Bristol Cathedral
Bristol Cathedral | ||
---|---|---|
Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity | ||
Canon(s) | Nicola Stanley
(Canon Pastor) Martin Gainsborough (Bishop's Chaplain and Diocesan Canon) Jonnie Parkin (Canon Missioner) | |
Curate(s) | Nic Harris | |
Laity | ||
Director of music | Mark Lee (Master of the Choristers & organist) | |
Organist(s) | Paul Walton (assistant organist) |
Bristol Cathedral, formally the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, is a Church of England cathedral in the city of Bristol, England. It is the seat of the Bishop of Bristol. The cathedral was originally an abbey dedicated to St Augustine, founded in 1140 and consecrated in 1148.[2] It became the cathedral of the new diocese of Bristol in 1542, after the dissolution of the monasteries. It is a Grade I listed building.[1]
The earliest surviving fabric is the late 12th century
In addition to the cathedral's architectural features, it contains several memorials and an historic organ. Little of the original stained glass remains, with some being replaced in the Victorian era and further losses during the Bristol Blitz.
History
Foundation and 12th century
Bristol Cathedral was founded as St Augustine's Abbey in 1140 by
Further stone buildings were erected on the site between 1148 and 1164.
13th century
Under Abbot David (1216–1234) there was a new phase of building, notably the construction in around 1220 of a chapel dedicated to the
14th–16th century
Under Abbot Edward Knowle (1306–1332), a major rebuilding of the Abbey church began despite financial problems.
The partly built nave was demolished and the remaining eastern part of the church closed until it reopened as a cathedral under the secular clergy. In an edict dated June 1542,
19th century
In the 1831 Bristol Riots, a mob broke into the Chapter House, destroying a lot of the early records of the Abbey and damaging the building.[8] The church itself was protected from the rioters by William Phillips, sub-sacrist, who barred their entry to the church at the cloister door.[21]
Between the merger of the old Bristol diocese back into the Gloucester diocese on 5 October 1836
Several of the bells in the north-west tower were cast in 1887 by John Taylor & Co. However, earlier bells include those from the 18th century by the Bilbie family and one by William III & Richard II Purdue made in 1658.[28][29]
20th century
The full peal of eight bells was installed in the north-west tower, taken from the ruins of Temple Church after the bombing of World War II.[30] In 1994, the ceremony took place in Bristol Cathedral for the first 32 women to be ordained as Church of England priests.[31] Since the early 2000s, the cathedral's associations with the legacy of philanthropist and enslaver Edward Colston have been the subject of public debate, resulting in changes to annual commemoration services and memorials inside the cathedral.[32]
Architecture
Feature | Dimension |
---|---|
Total length, external | 300 feet (91 m) |
Total length, internal | 284 feet (87 m) |
Length of nave | 125 feet (38 m) |
Width, including aisles | 69 feet (21 m) |
Length of transept | 115 feet (35 m) |
Width of transept | 29 feet (8.8 m) |
Height to vault in nave | 52 feet (16 m) |
Height to vault in choir | 50 feet (15 m) |
Area | 22,556 square feet (2,095.5 m2) |
Bristol Cathedral is a grade I listed building which shows a range of architectural styles and periods.[1] Tim Tatton-Brown writes of the 14th century eastern arm as "one of the most interesting and splendid structures in this country".[34]
Specifications
Most of the
The west front has two large flanking three-stage towers. On the rear outer corners of the towers are octagonal stair turrets with panels on the belfry stage. Between the towers is a deep entrance arch of six orders with decorative Purbeck Marble colonnettes and enriched mouldings to the arch. The tympanum of the arch contains an empty niche.[1]
Hall Church
The eastern end of Bristol Cathedral is highly unusual for a number of reasons. Firstly, it was conceived as a "
Because of the lack of a clerestory, the vault is comparatively low, being only about half the height of that at Westminster Abbey. The interior of the cathedral appears wide and spacious. The architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner wrote of the early 14th-century choir of Bristol that "from the point of view of spatial imagination" it is not only superior to anything else in England or Europe but "proves incontrovertibly that English design surpasses that of all other countries" at that date.[38]
The choir has broad arches with two wave mouldings carried down the piers which support the ribs of the vaulting. These may have been designed by Thomas Witney or William Joy as they are similar to the work at Wells Cathedral and St Mary Redcliffe.[39] The choir is separated from the eastern Lady Chapel by a 14th-century reredos which was damaged in The reformation and repaired in 1839 when the 17th-century altarpiece was removed. The Lady Chapel was brightly painted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries following existing fragments of colour. To the south east of the choir and Lady Chapel is the Berkeley Chapel and an adjoining antechapel or sacristy, which may have been added in the 14th century, possibly replacing an earlier structure. The lady chapel was lightly restored by Stuart Coleman 1877 who was working in the city at that time. His diary describes taking a ' light Conservative approach' (Coleman Family archive 1988) ([40]
Vaulting
Another feature of Bristol Cathedral is the vaulting of its various medieval spaces. The work that was carried out under Abbot Knowle is unique in this regard, with not one, but three unique vaults.[41]
Eastern Lady Chapel
The 13th-century East Lady Chapel is built of red sandstone in an Early English style, making it stand out from the rest of the building. It is four bays long and has a vaulted ceiling. The windows are supported by Blue Lias shafts matching those between the bays. Much of the chapel, including the piscina and sedilia, is decorated with stylised foliage, in a style known as "stiff-leaf".[43]
Street's design followed the form of the Gothic choir. On a plan or elevation it is not apparent that the work is of a different era. But Street designed an interior that respected the delicate proportions of the ribs and mouldings of the earlier work, but did not imitate their patterns. Street's nave is vaulted with a conservative vault with tierceron ribs, rising at the same pitch as the choir.[44] Street's aisle vaults again echo their counterparts in the mediaeval chancel, using open vaulting above the stone bridges, but the transverse vaults are constructed differently.
Fittings
The cathedral has two unusual and often-reproduced monuments, the Berkeley memorials. These are set into niches in the wall, and each is surrounded by a canopy of inverted cusped arches. Pearson's screen, completed in 1905,[13] echoes these memorials in its three wide arches with flamboyant cusps.
West front
Unlike many English Gothic cathedrals, Bristol's west facade has a rose window above the central doorway. The details, however, are clearly English, owing much to the
Chapter House
The late Norman chapter house, situated south of the transept,[1] contains some of the first uses of pointed arches in England.[46] It also has a rich sculptural decoration, with a variety of Romanesque abstract motifs.[47] In both of these aspects there are close similarities with the abbey gatehouse, supporting the view that the two structures were built around the same time in the 12th century, as put forward by Street in the 19th century.[46][48]
The approach to the chapter house is through a rib-vaulted ante-room 3 bays wide, whose pointed arches provide a solution to that room's rectangular shape. Carved pointed arches also appear in the decoration of the chapter house itself. Here they arise from the intersections of the interlaced semicircular arcading, which runs continuously around the walls. The chapter house has a quadripartite ribbed vault 7.5 metres (25 ft) high. The ribs, walls and columns display a complex interplay of carved patterns: chevron, spiral, nailhead, lozenge and zigzag.[49][50]
The chapter house has 40 sedilia lining its walls, and may have originally provided seating for more when it was the meeting room for the abbey community.[50] In 1714 it was refurbished to become a library, and its floor was raised by about 1 m (3 ft). Its east end was damaged in the Bristol riots of 1831, requiring considerable restoration, and at that time or later the library furnishings were removed. In 1832, when the floor was lowered again, a Saxon stone panel depicting the Harrowing of Hell was found underneath.[49] The discovery of the stone provides strong evidence that there was a church or shrine on the site before Robert Fitzharding founded the Abbey in 1140.[8]
Stained glass
The east window in the Lady Chapel was largely replaced and restored in the mid 19th century. However, it does contain some 14th-century stained glass pieces, including male heads and heraldic symbols.[51] Some of the early glass is also incorporated into the Tree of Jesse which goes across nine lights.[52][53]
During the restoration led by Street, most of the work on the glass was by Hardman & Co.; these include the rose window and towers at the west end and the Magnificat in the Elder Lady Chapel.[52]
Some of the most recent stained glass is by Bristolian
A
Decoration, monuments and burials
The south transept contains the important late Saxon stone panel of the
The high altar stone reredos are by John Loughborough Pearson of 1899. The three rows of choir stalls are mostly from the late 19th century with Flamboyant traceried ends. There are also 28 misericords dating from 1515 to 1526, installed by Robert Elyot, Abbot of St. Augustine's, with carvings largely based on Aesop's Fables.[62] In the Berkeley chapel is a very rare candelabrum of 1450 from the Temple church in Bristol.[63][64]
The monuments within the cathedral include recumbent figures and memorials of several abbots and bishops:
In addition there are notable monuments to local dignitaries of the 17th and 18th century. There is a perpendicular reredos showing figures kneeling at a prayer desk flanked by angels to Robert Codrington (died 1618) and his wife.[66] Phillip Freke (died 1729) is commemorated with a marble wall tablet in the north choir aisle. The oval wall tablet to Rowland Searchfield, English academic and Bishop of Bristol (died 1622) is made of slate.[1] The Newton Chapel, which is between the Chapter House and south choir aisle contains a large dresser tomb of Henry Newton (died 1599) and a recumbent effigy of John Newton (died 1661),[65] as well as a dresser tomb dedicated to Charles Vaughan who died in 1630.[67]
Dame Joan Wadham (1533–1603) is buried, with her two husbands Sir Giles Strangways and Sir John Young, in an altar tomb at the entrance to Bristol Cathedral. She was one of the sisters and co-heiresses (through her issue) of Nicholas Wadham (1531–1609) of Merryfield, Ilton Somerset and of Edge, Branscombe Devon, the co-founder with his wife Dorothy Wadham (1534–1618) of Wadham College, Oxford.[68]
Dame Joan is represented in effigy lying beneath the armorials of Wadham and those of both her husbands,
Queen Elizabeth I stayed with Joan and Sir John Young at The Great House when she visited Bristol in 1574, and the Red Lodge Museum with its Tudor panelled rooms and wood carvings is only a short walk from the cathedral.[70]
The importance of exploration and trade to the city are reflected by a memorial tablet and representation in stained glass of
More recent monuments from the early 18th century to the 20th century include: Mrs Morgan (died 1767) by
In 1994 a plaque was installed to mark the first 32 women ordained as priests in the Church of England. In 2022 it was replaced with a new plaque that listed the names of these women, rather than only the names of the men who carried out the ceremony. Both plaques were carved in Welsh slate. The plaque is located on the north side of the nave where it meets the transept.[74]
Dean and Chapter
As of 23 April 2022:[75]
- Dean – Mandy Ford (since 3 October 2020 installation)[76]
- Canon Pastor – Nicola Stanley (formerly Canon Precentor) (since 1 March 2014 installation)[77]
- Canon Missioner – Jonnie Parkin (since 22 August 2021 installation)[78]
- Diocesan Canon & Bishop's Chaplain – Martin Gainsborough (since 22 May 2019;[79] previously Diocesan Canon, 2016–2019)[80]
Music
Organ
The organ was originally built in 1685 by Renatus Harris at a cost of £500.[81] This has been removed and repaired many times. However, some of the original work, including the case and pipes, is incorporated into the present instrument, which was built by J. W. Walkers & Sons in 1907, and which is to be found above the stalls on the north side of the choir. It was further restored in 1989.[82][83] The current restoration of the organ by Harrison & Harrison commenced in January 2024.[84]
Prior to the building of the main organ, the cathedral had a
Organists
The earliest known appointment of an organist of Bristol Cathedral is Thomas Denny in 1542.[87] Notable organists have included the writer and composer Percy Buck. The present Organist is Mark Lee and the Assistant Organist Paul Walton.[88]
Choirs
The first choir at Bristol probably dates from the Augustinian foundation of 1140. The present choir consists has twenty-eight choristers, six lay clerks and four choral scholars. The choristers include fourteen boys and fourteen girls, who are educated at Bristol Cathedral Choir School, the first government-funded choir academy in England. Choral evensong is sung daily during term.[89]
The Bristol Cathedral Concert Choir (formerly Bristol Cathedral Special Choir) was formed in 1954
Burials in St Augustine's Abbey
- Harding of Bristol
- Robert Fitzharding and his wife Eva
- Maurice de Berkeley, Baron Berkeley
- Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley
- Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley
- Margaret Mortimer, Baroness Berkeley, wife of Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley
- William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley
In popular culture
Bristol Cathedral was used as a location in the 1978 film The Medusa Touch under the guise of a fictional London place of worship called Minster Cathedral.[92]
Other cathedrals in Bristol
Bristol is also home to a Roman Catholic cathedral,
See also
- List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom
- List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe
- Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England
- English Gothic architecture
- Church of England
- Grade I listed buildings in Bristol
- Churches in Bristol
- List of ecclesiastical restorations and alterations by J. L. Pearson
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Historic England. "Cathedral Church of St Augustine, including Chapter House and cloisters (1202129)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
- ^ Smith 1970, p. 6.
- ^ a b c d e f g h J H Bettey, Bristol Cathedral the Rebuilding of the Nave, University of Bristol (Bristol branch of the Historical Association), 1993
- ^ Walker 2001, pp. 12–18.
- ^ "St Augustine's Abbey". University of the West of England. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ McNeill 2011, pp. 32–33.
- ^ "Bristol Cathedral". Victoria County History. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i J H Bettey, St Augustine's Abbey Bristol, University of Bristol (Bristol branch of the Historical Association), 1996
- ^ a b c d Page, William (ed.). "Houses of Augustinian canons: The abbey of St Augustine, Bristol". British History Online. Victoria County History. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ Harrison 1984, p. 2.
- ^ Bettey 1996, pp. 1, 5, 7.
- ^ Burrough 1970, p. 2.
- ^ a b c d Historic England. "Bristol Cathedral (1007295)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ Ditchfield, P. H. (1902). The Cathedrals of Great Britain. J.M. Dent. p. 138. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014.
- ^ "Elder Lady Chapel". Bristol Cathedral. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ Hendrix 2012, p. 132.
- ^ Godwin 1863, pp. 38–63.
- ^ a b "Bristol: Introduction Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541–1857: Volume 8, Bristol, Gloucester, Oxford and Peterborough Dioceses". British History Online. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ Nicholls & Taylor "Bristol Past & Present" 3vols. 1881
- ^ Bettey 1996, pp. 7, 11–15, 21, 24–5.
- ^ "Photo of plaque commemorating William Phillips' actions". 24 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ "No. 19426". The London Gazette. 7 October 1836. pp. 1734–1738.
- ^ "No. 26871". The London Gazette. 9 July 1897. p. 3787.
- ^ "George Edmund Street". Architecture.com. Royal Institute of British Architects. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
- ^ "Bristol Cathedral". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 24 October 1877. Retrieved 10 March 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Brief History". Bristol Cathedral. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
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- ^ Moore, Rice & Hucker 1995.
- ^ "Bristol Cathedral Church of the Holy & Undivided Trinity". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- ^ "Bells and Bellringing – Bristol Cathedral". bristol-cathedral.co.uk. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "The women priests debate". Church of England. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ a b Richards, Samuel J. (September 2020). "Historical Revision in Church: Re-examining the 'Saint' Edward Colston". Anglican and Episcopal History. 89 (3): 225–254.
- ^ "Bristol Cathedral". Time Ref. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ Tatton-Brown & Cook 2002.
- ^ David Pepin, Discovering Cathedrals, Osprey Publishing, 2004
- ^ a b Clifton-Taylor 1967, pp. 191–192.
- ^ Masse 1901, p. 40.
- ^ Pevsner 1958, pp. 371–386.
- ^ Foyle 2004, pp. 52–54.
- ^ Foyle 2004, pp. 53–56.
- ^ Burrough 1970, pp. 9–11.
- ^ Foyle 2004, pp. 53–54.
- ^ Foyle 2004, pp. 52–53.
- ^ Foyle 2004, pp. 56–57.
- ^ Cannon, Jon. "Bristol Cathedral – architectural overview". Bristol Cathedral. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ^ a b Gomme, Jenner & Little 1979, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Foyle 2004, p. 62.
- ^ Oakes 2000, pp. 85–86.
- ^ a b Oakes 2000, pp. 78–83.
- ^ a b Sivier 2002, pp. 125–127.
- ^ "Panel of the Month Veiled Manhood in the Lady Chapel at Bristol". Vidimus. 21. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
- ^ a b Foyle 2004, pp. 58–59.
- ^ "The east window". The Rose Window. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ "Footsteps into the Past: Memorial windows, Bristol Cathedral". Bristol Post. 11 November 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ Smith 1983, pp. 14–15.
- ^ a b "Church windows celebrating slave trader removed". BBC News. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ a b "'Slavery' window removal considered". BBC News. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ James, Aaron (20 February 2017). "Bristol Cathedral open to removing Colston window amid slavery concerns". Premier Christian News (premierchristian.news). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ "Protesters tear down statue amid anti-racism demos". BBC News. 8 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ "South Transept". Bristol Cathedral. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ Smith, M. Q. (1976). "The Harrowing of Hell Relief in Bristol Cathedral" (PDF). Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. 94: 101–106. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2015.
- (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
- ^ Burrough 1970, p. 11.
- ^ "Holy Cross (Temple Church)". Church Crawler. Archived from the original on 17 May 2005. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ a b c Foyle 2004, p. 60.
- ^ "Bristol". Church Monuments Society. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ "VAUGHAN, Sir Charles (1584–1631), of Falstone House, Bishopstone, Wilts". The History of Parliament. The History of Parliament Trust. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
- ^ See pedigree of Wadham, pages 27–28, Wadham College Oxford Its Foundation Architecture And History With An Account Of Wadham And Their Seats In Somerset And Devon by T.G. Jackson, Oxford at The Clarendon Press
- ^ Maclean, John (1890). "The Family of Young, of Bristol, and on the Red Lodge" (PDF). Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. 15: 227–245. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016.
- ^ "Young's Great House". Bristol Museums Galleries and Archives. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
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- ^ Britton, John; Le Keux, John; Blore, Edward (1836). Peterborough, Gloucester, and Bristol. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and T. Longman. p. 64.
- ^ "A Service of Celebration of Women's Priestly Ministry". Bristol Cathedral. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ "Who we are – Bristol Cathedral". Bristol-cathedral.co.uk. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- ^ "Diocese of Bristol | Installation of the Revd Canon Dr Mandy Ford as Dean of Bristol marks a first for the Church of England". Bristol.anglican.org. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ^ "Week 1 – Nicola Stanley – Bristol Cathedral". Bristol-cathedral.co.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ^ "New Canon Missioner to be Installed". Bristol-cathedral.co.uk. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- ^ "Diocese of Bristol | Martin Gainsborough announced as Residentiary Canon at Bristol Cathedral". Bristol.anglican.org. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ^ "Canon Martin Gainsborough appointed next Chaplain to the Bishop of Bristol - Bristol Cathedral". Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
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Bibliography
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- Bettey, Joseph H. (1996). St.Augustine's Abbey Bristol. Bristol Historical Association. ISBN 978-0901388728.
- Bettey, Joseph H. (1993). Bristol Cathedral: The Rebuilding of the Nave. Bristol Historical Association. ISBN 978-0901388667.
- Bettey, Joseph, ed. (2007). Records of Bristol Cathedral, Bristol Record Society Publications, Vol. 59
- Burrough, THB (1970). Bristol. London: Studio Vista. ISBN 978-0289798041.
- Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967). The Cathedrals of England (2 ed.). Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0500200629.
- Fitzgerald, Maurice H. (1936). The Story of Bristol Cathedral. London: Raphael Tuck & Sons.
- Fletcher, Reginald James (1932). A History of Bristol Cathedral: gathered from documents in the possession of the dean and chapter, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
- Foyle, Andrew (2004). Pevsner Architectural Guide, Bristol. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300104424.
- Godwin, Edward W. (1863). "Bristol Cathedral" (PDF). The Archaeological Journal. 20: 38–63. .
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- Moore, James; Rice, Roy; Hucker, Ernest (1995). Bilbie and the Chew Valley clock makers. The authors.
- Oakes, Catherine (2000). Rogan, John (ed.). Bristol Cathedral: History and Architecture. Charleston: Tempus. ISBN 978-0752414829.
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- Richards, Samuel J. (September 2020). "Historical Revision in Church: Re-examining the "Saint" Edward Colston". Anglican and Episcopal History. 89 (3): 225–254.
- Ross, James (1930). The Cathedral Church of Bristol: Historical and Descriptive Handbook. British Publishing Company Limited, Gloucester
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External links
- Bristol Cathedral Website
- Diocese of Bristol
- Bristol Past: The Abbey Gatehouse
- A history of Bristol Cathedral choir school and choristers
- Panoramic tour of the cathedral
- Panoramic interior picture of the cathedral (Requires Flash)