Bristol: a city divided?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ a b "The UKs major urban areas" (PDF). Census 2001. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ^ "The Population of Bristol". Bristol City Council. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ "ONS 2005 Mid-Year Estimates". Office for National Statistics. 10 October 2006. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ^ "United Kingdom: Urban Areas". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
- European Spatial Planning Observation Network, Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3) Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007)
- etc. Institute of Historical Research. Archivedfrom the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
- ^ "UK Port Freight Statistics" (PDF). Department for Transport. pp. PORT0210, PORT0303. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ Poole 2013, pp. 8–9.
- ^ Watson 1991, pp. 81–82.
- ^ "Pring, Martin, 1580–1646". American Journeys. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
- ^ "Bristol harbour reaches 200 years". BBC. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- ^ Knowles 2006, p. 723.
- ^ "Bristol Local Economic Assessment March 2011" (PDF). Bristol City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ "Towns & Cities: VisitBritain Corporate Site". VisitBritain. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- ^ "History of the Ministry of Defence" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ Mrath (23 December 2008). "DK Eyewitness Travel top 10 cities of the world". Bristol Post. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ "The World According to GaWC 2020". GaWC – Research Network. Globalization and World Cities. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ a b "Sub-regional: Gross value added1 (GVA) at current basic price". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original (xls) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ "Land Use Management for Sustainable European Cities (LUMASEC)". URBACT. European Union. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ "Lead Key Figures". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014.
- ^ Herbert, N. M., ed. (1988). "Gloucester, 1835–1985: Economic development to 1914". A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 4: The City of Gloucester. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
- ^ "Bristol (Avonmouth)". Ports and Harbours of the UK. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ "About Averys Wine Merchants". Averys of Bristol. 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Professional Services". Invest in Bristol. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ "About the Region". Silicon Southwest. Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "HP Lab, Bristol, UK". Hewlett Packard. Archived from the original on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
- ^ "Top 10 cities global travellers most want to visit". ITV. 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ a b Boyne 2002, p. 105.
- ^ "A brief history of the Bristol Marque". Bristol Owners Club. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
- ^ "A brief history of Bristol Tramways and Carriage Co, Bristol Omnibus Co and Bristol Commercial Vehicles". Bristol Vintage Bus Group. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ Staff (2 March 1969). "BBC On This Day: 2 March 1969: Concorde flies for the first time". London: BBC. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ "Concorde at Filton". Bristol Aero Collection. Archived from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
- ^ "Dr Doug Naysmith – Bristol Northwest". ePolitix.com. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
- ^ "Airbus in UK". Airbus. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
- ^ "Balloon Fiesta: How to make a hot-air balloon". BBC Bristol. Archived from the original on 31 January 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
- ^ "BBC – Bristol – Balloon Fiesta – Balloon Fiesta: Don Cameron". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
- ^ "What does 'Science City' mean?". BBC. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ "Cities gather to plot scientific route to economic growth". University of York. 16 September 2005. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
- ^ "Bristol shopping centre Cabot Circus will lift city into top 10 say business leaders". Bristol Post. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ a b "An enterprising idea with a radically new approach". Bristol Post. 8 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ "Aim to create 20,000 jobs by revitalising derelict land around Temple Meads, Bristol". Bristol Post. 8 June 2011. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ^ "Land near Temple Meads named as Bristol enterprise zone". BBC. 7 June 2011. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ Brown, John Murray (30 October 2014). "Bristol to become smart city laboratory". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016.
- ^ "Six Cities Make Short List For European Capital of Culture 2008". Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Archived from the original on 12 May 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ "Bristol announced as a UNESCO City of Film". Bristol Vision Institute. University of Bristol. 2 November 2017. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
- ^ Historic England. "The Theatre Royal (1209703)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ^ a b "Grade I Listed Buildings in Bristol" (PDF). Bristol City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- Nexis. Independent News and Media. Archivedfrom the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
- ^ "About Us". Theatre Bristol. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
- ^ "About". Residence. 20 January 2013. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ^ "Bristol and West General Branch". Equity. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
- ^ Reid, Melanie (18 July 2007). "A student's guide to ... University of Bristol". The Times. UK. Archived from the original on 6 June 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
- ^ "Bristol's music scene". PortCities Bristol. Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
- ^ "Bristol is Britain's 'most musical city'". BBC. 12 March 2010. Archived from the original on 16 March 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Tricky > Overview". All Music. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Portishead > Biography". All Music. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Massive Attack > Biography". All Music. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ Cooper, Sean. "Roni Size > Biography". All Music. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ Bush, John. "Krust > Overview". All Music. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ Prato, Greg. "More Rockers > Overview". All Music. Archived from the original on 19 November 2002. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "TC – New Songs, Playlists & Latest News – BBC Music". BBC. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ "Blagging and Boasting". Metroactive Music. Metro Publishing Inc. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ^ "Bristol's £27 m M Shed museum opens". BBC News Bristol. 17 June 2011. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
- ^ "Bristol City Council: Museums and galleries". Bristol City Council. 2013. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
- ^ "A Short History of the RWA". Royal West of England Academy. 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ "Antlers gallery takes over Purifier House on Bristol Harbourside". Bristol Post. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
- ^ "Aardman Animations Biography". Screen Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
- ^ "First Look: Director Sarah Smith Talks Aardman's Arthur Christmas: Exclusive Photos". Indie Wire. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- ^ Davies, Gail (1998). "Networks of nature: Stories of Natural History Film-Making from the BBC" (PDF). UCL ePrints: 11–15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ "About Johnny". BBC. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26056. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ "Chatterton – Bristol's boy poet". BBC. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
- .
- ^ Newlyn 2001, p. 7.
- ^ Morris, Sophie (11 December 2006). "Justin Lee Collins: My Life in Media". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
- ^ "Lee Evans Biography (1964–)". Film Reference. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
- OCLC 49632006. Archived from the originalon 16 May 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ Ellen, Barbara (5 November 2006). "Barbara Ellen meets the 6 ft 7in comedy giant Stephen Merchant". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
- ^ J. Betjeman (3 July 2009). "Poem: Bristol by John Betjeman". BBC. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ "Bristol City Council: Listed buildings register: Listed buildings". Bristol City Council. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ Burrough 1970, p. 3.
- ^ Historic England. "Church of St James (1282067)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ^ Historic England. "Church of St James (1282067)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Historic England. "The Great Gatehouse (1202132)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Historic England. "Cathedral Church of St Augustine, including Chapter House and cloisters (1202129)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Burrough 1970, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Historic England. "Red Lodge (1202417)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ^ Historic England. "Nos.17, 18 AND 19 St Bartholomew's Hospital (1202066)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Historic England. "St Nicholas' Almshouses, Nos.1–10 (1209635)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 21 February 2007.
- ^ Historic England. "Llandoger Trow (1202324)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 February 2007.
- ^ Historic England. "No.1 The Palace Hotel (1219436)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
- ^ Historic England. "Grotto approximately 85 metres south of Goldney House (1202104)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Historic England. "The Exchange (1298770)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Historic England. "No.48 Old Post Office (1187390)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Historic England. "Nos.1–6 (Consecutive) and attached area railings (1202443)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Historic England. "Nos.14–17 (Consecutive) and attached area railings (1282179)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Historic England. "Nos.18–21 (Consecutive) and attached area railings (1208823)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Historic England. "Nos.22–28 (Consecutive) and attached area railings (1202444)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Historic England. "Nos.31–34 (Consecutive) and attached area railings (1208879)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Historic England. "Nos.7–13 (Consecutive) and attached area railings (1208806)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Historic England. "Circular Cottage (1202262)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Historic England. "Dial Cottage (1282246)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Historic England. "Diamond Cottage (1282285)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Historic England. "Double Cottage (1202260)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Historic England. "Dutch Cottage (1207760)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Historic England. "Oak Cottage (1207747)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Historic England. "Rose Cottage (1202261)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Historic England. "Sweetbriar Cottage (1282247)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Historic England. "Vine Cottage (1202263)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Historic England. "St Nicholas' Almshouses (1209635)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ^ Historic England. "Llandoger Trow Public House (1202324)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ^ Foyle 2004, pp. 19–21.
- ^ "Pictorial Record of Bristol's History". Bristol History. Archived from the original on 22 March 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ Winstone 1985, p. 124.
- ^ "Bristol City 0–1 Hull". BBC. Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ "Bristol Academy Women Club History". Bristol Academy Women. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ "Potted History". Bristol Post. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ McCormick, Ken (27 March 2015). "Bristol Rovers board asks fans to keep any anti-Sainsbury's protests "lawful and peaceful"". Bristol Post. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ "Information". Manor Farm Online. 16 April 2018. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "Football Club History Database – Bristol Manor Farm". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "Bristol Rugby : History Page". Bristol Rugby. Archived from the original on 31 July 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ "1888–1910". Bristol Rugby. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ "History". Bristol Rugby. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Ashton Gate". Bristol Rugby. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ "Safe standing: Bristol Rugby back Bristol City's Ashton Gate plans". BBC Sport. BBC. 13 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ "Bristol Combination History". Pitcheroo. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "About Us". Bristol Sonics. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "Gloucestershire County Cricket Club". Gloucestershire County Cricket Club. Archived from the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ "About Us". Gloucestershire Cricket. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ^ "Bristol Flyers Awarded BBL Franchise for 2014". Hoopsfix. 18 June 2013. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ "Bristol Aztecs". Britball Now. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ "Rink-share arrangement with Bristol Pitbulls". Oxford City Stars. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ "Bristol Half Marathon". Run Bristol. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ Prideaux, Sophie (10 September 2014). "When will the Tour of Britain be in Bristol today?". Bristol Post. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ "About the Centre for Sport". University of the West of England. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ "Balloon Fiesta celebrates 30 years". BBC Bristol. 14 April 2008. Archived from the original on 31 January 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ "Bristol Octopush Club - Bristol Under Water Hockey Club".
- ^ "Finals 2023 - Results".
- ^ "Nautilus 2023 Results".
- ^ "Famous Bristolians". Mintinit.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
- ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
- ^ Hughes 2012, pp. 86–88.
- ^ Staff (14 August 2003). "Calling All Bristolians". BBC. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
- S2CID 61173209. Archived from the original(PDF) on 12 April 2013.
- ^ Trudgill, Peter. "Dialect Contact, Dialectology and Sociolinguistics" (PDF). University of Fribourg. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
- ^ Black 1996, p. 172.
- ^ Strohmeyer 2009, p. 13.
- ^ Elmes 2005, p. 39.
- ^ "How life has changed in Bristol: Census 2021".
- ^ "2011 Census: Religion, local authorities in England and Wales". United Kingdom Census 2011. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- ^ "The New Room Bristol – John Wesley's Chapel in the Horsefair". The New Room Bristol. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ Duncan & Webb 1990, p. 86.
- ^ Marchant, Neil. "The Presbyterian Churches of Bristol". Church Crawler. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ "Mosques in Bristol". All Mosques Together. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Bristol Buddhist Forum". Bristol Buddhist Forum. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Bristol Hindu Temple". Culture 24. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ "Synagogues in Bristol – Shuls in Bristol – Jewish Temples in Bristol". Maven Search. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Sikhism". Bristol Multi Faith Forum. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ "Ramgharia Sikh Temple (Gurwara)". England's Past for Everyone in Bristol. Victoria County History. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
- ^ "UK Gurdwara List: Avon". British Organisation of Sikh Students. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
- ^ "Our Values". www.atcm.org. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
- ^ a b "Top 100 Clubs 2016". DJMag.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
- ^ a b "Motion Bristol – West + Wales nightclub". Resident Advisor. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
- ^ a b "Motion". Time Out Bristol. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
- ^ "www.motionbristol.com". Motion Bristol. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
- ^ "Whats on". Motion Bristol. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ^ "Attic Bar". Time Out Bristol. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
- ^ Coldwell, Will (19 February 2015). "10 of the best UK clubs – chosen by the experts". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ "The Apple". applecider.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
- ^ "Home – The Great British Pub Awards". The Great British Pub Awards. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
- ^ "BBC Natural History Unit". BBC. Archived from the original on 9 December 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ Gogarty, Conor (28 May 2021). "BBC Studios to leave historic Bristol HQ". BristolLive. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ^ "BBC's Casualty to move to Wales". BBC News. 26 March 2009. Archived from the original on 18 August 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
- ^ "C4 confirms Leeds as National HQ, Bristol & Glasgow Creative Hubs – Channel 4 – Info – Press". www.channel4.com. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
- ^ Madden 1972, p. 419.
- ^ Jerome 1889.
- ^ "About Us". Redcliffe Press. 2012. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ "Company profile: Yogscast". TechSpark. 11 June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
- ^ Staff (2011). "How the University is run". Bristol University. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
- ^ Staff (2011). "UWE history timeline". UWE Bristol. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
- ^ "List of primary schools in Bristol". Bristol City Council. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "List of secondary schools in Bristol". Bristol City Council. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ Polly, Curtis (29 January 2008). "To have and have not". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
- ^ "A Brief History". Redmaids' High School. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ "UK designates six 'Science Cities' to spearhead economic growth". Times Higher Education. 20 September 2005. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ "City science park partner named". BBC News. 20 April 2006. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
- ^ "Create Centre". Bristol City Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829)". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
- ^ "Dirac biography". www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
- ^ "barnstormpr – The website of Professor Colin Pillinger, CBE FRS". colinpillinger.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Professor Richard Gregory on-line". www.richardgregory.org. Archived from the original on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
- ^ "Flying Start Challenge". www.flyingstartchallenge.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ "Bloodhound Diary". BBC. 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
- ^ a b c "West of England Joint Local Transport Plan 3 2O11 – 2O26" (PDF). West of England Partnership. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ "Greater Bristol Metro" (PDF). West of England Partnership. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "Portishead to Bristol rail line gets final approval". BBC. 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
- ^ "Bristol YTL Arena inaccessible by train until 2026". BBC. 31 October 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
- ^ "New Bristol Road". The Times. Times Digital Archive. 3 July 1926. p. 11. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ "Avonmouth Bridge (J18 to J19)". The Motorway Archive. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ "Mayor 'stalling on city clean air plan'". BBC News. 22 January 2019.
- ^ "Bristol threatened with legal action over lack of NOx plan". www.fleetnews.co.uk.
- ^ Atkins (2005). "Greater Bristol Strategic Transport Study Chapter 6" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Joint Local Transport Plan". B&NES, Bristol City, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire councils. 2006. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
- ^ "Motorcycles". Bristol City Council. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Abus". Abus. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
- ^ "Ulink". University of the West of England. Archived from the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
- ^ "Wessex". Wessex. Archived from the original on 1 September 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
- ^ "First Bus fined for late buses in Bristol and Somerset". BBC News. 21 January 2011. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ "Bus firm must reduce city fleet". BBC News. 25 July 2005. Archived from the original on 9 March 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
- ^ "Memorandum on Government Discrimination against Innovative Low-cost Light Rail in favour of Urban Diesel Buses" (PDF). Sustraco / H.M. Treasury. March 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Final Draft Mass Transit Feasibility Study" (PDF). thebristolmayor.com. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
- ^ a b "Bristol Metrobus scheme 'could cut journey times by 75%'". BBC News. 15 August 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ^ "MetroBus". Travelwest. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ "First Bristol named as Metrobus operator". BBC News. 20 June 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ^ "Bristol's Metrobus routes to start running in May". BBC News. 5 April 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ^ "metrobus". Travelwest. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ^ "Latest Bristol Metrobus service to open in Spring 2023". BBC News. 26 May 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ^ "metrobus m4 timetable". Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ "Park and Ride". Travel West. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ "Ferry Services". Bristol City Council. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "Bristol named first cycling city". BBC News. 19 June 2008. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ "CAA Airport Data 2019". caa.co.uk. UK Civil Aviation Authority. 21 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-137-02123-6.
- ^ "A history of town twinning". MDRT. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ "Bordeaux – Rayonnement européen et mondial" (in French). Mairie de Bordeaux. Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ^ "British towns twinned with French towns". Archant Community Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ "Hanover – Twinn Towns" (in German). Region of Hannover. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
- ^ "International Relations of the City of Porto" (PDF). City of Porto. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
- ^ "Tbilisi Sister Cities". Tbilisi City Hall. Tbilisi Municipal Portal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
- ^ "UK twinning links with towns, communities, schools and universities in Nicaragua". Nicaragua Solidarity Campaign. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- PMID 18563572.
- ^ "Sister Cities". Guangzhou International. The People's Government of Guangzhou Municipality. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
- ^ "Bristol City – Town twinning". Bristol City Council. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Freedom of the City of Bristol". www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Kenyan athlete to be made freeman of Bristol". ITV News. 5 July 2012.
- ^ "Peter Higgs receives the freedom of the city of Bristol". BBC News. 4 July 2013.
- ^ "Sir David Attenborough awarded freedom of Bristol". BBC News. 17 December 2013.
- ^ "Rifles march through the streets of Bristol". ITV News.
- ^ "39 Signal Regiment exercise their Freedom of Bristo". www.army.mod.uk.
- ^ "Freedom of City of Bristol conferred on 39 Signal Regiment". Bristol City Council News.
Bibliography
- Bettey, Joseph (1996). St Augustine's Abbey, Bristol. Bristol: Bristol Branch of the Historical Association. ISBN 978-0-901388-72-8.
- Black, James R. (1996). Microparametric Syntax and Dialect Variation. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3643-2. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016.
- ISBN 978-1-57607-345-2. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- Brace, Keith (1976). Portrait of Bristol. London: Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7091-5435-8.
- Buchanan, R A; Cossons, Neil (1969). "2". The Industrial Archaeology of the Bristol Region. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-4394-4.
- Burlton, Clive (2014). Bristol's Lost City: Built to Inspire Transformed for War. Bristol Books. ISBN 978-1909446052.
- Burrough, THB (1970). Bristol. London: Studio Vista. ISBN 978-0-289-79804-1.
- Carus-Wilson, Eleanora Mary (1933). "The overseas trade of Bristol". In Power, Eileen; Postan, M.M. (eds.). Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-1-136-61971-7.
- Clew, Kenneth R. (1970). The Somersetshire Coal Canal and Railways. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-4792-8.
- Connell-Smith, Gordon K. (1954). Forerunners of Drake: A Study of English Trade with Spain in the Early Tudor period. Published for the Royal Empire Society by Longmans, Green. ISBN 978-0-8371-8100-4.
- Cotton, Mick; Grimshaw, John (2002). The Official Guide to the National Cycle Network. Bristol: Sustrans. ISBN 978-1-901389-35-7.
- Coules, Victoria (2006). Lost Bristol. Birlinn Limited. ISBN 978-1-84158-533-8.
- Duncan, John; Webb, Edwin (1990). Blitz over Britain. Spellmount. ISBN 978-0-946771-89-9.
- Elmes, Simon (2005). Talking for Britain: A Journey Through the Nation's Dialects. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-051562-6.
- Foyle, Andrew (2004). Bristol (Pevsner Architectural Guides: City Guides). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10442-4.
- Hunt, Henry (1818). Memoirs of Henry Hunt, Esq. Vol. 3. Project Gutenberg. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- Hughes, Arthur (2012). English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4441-2138-4. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016.
- Jenks, S. (2006). Robert Sturmy's Commercial Expedition to the Mediterranean (1457/8). Vol. 58. Bristol Record Society Publications. ISBN 978-0-901538-28-4. Archivedfrom the original on 6 May 2016.
- Jerome, Jerome K. (1889). Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog). J. W. Arrowsmith. ISBN 978-0-7653-4161-7.
- Jones, Evan T. (2012). Inside the Illicit Economy: Reconstructing the Smugglers' Trade of Sixteenth Century Bristol. Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-4019-2.
- Jones, Evan T.; Condon, Margaret M. (2016). Cabot and Bristol's Age of Discovery: The Bristol Discovery Voyages 1480–1508. Cabot Project Publications. ISBN 978-0995619302.
- Knowles, Elizabeth (2006). The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860219-4.
- Latimer, John (1900). Annals of Bristol in the seventeenth century. Bristol: William George's Sons. ISBN 978-1-143-19839-7.
- Liddy, Christian Drummond (2005). War, Politics and Finance in Late Medieval English Towns: Bristol, York and the Crown, 1350–1400. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-0-86193-274-0.
- Little, Bryan (1967). The City and County of Bristol. Wakefield: S. R. Publishers. ISBN 978-0-85409-512-4.
- Lobel, M. D.; Carus-Wilson, Eleanora Mary (1975). "Bristol". In M. D. Lobel (ed.). The Atlas of Historic Towns. Vol. 2. London. ISBN 978-0-85967-185-9.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Madden, Lionel (1972). Robert Southey: The Critical Heritage. Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-7375-4.
- McCulloch, John Ramsay (1839). A Statistical Account of the British Empire. London: Charles Knight and Co.
- Newlyn, Lucy (2001). Coleridge, Wordsworth and the Language of Allusion. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924259-7.
- Poole, Steve, ed. (2013). A City Built Upon the Water: Maritime Bristol 1750–1900. Redcliffe Press. ISBN 978-1-908326-10-2.
- Rayfield, Jack (1985). Somerset & Avon. London: Cadogan. ISBN 978-0-947754-09-9.
- Russell, Joshiah Cox (1948). British Medieval Population. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- Strohmeyer, Jens (2009). English in the Southwest of England. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-640-32022-6. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016.
- Watson, Sally (1991). Secret Underground Bristol. Bristol: The Bristol Junior Chamber. ISBN 978-0-907145-01-1.
- Williamson, J.A. (1962). The Cabot Voyages and Bristol Discovery Under Henry VII. Hakluyt Society, Second Series, No. 120, CUP.
- ISBN 978-0-900814-63-1.
External links
- Visit Bristol, tourism website
- Bristol Guide, tourism website
- Bristol City Council
- Bristol at Curlie
- Know your Place: Bristol, historic maps website.