Bristol Cathedral

Coordinates: 51°27′06″N 2°36′03″W / 51.4517°N 2.6007°W / 51.4517; -2.6007
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Bristol Cathedral
Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity
Canon(s)
Nicola Stanley

(Canon Pastor)

Martin Gainsborough

(Bishop's Chaplain and Diocesan Canon)

Jonnie Parkin

(Canon Missioner)
Curate(s)Nic Harris
Laity
Director of musicMark Lee (Master of the Choristers & organist)
Organist(s)Paul Walton (assistant organist)

Bristol Cathedral, formally the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, is a Church of England cathedral in the city of Bristol, England. It is the seat of the Bishop of Bristol. The cathedral was originally an abbey dedicated to St Augustine, founded in 1140 and consecrated in 1148.[2] It became the cathedral of the new diocese of Bristol in 1542, after the dissolution of the monasteries. It is a Grade I listed building.[1]

The earliest surviving fabric is the late 12th century

Decorated Gothic style during the 14th century as a hall church, with aisles the same height as the central choir. In the 15th century the transepts were rebuilt and the central tower added. The nave was incomplete when the abbey was dissolved in 1539 and demolished; a Gothic Revival replacement was constructed in the 19th century by George Edmund Street, partially to the original plans. The western towers, designed by John Loughborough Pearson
, were completed in 1888.

In addition to the cathedral's architectural features, it contains several memorials and an historic organ. Little of the original stained glass remains, with some being replaced in the Victorian era and further losses during the Bristol Blitz.

History

Bristol Cathedral in an 1873 engraving, still incomplete

Foundation and 12th century

Bristol Cathedral was founded as St Augustine's Abbey in 1140 by

Bristol Museum and Art Gallery.[8] The dedication ceremony was held on 11 April 1148, and was conducted by the Bishops of Worcester, Exeter, Llandaff, and St Asaph.[9]

Further stone buildings were erected on the site between 1148 and 1164.

abbey gatehouse, now the diocesan office, together with a second Romanesque gateway, which originally led into the abbot's quarters.[11] T.H.B. Burrough, a local architectural historian, describes the former as "the finest Norman chapter house still standing today".[12] In 1154 King Henry II greatly increased the endowment and wealth of the abbey as reward to Robert Fitzharding, for his support during The Anarchy which brought Henry II to the throne.[8] By 1170 enough of the new church building was complete for it to be dedicated by four bishops – Worcester, Exeter, Llandaff and St Asaph.[8]

13th century

Under Abbot David (1216–1234) there was a new phase of building, notably the construction in around 1220 of a chapel dedicated to the

Blessed Virgin Mary, abutting the northern side of the choir.[13] This building, which still stands, was to become known as the "Elder Lady Chapel".[14] The architect, referred to in a letter as 'L', is thought to have been Adam Lock, master mason of Wells Cathedral.[15] The stonework of the eastern window of this chapel is by William the Geometer, of about 1280.[16] Abbot David argued with the convent and was deposed in 1234 to be replaced by William of Bradstone who purchased land from the mayor to build a quay and the Church of St Augustine the Less. The next abbot was William Longe, the Chamberlain of Keynsham, whose reign was found to have lacked discipline and had poor financial management. In 1280 he resigned and was replaced as abbot by Abbot Hugh who restored good order, with money being given by Edward I.[9]

14th–16th century

Under Abbot Edward Knowle (1306–1332), a major rebuilding of the Abbey church began despite financial problems.

Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539. Newland also rebuilt the cloisters, the upper part of the Gatehouse, the canons' dormitory and dining room, and the Prior's Lodging (parts of which remained until 1884 as they were built into Minster House).[8]

Original caption: The Cathedral Church of Bristoll South Side'

The partly built nave was demolished and the remaining eastern part of the church closed until it reopened as a cathedral under the secular clergy. In an edict dated June 1542,

Henry VIII and Thomas Cranmer raised the building to rank of Cathedral of a new Diocese of Bristol.[18] The new diocese was created from parts of the Diocese of Gloucester and the Diocese of Bath and Wells;[18] Bristol had been, before the Reformation, and the erection of Gloucester diocese, part of the Diocese of Worcester. Paul Bush, (died 1558) a former royal household chaplain, was created the first Bishop of Bristol.[19] The new cathedral was dedicated to the Holy and Undivided Trinity.[1][20]

19th century

In the 1831 Bristol Riots, a mob broke into the Chapter House, destroying a lot of the early records of the Abbey and damaging the building.[8] The church itself was protected from the rioters by William Phillips, sub-sacrist, who barred their entry to the church at the cloister door.[21]

Between the merger of the old Bristol diocese back into the Gloucester diocese on 5 October 1836

Diocese of Gloucester and Bristol
.

St Augustine, but their frivolous detail invoked letters of protest to their "Catholic" design.[3] When the Dean, Gilbert Elliot, heard of the controversy, he employed a team of workmen without the knowledge of the architect or committee to remove the statues.[3] The next edition of the Bristol Times reported that 'a more rough and open exhibition of iconoclasm has not been seen in Bristol since the days of Oliver Cromwell.' The sculptor, James Redfern, was made the scapegoat by the architect and the church, he retreated from the project, fell ill, and died later that year. As a result of Elliot's actions, the committee resigned en masse and the completion of the works was taken over by the Dean and Chapter. Elliot's drop in popularity meant that raising funds was a harder and slower process and the nave had to be officially opened before the two west towers were built.[3]

Several of the bells in the north-west tower were cast in 1887 by John Taylor & Co. However, earlier bells include those from the 18th century by the Bilbie family and one by William III & Richard II Purdue made in 1658.[28][29]

20th century

The full peal of eight bells was installed in the north-west tower, taken from the ruins of Temple Church after the bombing of World War II.[30] In 1994, the ceremony took place in Bristol Cathedral for the first 32 women to be ordained as Church of England priests.[31] Since the early 2000s, the cathedral's associations with the legacy of philanthropist and enslaver Edward Colston have been the subject of public debate, resulting in changes to annual commemoration services and memorials inside the cathedral.[32]

Architecture

Plan of Bristol Cathedral published in Encyclopædia Britannica, 1902
The dimensions of Bristol Cathedral[33]
Feature Dimension
Total length, external 300 feet (91 m)
Total length, internal 284 feet (87 m)
Length of nave 125 feet (38 m)
Width, including aisles 69 feet (21 m)
Length of transept 115 feet (35 m)
Width of transept 29 feet (8.8 m)
Height to vault in nave 52 feet (16 m)
Height to vault in choir 50 feet (15 m)
Area 22,556 square feet (2,095.5 m2)

Bristol Cathedral is a grade I listed building which shows a range of architectural styles and periods.[1] Tim Tatton-Brown writes of the 14th century eastern arm as "one of the most interesting and splendid structures in this country".[34]

Specifications

Most of the

Felton with Bath stone being used in other areas. The two-bay Elder Lady Chapel, which includes some Purbeck Marble, lies to the north of the five-bay aisled chancel or presbytery. The Eastern Lady Chapel has two bays, the sacristy one-bay and the Berkeley Chapel two bays. The exterior has deep buttresses with finials to weathered tops and crenellated parapets with crocketed pinnacles below the Perpendicular crossing tower.[1]

The west front has two large flanking three-stage towers. On the rear outer corners of the towers are octagonal stair turrets with panels on the belfry stage. Between the towers is a deep entrance arch of six orders with decorative Purbeck Marble colonnettes and enriched mouldings to the arch. The tympanum of the arch contains an empty niche.[1]

Hall Church

The "lierne" vaulting of the choir and tower can be seen here from Street's nave, with clustered columns and Purbeck marble shafts.

The eastern end of Bristol Cathedral is highly unusual for a number of reasons. Firstly, it was conceived as a "

G. E. Street designed the nave along the same lines.[1] The effect of this elevation means that there are no clerestory windows to light the central space, as is usual in English Medieval churches. The north and south aisles employ a unique manner where the vaults rest on tie beam style bridges supported by pointed arches.[35] All the internal light must come from the aisle windows which are accordingly very large.[36] In the choir, the very large window of the Lady chapel is made to fill the entire upper part of the wall, so that it bathes the vault in daylight, particularly in the morning.[37]

The unique architecture allows full-height aisles using stone bridges across the north and south aisles.

Because of the lack of a clerestory, the vault is comparatively low, being only about half the height of that at Westminster Abbey. The interior of the cathedral appears wide and spacious. The architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner wrote of the early 14th-century choir of Bristol that "from the point of view of spatial imagination" it is not only superior to anything else in England or Europe but "proves incontrovertibly that English design surpasses that of all other countries" at that date.[38]

The choir has broad arches with two wave mouldings carried down the piers which support the ribs of the vaulting. These may have been designed by Thomas Witney or William Joy as they are similar to the work at Wells Cathedral and St Mary Redcliffe.[39] The choir is separated from the eastern Lady Chapel by a 14th-century reredos which was damaged in The reformation and repaired in 1839 when the 17th-century altarpiece was removed. The Lady Chapel was brightly painted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries following existing fragments of colour. To the south east of the choir and Lady Chapel is the Berkeley Chapel and an adjoining antechapel or sacristy, which may have been added in the 14th century, possibly replacing an earlier structure. The lady chapel was lightly restored by Stuart Coleman 1877 who was working in the city at that time. His diary describes taking a ' light Conservative approach' (Coleman Family archive 1988) ([40]

Vaulting

Vaulting of the choir

Another feature of Bristol Cathedral is the vaulting of its various medieval spaces. The work that was carried out under Abbot Knowle is unique in this regard, with not one, but three unique vaults.[41]

transverse arches and ribs above the stone bridges.[36]

Eastern Lady Chapel

The Lady Chapel

The 13th-century East Lady Chapel is built of red sandstone in an Early English style, making it stand out from the rest of the building. It is four bays long and has a vaulted ceiling. The windows are supported by Blue Lias shafts matching those between the bays. Much of the chapel, including the piscina and sedilia, is decorated with stylised foliage, in a style known as "stiff-leaf".[43]

Nave

Vaulting of the nave aisle

Street's design followed the form of the Gothic choir. On a plan or elevation it is not apparent that the work is of a different era. But Street designed an interior that respected the delicate proportions of the ribs and mouldings of the earlier work, but did not imitate their patterns. Street's nave is vaulted with a conservative vault with tierceron ribs, rising at the same pitch as the choir.[44] Street's aisle vaults again echo their counterparts in the mediaeval chancel, using open vaulting above the stone bridges, but the transverse vaults are constructed differently.

Fittings

The cathedral has two unusual and often-reproduced monuments, the Berkeley memorials. These are set into niches in the wall, and each is surrounded by a canopy of inverted cusped arches. Pearson's screen, completed in 1905,[13] echoes these memorials in its three wide arches with flamboyant cusps.

West front

The structure of the church was completed with the Pearson's towers in 1888.

Unlike many English Gothic cathedrals, Bristol's west facade has a rose window above the central doorway. The details, however, are clearly English, owing much to the

Decorated Gothic at York Minster with a French Rayonnant style.[45]

Chapter House

The chapter house

The late Norman chapter house, situated south of the transept,[1] contains some of the first uses of pointed arches in England.[46] It also has a rich sculptural decoration, with a variety of Romanesque abstract motifs.[47] In both of these aspects there are close similarities with the abbey gatehouse, supporting the view that the two structures were built around the same time in the 12th century, as put forward by Street in the 19th century.[46][48]

The approach to the chapter house is through a rib-vaulted ante-room 3 bays wide, whose pointed arches provide a solution to that room's rectangular shape. Carved pointed arches also appear in the decoration of the chapter house itself. Here they arise from the intersections of the interlaced semicircular arcading, which runs continuously around the walls. The chapter house has a quadripartite ribbed vault 7.5 metres (25 ft) high. The ribs, walls and columns display a complex interplay of carved patterns: chevron, spiral, nailhead, lozenge and zigzag.[49][50]

The chapter house has 40 sedilia lining its walls, and may have originally provided seating for more when it was the meeting room for the abbey community.[50] In 1714 it was refurbished to become a library, and its floor was raised by about 1 m (3 ft). Its east end was damaged in the Bristol riots of 1831, requiring considerable restoration, and at that time or later the library furnishings were removed. In 1832, when the floor was lowered again, a Saxon stone panel depicting the Harrowing of Hell was found underneath.[49] The discovery of the stone provides strong evidence that there was a church or shrine on the site before Robert Fitzharding founded the Abbey in 1140.[8]

Stained glass

Stained glass window by Charles Eamer Kempe

The east window in the Lady Chapel was largely replaced and restored in the mid 19th century. However, it does contain some 14th-century stained glass pieces, including male heads and heraldic symbols.[51] Some of the early glass is also incorporated into the Tree of Jesse which goes across nine lights.[52][53]

During the restoration led by Street, most of the work on the glass was by Hardman & Co.; these include the rose window and towers at the west end and the Magnificat in the Elder Lady Chapel.[52]

Some of the most recent stained glass is by Bristolian

St. John Ambulance, the British Red Cross and the fire services along with air raid wardens, police officers, the Home Guard and the Women's Voluntary Service.[54] The most recent glass is an abstract expressionist interpretation of the Holy Spirit designed by Keith New in 1965 and installed in the south choir.[55]

A

transatlantic slave trade in enslaved Africans, and came to a head after the murder of George Floyd in May 2020.[59][32]

Decoration, monuments and burials

The Berkeley Tombs: detail from an 1873 engraving.
Effigy of John Newland

The south transept contains the important late Saxon stone panel of the

Norman Conquest and may have been carved around 1050. Following a fire in 1831 it was found being used as a coffin lid under the Chapter House floor.[13][60][61]

The high altar stone reredos are by John Loughborough Pearson of 1899. The three rows of choir stalls are mostly from the late 19th century with Flamboyant traceried ends. There are also 28 misericords dating from 1515 to 1526, installed by Robert Elyot, Abbot of St. Augustine's, with carvings largely based on Aesop's Fables.[62] In the Berkeley chapel is a very rare candelabrum of 1450 from the Temple church in Bristol.[63][64]

The monuments within the cathedral include recumbent figures and memorials of several abbots and bishops:

Thomas Howell (Bishop of Bristol) (1644–1645), Gilbert Ironside the elder, Bishop of Bristol (1661–1671), William Bradshaw (bishop), Bishop of Bristol (1724–1732), Joseph Butler, Bishop of Bristol (1738–1750), John Conybeare, Bishop of Bristol (1750–1755) and Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol) (1827–1834), who is buried in graveyard attached to the cathedral. The Berkeley family as early benefactors are represented by Maurice de Berkeley (died 1281), *Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley (died 1321), Lord Berkeley (died 1326) and Thomas Berkeley (died 1243) who are depicted in military effigies on the south side of the choir aisle, along with the chest tomb of Maurice Berkeley
(died 1368).

Richard Hakluyt's memorial

In addition there are notable monuments to local dignitaries of the 17th and 18th century. There is a perpendicular reredos showing figures kneeling at a prayer desk flanked by angels to Robert Codrington (died 1618) and his wife.[66] Phillip Freke (died 1729) is commemorated with a marble wall tablet in the north choir aisle. The oval wall tablet to Rowland Searchfield, English academic and Bishop of Bristol (died 1622) is made of slate.[1] The Newton Chapel, which is between the Chapter House and south choir aisle contains a large dresser tomb of Henry Newton (died 1599) and a recumbent effigy of John Newton (died 1661),[65] as well as a dresser tomb dedicated to Charles Vaughan who died in 1630.[67]

Dame Joan Wadham (1533–1603) is buried, with her two husbands Sir Giles Strangways and Sir John Young, in an altar tomb at the entrance to Bristol Cathedral. She was one of the sisters and co-heiresses (through her issue) of Nicholas Wadham (1531–1609) of Merryfield, Ilton Somerset and of Edge, Branscombe Devon, the co-founder with his wife Dorothy Wadham (1534–1618) of Wadham College, Oxford.[68]

Dame Joan is represented in effigy lying beneath the armorials of Wadham and those of both her husbands,

Earls of Ilchester, and John Young MP (1519–1589) with whom she built the Great House Bristol from 1568, of which only the Red Lodge, now the Red Lodge Museum, Bristol and completed by Dame Joan in 1590 after the death of her husband, remains today.[69]

Queen Elizabeth I stayed with Joan and Sir John Young at The Great House when she visited Bristol in 1574, and the Red Lodge Museum with its Tudor panelled rooms and wood carvings is only a short walk from the cathedral.[70]

The importance of exploration and trade to the city are reflected by a memorial tablet and representation in stained glass of

settlement of North America by the English through his works. He was a prebendary of the cathedral.[71]

More recent monuments from the early 18th century to the 20th century include: Mrs Morgan (died 1767) by

James Stuart and a bust by Edward Hodges Baily to Robert Southey a Bristolian poet of the Romantic school, one of the so-called "Lake Poets", and Poet laureate for 30 years from 1813 to his death in 1843. Baily also created the monument to William Brane Elwyn (died 1841). The obelisk to local actor William Powell (died 1769) was made by James Paine.[72] The memorial to Elizabeth Charlotte Stanhope (died 1816) in the Newton Chapel is by Richard Westmacott.[73] There is a memorial plaque to the education reformer Mary Carpenter (died 1877).[1] The memorial to Emma Crawfuird (died 1823) is by Francis Leggatt Chantrey while the effigy to Francis Pigou (Dean; died 1916) is by Newbury Abbot Trent.[1] The most recent are of the biographer Alfred Ainger (died 1904) and the composer Walford Davies
(died 1941).

In 1994 a plaque was installed to mark the first 32 women ordained as priests in the Church of England. In 2022 it was replaced with a new plaque that listed the names of these women, rather than only the names of the men who carried out the ceremony. Both plaques were carved in Welsh slate. The plaque is located on the north side of the nave where it meets the transept.[74]

Dean and Chapter

As of 23 April 2022:[75]

Music

Organ

The organ

The organ was originally built in 1685 by Renatus Harris at a cost of £500.[81] This has been removed and repaired many times. However, some of the original work, including the case and pipes, is incorporated into the present instrument, which was built by J. W. Walkers & Sons in 1907, and which is to be found above the stalls on the north side of the choir. It was further restored in 1989.[82][83] The current restoration of the organ by Harrison & Harrison commenced in January 2024.[84]

Prior to the building of the main organ, the cathedral had a

chair organ, which was built by Robert Taunton in 1662,[85] and before that one built by Thomas Dallam in 1630.[86]

Organists

The earliest known appointment of an organist of Bristol Cathedral is Thomas Denny in 1542.[87] Notable organists have included the writer and composer Percy Buck. The present Organist is Mark Lee and the Assistant Organist Paul Walton.[88]

Choirs

The first choir at Bristol probably dates from the Augustinian foundation of 1140. The present choir consists has twenty-eight choristers, six lay clerks and four choral scholars. The choristers include fourteen boys and fourteen girls, who are educated at Bristol Cathedral Choir School, the first government-funded choir academy in England. Choral evensong is sung daily during term.[89]

The Bristol Cathedral Concert Choir (formerly Bristol Cathedral Special Choir) was formed in 1954

Bach's St Matthew Passion.;[89] it was wound up in 2016.[91] The Bristol Cathedral Consort is a voluntary choir drawn from young people of the city. They sing Evensong twice a month.[89] Bristol Cathedral Chamber Choir was reformed in 2001 and is directed by assistant organist Paul Walton.[89]

Burials in St Augustine's Abbey

In popular culture

Bristol Cathedral was used as a location in the 1978 film The Medusa Touch under the guise of a fictional London place of worship called Minster Cathedral.[92]

Other cathedrals in Bristol

Bristol is also home to a Roman Catholic cathedral,

St. Mary Redcliffe is so grand as to be occasionally mistaken for a cathedral by visitors.[93]

See also

Notes

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  3. ^ a b c d e f g h J H Bettey, Bristol Cathedral the Rebuilding of the Nave, University of Bristol (Bristol branch of the Historical Association), 1993
  4. ^ Walker 2001, pp. 12–18.
  5. ^ "St Augustine's Abbey". University of the West of England. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
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Bibliography

External links