British Bangladeshis
বিলাতী বাংলাদেশী | |
---|---|
Regions with significant populations | |
United Kingdom | |
England | 629,583 (1.1%) (2021)[1] |
Wales | 15,317 (0.5%) (2021)[1] |
Scotland | 3,788 (0.07%) (2011)[2] |
Languages | |
Bengali · Sylheti[a] · English | |
Religion | |
Predominantly Muslim (92%), minorities include no religion (1.5%), Hindu (1%), others (0.5%) and unspecified (5%)[4] (Figures for England and Wales only) | |
Related ethnic groups | |
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British Bangladeshis (
Bangladeshis form one of the UK's largest group of people of overseas descent and are also one of the country's youngest and fastest growing communities.[7] The 2011 UK Census recorded just over 450,000 residents of Bangladeshi ethnicity. While in the 2021 UK census, Bangladeshis in England and Wales enumerated 644,900 or 1.1% of the total England and Wales population.[1]
History
Bengalis have been present in Britain as early as the 19th century. One of the earliest records of a Bengali migrant, by the name of Saeed Ullah, can be found in
The first educated South Asian to travel to Europe and live in Britain was
Many Sylheti people believed that seafaring was a historical and cultural inheritance due to a large proportion of Sylheti Muslims being descended from foreign traders,
Some ancestors of British Bangladeshis went to the UK before the
In the 1970s, changes in
The early immigrants lived and worked mainly in cramped basements and attics within the Tower Hamlets area. The men were often illiterate, poorly educated, and spoke little English, so they could not interact well with the English-speaking population and could not enter higher education.[21][25] Some became targets for businessmen, who sold their properties to Sylhetis, even though they had no legal claim to the buildings.[21][26]
By the late 1970s, the Brick Lane area had become predominantly Bengali, replacing the former Jewish community which had declined. Jews migrated to outlying suburbs of London, as they
The period also however saw a rise in the number of attacks on Bangladeshis in the area, in a reprise of the racial tensions of the 1930s, when
On 4 May 1978, Altab Ali, a 24-year-old Bangladeshi leather clothing worker, was murdered by three teenage boys as he walked home from work in a racially motivated attack.[29] The murder took place near the corner of Adler Street and Whitechapel Road, by St Mary's Churchyard.[21][26] This murder mobilised the Bangladeshi community in Britain. Demonstrations were held in the area of Brick Lane against the National Front,[30] and groups such as the Bangladesh Youth Movement were formed. On 14 May, over 7,000-10,000 people, mostly Bangladeshis, took part in a demonstration against racial violence, marching behind Altab Ali's coffin to Hyde Park.[31][32][33] Some youths formed local gangs and carried out reprisal attacks on their skinhead opponents (see Youth gangs).
The name “Altab Ali” became associated with a movement of resistance against racist attacks, and remains linked with this struggle for human rights. His murder was the trigger for the first significant political organisation against racism by local Bangladeshis. The identification and association of British Bangladeshis with Tower Hamlets owes much to this campaign. A park has been named after Altab Ali at the street where he was murdered.[30] In 1993, racial violence was incited by the anti-immigration British National Party (BNP); several Bangladeshi students were severely injured, but the BNP's attempted inroads were stopped after demonstrations of Bangladeshi resolve.[21][34]
In 1986, the
In 1988, a "friendship link" between the city of St Albans in Hertfordshire and the municipality of Sylhet was created by the district council under the presidency of Muhammad Gulzar Hussain of Bangladesh Welfare Association, St Albans. BWA St Albans were able to name a road in Sylhet municipality (now Sylhet City Corporation) called St Albans Road. This link between the two cities was established when the council supported housing project in the city as part of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless initiative. It was also created because Sylhet is the area of origin for the largest ethnic minority group in St Albans.[36][37] In April 2001, the London Borough of Tower Hamlets council officially renamed the 'Spitalfields' electoral ward Spitalfields and Banglatown. Surrounding streets were redecorated, with lamp posts painted in green and red, the colours of the Bangladeshi flag.[5] By this stage the majority living in the ward were of Bangladeshi origin—nearly 60% of the population.[25]
Demographics
Population
Region | Population | Percent of region | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
England | 629,583 | 1.1% | |||||
London | 322,054 | 3.66% | |||||
West Midlands | 77,518 | 1.3% | |||||
North West | 60,859 | 0.82% | |||||
East of England | 50,685 | 0.8% | |||||
South East | 39,881 | 0.43% | |||||
Yorkshire and The Humber | 29,018 | 0.53% | |||||
East Midlands | 20,980 | 0.43% | |||||
North East | 16,355 | 0.61% | |||||
South West | 12,217 | 0.21% | |||||
Wales | 15,317 | 0.49% | |||||
Scotland | 3,788 | 0.07% | |||||
Northern Ireland | 540 | 0.03% | |||||
Bangladeshis in the UK are largely a young population, heavily concentrated in London's inner boroughs. In the
Nearly half of the population live in London, with a heavy concentration mainly in East London boroughs.[41] London's Bangladeshi population in 2021 was 322,054,[38] the highest concentrations were found in Tower Hamlets (34.6% of total borough population), Newham (15.9%), Redbridge (10.3%), Barking and Dagenham (10.2%) and Camden (6.8%). The largest populations outside London are in Birmingham, where there were 48,232 Bangladeshis in 2021, Oldham with 21,754, and Luton with a population of 20,630.[42]
Based on the 2011 census, 52% of Bangladeshis were British-born, while 48% were born outside of the UK of which 212,000 were born in Bangladesh.[43] In the same year, there was a slightly larger male than female population, with 52% male and 48% female.[44] Bangladeshis are one of the youngest of the UK's ethnic populations. In 2011, 38.3% were aged between 0–17, 56.9% were aged between 18-59 and only 4.9% were aged 60 and over.[45]
Majority of British Bangladeshis originate from several administrative sub-districts (known in Bangladesh as
Since 2012/13, it is estimated that around 20,000 Italian Bangladeshis had settled in the UK, according to the Bangladeshi Italian Welfare Association (based on figures provided by the Embassy of Italy, London).[48] Majority had settled within the long-established Bangladeshi community in East London. Many were skilled graduates who left their homes in South Asia attracted by jobs in Italy's industrial north, but moved to the UK when Italian manufacturing jobs went into decline.[49]
Employment
Since 2004, the combined Bangladeshi and
In 2021, 58% of Bangladeshi 16 to 64-year-olds were employed, compared to 78% of British Indians, 76% of White British, and 67% of Black Britons. The employment rate for Bangladeshi 16 to 24-year-olds was 37%, compared to 56% of White British and 31% of Black Britons.[56] The average hourly pay for British Bangladeshis in the same year was the lowest out of all ethnicity groups at £12.03, alongside British Pakistanis.[57] According to aggregated Department for Work and Pensions data between 2018–2021, 24% of Bangladeshi families were in receipt of income-related benefits, compared to 16% of White British families and 8% of British Chinese and Indian families. Bangladeshi families were also the most likely ethnicity to be in receipt of the disability living allowance (in both the care component and the mobility component), child benefit, child tax credit, pension credit, working tax credit, housing benefit, and the most likely Asian ethnicity to reside in social housing.[58][59] Since 2008, British Bangladeshis have consistently been the most likely ethnicity group to live in households classified as low income (after housing costs) at 63% in 2008 falling to 55% in 2020.[60] British Bangladeshis have the highest overall relative poverty rate of any ethnic group in the UK.[61][62] The Economist has argued that the lack of a second income in households was "the main reason" why many Bangladeshi families live below the poverty line and the resulting high proportion reliant on welfare payments from the government.[63]
According to research by Yaojun Li from the University of Manchester in 2016, while the employment rate of Bangladeshis has improved and the proportion of women in work has risen by one-third in the last five years, it is still weaker than educational performance. Nine per cent of working age Bangladeshis are unemployed which is almost twice the national average.[64]
Education
In December 2016, according to a Social Mobility Commission study, children of Bangladeshi origin are among the British Asians who 'struggle for top jobs despite better school results'.[65][66] The UK's Social Mobility Commission commissioned an 'Ethnicity, Gender and Social Mobility' report with research carried out by academics from LKMco and Education Datalab which found that there has been an increase in educational attainment for Bangladeshi origin pupils in the UK and their performance has improved at a more rapid rate than other ethnic groups in recent years at almost every key stage of education. Almost half of young Bangladeshi people from the poorest quintile go to university. However, this is not reflected or translating in labour market outcomes because although young people from Bangladeshi backgrounds are more likely to "succeed in education and go to university," they are less likely to go on to "find employment or secure jobs in managerial or professional occupations." The report also found that female Bangladeshi graduations are less likely to gain managerial and professional roles than male Bangladeshis graduates, despite achieving at school. British Bangladeshi women earn less than other ethnic minority groups.[67]
Until 1998, Tower Hamlets, where the concentration of British Bangladeshis is greatest was the worst performing local authority in England. Until 2009, Bangladeshis in England performed worse than the national average. In 2015, 62 per cent of British Bangladeshis got five good GCSEs, including English and Maths which is five per cent above the average, and Bangladeshi girls outperformed boys by eight per cent.[64] In February 2018, according to a report from social mobility by the Sutton Trust, British Bangladeshi students are over six times more likely than white students to stay living at home and studying nearby.[73][74][75][76]
According to
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Health
A survey in the 1990s on the visible communities in Britain by the Policy Studies Institute concluded that British Bangladeshis continue to be among the most severely disadvantaged.[81] Bangladeshis had the highest rates of illness in the UK, in 2001. Bangladeshi men were three times as likely to visit their doctor as men in the general population. Bangladeshis also had the highest rates of people with disabilities,[82] and were more likely to smoke than any other ethnic group, at a rate of 44% in 1999 in England. Smoking was very common amongst the men, but very few women smoked, perhaps due to cultural customs.[21][83] Research suggests that British Bangladeshis need intervention to prevent diabetes at a body mass index (BMI) of 21, which is lower than the otherwise recommended threshold.[84][85]
Housing
The average number of people living in each Bangladeshi household is 5,[86] larger than all other ethnic groups. Households which contained a single person were 9%; houses containing a married couple were 54%, pensioner households were 2%.[citation needed] There were twice as many people per room as white households, with 43% living in homes with insufficient bedroom space.[87] A third of Bangladeshi homes contain more than one family—64% of all overcrowded households in Tower Hamlets are Bangladeshi.[88] In England and Wales, only 37% of Bangladeshis owned households compared to 69% of the population, those with social rented tenure is 48%, the largest of which in Tower Hamlets (82%) and Camden (81%).[89]
British Bangladeshis are around three times more likely to be in poverty compared to their white counterparts, according to a 2015 report entitled 'Ethnic Inequalities' by the Centre for Social Investigation (CSI) at Nuffield College at University of Oxford. The research found that poverty rate is 46% of people of Bangladeshi background – compared with 16% for the white British in 2009–11. "Bangladeshi background are also more likely to have a limiting long-term illness or disability and to live in more crowded conditions," it noted.[90] In Tower Hamlets, an estimated one-third of young Bangladeshis are unemployed, one of the highest such rates in the country.[41]
Wealth
Research from the Resolution Foundation published in 2020 has found that the ethnic group has the second lowest median family wealth per adult at £31,000 and the lowest mean family net wealth per adult at £88,000.[91][92]
Culture
Language
As majority of British Bangladeshis originate from the northeastern region of Sylhet in Bangladesh, accordingly the most common language spoken is Sylheti, with around an estimated 400,000 speakers.[93] Though generally considered as a dialect of Bengali, some linguists view Sylheti as an independent language.[94][95][96][97] In the context of diglossia in Bangladesh, Sylheti is viewed as a regional dialect while standard Bengali (the official language), is the standard of communication and education.[98] In the UK however, Sylheti being used as the main vernacular by a majority uninfluenced by standard Bengali has led some to view it as a distinct language.[99] There had been unsuccessful attempts by a fringe group during the 1980s to recognise Sylheti as a language in Tower Hamlets, which lacked support from the rest of the local Sylheti community as most favoured Standard Bengali to be taught in "mother tongue" classes.[100]
Standard Bengali maintains its prominence in British Bangladeshi media and is considered as a prestige language which helps to foster a cultural or national identity linked with Bangladesh.[101] Parents therefore encourage young people to attend Bengali classes to learn the language.[69] Although many Sylheti speakers find this learning progress difficult in the UK.[88][102]
The Language Movement Day or Language Martyrs' Day (Shôhid Dibôs) commemorates the martyrs of the Bengali language movement, which other than in Bangladesh is also held annually in the UK. In Tower Hamlets, the Shaheed Minar was erected in Altab Ali Park in 1999.[103] A similar monument was built in Westwood, in Oldham, through a local council regeneration.[104] The event takes place at midnight on 20 February annually, where the community come together to lay wreaths at the monument.[105] Around 2,500 families, councillors and community members paid their respect at Altab Ali Park, as of February 2009.[106]
Some linguists are attempting to revive a script that was historically used in the Sylhet region called Sylheti Nagri.[107] The Sylheti Project of SOAS University of London is notable for promoting Sylheti in its exclusivity.[108] In 2017, British schools enlisted Sylheti in the list of native languages spoken by students.[109] BBC News has also broadcast online videos relating to COVID-19 in five major South Asian languages which included Sylheti.[110]
Based on the 2011 census, English is spoken as a main language by nearly half of the population.[111] While those who considered Bengali (includes Sylheti and Chittagonian) as their main language, more than half (70%) were proficient in speaking English.[112] English tends to be spoken among the younger generation, and Bengali/Sylheti with the older generation.[113]
One way in which British Bangladeshis try to hold on to their links to Bangladesh is by sending their British-born children to school there. Pupils are taught the British curriculum and children born in the UK are dotted among those in the classroom.[114]
Italian is spoken by the recent Italian Bangladeshi immigrants to the UK.[115]
Religion
According to the 2011 census,
A majority of older women wear the
Religion | England and Wales | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2011[129] | 2021[130] | |||
Number | % | Number | % | |
Islam | 402,428 | 90.0% | 593,136 | 92.0% |
No religion | 6,093 | 1.4% | 9,358 | 1.5% |
Hinduism | 4,013 | 0.9% | 6,220 | 1.0% |
Christianity | 6,558 | 1.5% | 2,220 | 0.3% |
Sikhism | 672 | 0.2% | 187 | 0.03% |
Buddhism | 534 | 0.1% | 494 | 0.1% |
Judaism | 223 | 0.05% | 87 | 0.01% |
Other religions | 158 | 0.04% | 318 | 0.05% |
Not Stated | 26,522 | 5.9% | 32,862 | 5.1% |
Total | 447,201 | 100% | 644,882 | 100% |
Celebrations
Significant Bengali events or celebrations are celebrated by the community annually. The
The
Marriage
Bangladeshi weddings are celebrated with a combination of Bengali and Muslim traditions, and play a large part in developing and maintaining
Forced marriage
Cuisine
British Bangladeshis consume traditional Bangladeshi food, in particular rice with curry.
British Bangladeshis have made a number of recent contributions to the culinary heritage of inner-city London. Drawing on the kebab culture introduced to the city by its Turkish and Kurdish population, as well as the city's chicken shop culture, British Bangladeshis have invented dishes such as naga doner, shatkora doner and naga wings. These fusion dishes are popular with South Asian Londoners, particularly in the East End.[154]
Media
Five Bengali channels are available on satellite television in Britain. These include Channel S,[155] NTV, ATN Bangla,[156] TV One, IQRA Bangla and iON TV. Bengali newspapers have been increasing within the community, most prominent of these include Potrika, Janomot, Surma News Group and Bangla Post. The first international film based on a story about British Bangladeshis was Brick Lane (2007), based on the novel by author Monica Ali, her book is about a woman who moves to London from rural Bangladesh, with her husband, wedded in an arranged marriage.[157][158] The film was critically acclaimed and the novel was an award-winning best seller.[159] The film however caused some controversy within the community.[160] Other films created in the community are mainly based on the struggles which British Bangladeshis face such as drugs and presenting a culture clash. These dramas include Shopner Desh (2006) – a story related to the culture clashes.[161] In 2020, BBC Four released an episode of A Very British History focusing on the history of British Bangladeshis and Bangladeshi emigration to the United Kingdom from the 1960s onwards, hosted by Dr Aminul Hoque.[162]
Festivals
Religious Muslim festivals are celebrated by the community each year including
Society
Notables
Others have contributed in the British media and business worlds.
Artists include fashion designer and artist Rahemur Rahman,[180] dancer and choreographer Akram Khan,[181] pianist Zoe Rahman, vocalist Suzana Ansar and Sohini Alam (born 1978),[182] and the visual artist on film and photography Runa Islam.[169][183]
Notable authors who have received praise for their books include Zia Haider Rahman whose debut novel In the Light of What We Know was published in 2014,[184] Ed Husain, who wrote the book The Islamist on account of his experience for five years with the Hizb ut-Tahrir,[185][186] Monica Ali for her book Brick Lane a story based on a Bangladeshi woman,[187] and Kia Abdullah for her book, Life, Love and Assimilation.
Large numbers of people from the Bangladeshi community have also been involved with local government, increasingly in the London boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Camden. The majority of the
Sports
British Bangladeshis have also engaged themselves in other sports like cricket, snooker and badminton. Bulbul Hussain of Whitechapel is a wheelchair rugby player of Bengali origin, and he has been a part of the Great Paralympic Team since 2008.
In 2012, British kickboxing champion
Political identity
In Bangladeshi politics there are two groups, favouring different principles, one Islamic and the other secular. Between these groups, there has always been rivalry; however, the Islamic faction is steadily growing. This division between religious and secular was an issue during the Bangladesh Liberation War; the political history of Bangladesh is now being re-interpreted again, in the UK. The secular group show nationalism through monuments, or through the introduction of Bengali culture, and the Islamic group mainly through dawah.[104][194]
One symbol of Bengali nationalism is the Shaheed Minar, which commemorates the Bengali Language Movement, present in Altab Ali Park – the park is also the main venue for rallies and demonstrations, and also in Westwood, Oldham.[104] The monuments are a smaller replica of the one in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and symbolises a mother and the martyred sons.[195] Nationalism is mainly witnessed during celebrations of the mela, when groups such as the Swadhinata Trust try to promote Bengali history and heritage amongst young people, in schools, youth clubs and community centres.[194]
According to a 2013 survey by the Center on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) at the University of Manchester, ethnic minorities in the country were more likely to describe themselves as exclusively "British" than their white British counterparts. 72% of Bangladeshis reported an exclusive "British" identity, in contrast 72% of white Britons preferred to call themselves "English" rather than the more expansive "British" designation. A 2009 study by the University of Surrey suggested that some Bangladeshis in Britain, particularly the youth, embrace their "Britishness" while feeling alienated from "Englishness". The underlying assumption was that "Englishness" was associated with "whiteness" whereas "Britishness" denoted a more universal kind of identity that encompasses various cultural and racial backgrounds.[41]
Youth gangs
As a response to
In the past, Bangladeshi gangs have fostered criminal elements, including low level drug use and
Business
95% of all South Asian restaurants are run by Bangladeshis.
Although the curry industry has been the primary business of Bangladeshis (see
In 2004, Guild of Bangladeshi Restaurateurs requested for ethnic restaurant staff positions to be designated as a shortage occupation, which would make it easier for Bangladeshi citizens to obtain UK work permits.[218] In 2008, Guild of Bangladeshi Restaurateurs members raised concerns that many restaurants were under threat because the British Government announced a change in immigration laws which could block entry of high skilled chefs from Bangladesh to the UK. They requested that the Government recognises that they are skilled workers. The law demanded these workers speak fluent English, and have good formal qualifications. However, these changes did not take place.[219][220]
Immigration policy changes has made it more difficult to source skilled workers from abroad, resulting in a paucity of chefs with the culinary skills to run an Indian-style kitchen. The situation has worsened due to a yearly salary minimum of £35,000 applied to tier 2 migrants, or skilled workers with a job offer in the UK, coming into effect April 2016.[204] The Government's cap on skilled-workers from outside the EU means chefs must earn this salary a year to be permitted to work in UK restaurants.[205][221] A Government scheme set up in 2012 to train UK nationals to work as chefs in Asian and Oriental restaurants struggled with a lack of interest, despite a YouGov poll at the time indicating that almost a third of young people would consider working in the sector.[205] Experts say curry houses are closing down at the rate of two a week because of a shortage of tandoori chefs.[222][223]
Remittance
The UK is the second biggest foreign investor in Bangladesh and one of the largest development partners of Bangladesh. Over 240 UK companies are operating in different sectors including retail, banking, energy, infrastructure, consultancy and education with leading centres of operation in Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet.[39]
Many British Bangladeshis send money to Bangladesh to build houses. In villages in Sylhet, there are houses built suburbs or communities through financial support mainly received from the UK, fuelling a building boom.[224][225][226] Businesses have also been established by the British expatriates in the city of Sylhet, such as hotels, restaurants, often themed on those found in London, have also been established to cater to the visiting Sylheti expatriate population and the growing Sylheti middle classes (i.e. London Fried Chicken or Tessco).[227] The financial relationship between British Bengalis and relatives in Bangladesh has changed, only 20% of Bangladeshi families in east London were sending money to Bangladesh as of 1995, this figure was approximately 85% during 1960–1970s. For a large number of families in Britain the cost of living, housing, or education for the children severely constrains any regular financial commitment towards Bangladesh. Moreover, the family reunion process has resulted in the social and economic reproduction of the household in Britain; conflicts over land or money can arise involving the mutual or reciprocal relationship between members of a joint household divided by migration. This, in turn, can reduce even more the level of investment in Sylhet. The emergence of a second and a third generation of British Bangladeshis is another factor explaining the declining proportion of people's income being sent as remittances to Bangladesh.[104] About 7% of all remittance sent to Bangladesh are from Britain as of 2019. As of January 2020, $1175m is sent from UK to Bangladesh per year.[228]
See also
- Bangladesh–United Kingdom relations
- Bangladeshi diaspora
- Bengali people
- British Indians
- British Pakistanis
- British Sri Lankans
- East Asians in the United Kingdom
- History of Bangladeshis in the United Kingdom
- List of Bangladeshi people
- List of Bangladesh-related topics
- List of Bengalis
- List of British Bangladeshis
- List of British Muslims
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Further reading
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