British Jamaicans
Total population | |
---|---|
Residents born in Jamaica 146,401 (2001 Census) 340,000 (2007 "Jamaica: Mapping exercise") 160,776 (2011 Census) 137,000 (2015 ONS estimate) Population of Jamaican origin 300,000 (2007 Jamaican High Commission estimate) | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Greater London, Birmingham, Manchester, Nottingham, Bristol, Leeds, Leicester, Wolverhampton | |
Languages | |
English (British English, Jamaican English), Jamaican Patois | |
Religion | |
Majority of Christianity Rastafari · Islam · Others | |
Related ethnic groups | |
British African-Caribbean community, British mixed-race community, Chinese Jamaicans, Jamaicans of African ancestry, Jamaican Americans, Jamaican Canadians, Jamaican Jews, Indo-Jamaicans, Jamaican Australians |
Part of a series on the |
British African-Caribbean community |
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Community and subgroups |
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History |
Languages |
Culture |
People |
British Jamaicans (or Jamaican British people) are British people who were born in Jamaica or who are of Jamaican descent.[1][2] The community is well into its third generation and consists of around 300,000 individuals, the second-largest Jamaican population, behind the United States, living outside of Jamaica.[3] The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2015, some 137,000 people born in Jamaica were resident in the UK. The number of Jamaican nationals is estimated to be significantly lower, at 49,000 in 2015.[4]
Jamaicans have been present in the UK since the start of the 20th century; however, by far the largest wave of migration occurred after the
History and settlement
The
Volunteers originally only came from four nations (excluding Jamaica), however as the regiment grew thousands of Jamaican men were recruited and ultimately made up around two-thirds of the 15,600 strong regiment.
On 21 June 1948, the HMT Empire Windrush arrived in Britain with, among other migrants from the Caribbean, 492 Jamaicans on-board who had been invited to the country to work; they officially disembarked from the ship on 22 June 1948. Many more followed, as the steady flow of Jamaicans to the United Kingdom was maintained due to the continuing labour shortage.[3] Between 1955 and 1968, 191,330 Jamaicans settled in the UK.[3] These first-generation migrants created the foundation of a community that is now well into its third if not fourth generation.
Jamaicans continued to migrate to the United Kingdom during the 1970s and 1980s, albeit in smaller numbers, the majority of these people were from poor households and went to extreme lengths to get to Britain.[3] There is an uneven distribution of household wealth throughout Jamaica and during the economic crisis of the 1990s lower class Jamaicans continued to migrate in significant numbers. A lot of these later arrivals came from Jamaica's capital and largest city, Kingston where the divide between rich and poor is much more evident than other places on the island.[3] Most first-generation immigrants moved to Britain in order to seek and improved standard of living, escape violence or to find employment. Almost half of all the men who came from the Caribbean to the UK throughout the 1950s had previously worked in skilled positions or possessed excellent employment credentials. However, many found their access restricted to jobs the local population considered undesirable, such as general labouring, or to jobs that demanded anti-social hours. Over half the men from the Caribbean initially accepted jobs with a lower status than their skills and experience qualified them for.[5] Jamaicans, therefore, followed the pattern of other irregular immigrant groups where they tended to work in poorly paid jobs in poor working conditions as these were often the only ones available to them.[3] Throughout the late 20th century, the Jamaican community in the United Kingdom has been brought into the spotlight due to the involvement of Jamaicans in race-related riots. The first notable event to occur was the 1958 Notting Hill race riots when an argument between local white youths and a Jamaican man, alongside increasing tensions between both communities lead to several nights of disturbances, rioting and attacks.[8]
Due to instances of
Demographics
Population and distribution
The
Year | Number of Jamaicans granted British citizenship |
Naturalisation by residence |
Naturalisation by marriage |
Registration of a minor child |
Registration by other means |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1997[18] | 732 | 327 | 279 | 114 | 12 |
1998[19] | 1,370 | 571 | 564 | 221 | 14 |
1999[20] | 1,437 | 678 | 526 | 226 | 7 |
2000[21] | 1,882 | 927 | 664 | 281 | 10 |
2001[22] | 2,070 | 1,025 | 710 | 330 | 0 |
2002[23] | 2,025 | 1,035 | 705 | 285 | 0 |
2003[24] | 2,795 | 1,285 | 985 | 520 | 5 |
2004[25] | 3,180 | 1,415 | 1,060 | 640 | 65 |
2005[26] | 3,515 | 1,585 | 1,080 | 770 | 80 |
2006[27] | 2,525 | 1,110 | 710 | 655 | 55 |
2007[28] | 3,165 | 1,575 | 825 | 725 | 45 |
2008[29] | 2,715 | 1,275 | 695 | 700 | 45 |
- London – 250,000
Brent, Croydon, Hackney, Haringey, Lambeth, Lewisham, Southwark, Waltham Forest and Enfield. - Birmingham – 35,000
Handsworth, Winson Green, Aston, Ladywood, Newtown and Lozells - Bristol – 20,000
St. Paul's and Redfield - Nottingham – 12,200[30]
Hyson Green, St. Ann's - Manchester – 10,000
Old Trafford, Moss Side, Cheetham Hill, Chorlton, Didsbury, Wythanshawe, Urmston and Sale - Gloucester – 4,000
Barton, Tredworth - Leeds – 4,000–5,000
Chapeltown and Harehills - Leicester – 3,000–4,000
Highfields and St Matthews - Sheffield – 2,000
- Liverpool – 1,000–2,000
Granby and Toxteth - Preston – 800
Besides the above locations, the IOM has also identified the following towns and cities as having notable Jamaican communities: Bath, Bedford, Bradford, Cardiff, Coventry, Derby, Doncaster, Huddersfield, Ipswich, Liskeard, Luton, Middlesbrough, Milton Keynes, Northampton, Swansea, Swindon, Truro and Wolverhampton.[16] The majority of British Jamaicans are in the age range of 18 and 45, and investigation by the IOM into the ages of community members found that it is more or less on par with the general makeup of the British population. Around 8% of people investigated were under the age of 25, around 13% were in between the ages of 25 and 34. 22% were between 35 and 44, 27% were between 45 and 54 whilst 18% of respondents were aged between 55 and 64. The remainder were 65 years of age or older. As stated earlier, this investigation only involved a few hundred community members it is a balanced representation of the Jamaican community in the UK.[16] Evidence that the Jamaican British community is a long established one is the fact that only around 10% of Jamaicans in the UK moved to the country in the decade leading up to 2007.[16] In terms of citizenship, all Jamaicans who moved to the UK prior to Jamaican Independence in 1962 were automatically granted British citizenship because Jamaica was an overseas colony of the country.[31] Jamaican immigrants must now apply for citizenship if they wish to become British nationals. The above table shows the number of Jamaicans granted citizenship in recent years.
Religion
The 2001 UK Census showed that 73.7% of Black Caribbeans adhered to the Christian faith, whilst 11.3% of respondents claimed to be atheist. This ranks as a higher percentage of Christians per head compared to Black Africans (68.8%), but a slightly lower percentage than White British Christians (75.7%).[32] Jamaicans and people of Jamaican descent are regular religious worshippers and the majority of them worship across a wide range of mainly Black led Christian denominations as well as in the more mainstream Anglican and Roman Catholic churches. Over recent years the number of regular White worshipers in Anglican churches in particular have decreased significantly, numbers however have been maintained by Black Caribbeans and (mostly Jamaicans) who have taken their places.[16] Other common Christian denominations followed by Jamaicans in the UK include Pentecostalism, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, the Pilgrims Union Church, the Baptist church and Methodism.[16]
Culture
Cuisine
The earliest Jamaican immigrants to post-war Britain found differences in diet and availability of food an uncomfortable challenge.
In March 2007, Grace Foods bought ENCO Products, owners of the Dunn's River Brand, as well as "Nurishment", a flavoured, sweetened enriched milk drink, and the iconic Encona Sauce Range. Grace Foods supplies around one third of products in the UK and has global headquarters in Kingston, Jamaica.[34] Tropical Sun products and ingredients have been widely available in the UK for over 20 years and were originally known as Jamaica Sun with products mainly sourced from the Caribbean. Walkerswood, also of Jamaican origin, is now owned by New Castle Limited and has a range of sauce and marinade products.[35][36][37] In 2001, Port Royal started manufacturing Jamaican patties in London, which are available in supermarkets and Caribbean takeaways across the UK. A patty is the Caribbean version of a Cornish Pasty, pastry with a meat filling. Following its success in 2007 on TV show Dragons' Den, the Levi Roots brand has grown into a multi-million pound enterprise. Reggae Reggae Sauce and other Levi Roots products are now stocked in all major UK supermarkets.[38] In 2021, Grace Foods launched its Irie Eats Caribbean street food range at Tesco. This came in response to 2021 Mintel data, which revealed that nearly half (49%) of Brits would like to try Caribbean cuisine at home.[39][40] Various other Jamaican brands have expanded their presence in the UK food and grocery market.[41]
Jamaican and Caribbean cuisine is becoming increasingly popular in the UK.[42] Caribbean food topped a (2015) list of cuisine types that British diners want more of on menus.[43] According to a report by the Caribbean Export Development Agency (Caribbean Export), the number of Caribbean restaurants in the UK tripled in the 12 months leading up to August 2019.[44] Jerk chicken has been named as the UK's favourite Caribbean dish.[45]
Fashion
There have been a number of British Jamaicans who have made their mark in the
Literature
British Jamaicans have also contributed to British literature. Poet
More contemporary contributions come from authors including
At the 2020
In July 2020, Linton Kwesi Johnson received the PEN Pinter Prize and was described as "a Living legend", "a poet, reggae icon, academic and campaigner, whose impact on the cultural landscape over the last half century has been colossal and multi-generational".[80]
Other notable contributors include
Media
An investigation by the
Radio is the most popular form of media within the British Jamaican community: approximately 75% of Jamaicans in the UK listen to the radio on a daily basis or very often.
Music
A wide variety of music has its origins in Jamaica and in the 1960s when the UK's Jamaican community was beginning to emerge there was one hugely popular music genre,
music is another genre that was introduced to the UK through migrating Jamaicans.The influence of Jamaicans in the UK has had a profound effect on British music over the last 50 years. By the end of the 1960s, Jamaican culture had participated in the birth of the first wave UK skinhead movement and had impacted on punk rock in the 1970s.[87][88][89] Significantly, this led to new genres of music coming out of London, Birmingham, Coventry and Bristol.
In Birmingham in the 1970s and '80s, reggae was very popular and three of the leading British reggae groups of the time hailed from the city; UB40 (who have now sold over 70million records worldwide),[90] Musical Youth and Grammy Award winners Steel Pulse.[91] The large Jamaican population was also a massive influence on the emerging genre of Indian music, called "bhangra", that grew out of the city's large South Asian community.
Off the back of punk and reggae came "Two Tone". Often regarded as the second wave of Ska, many of the Two Tone bands had been inspired by Jamaican Ska records of the 1960s. With a faster tempo than Jamaican Ska, Two Tone "Ska" was commercially successful in the UK from 1979 until the early eighties. The Specials from Coventry, The Beat from Birmingham, The Selector from Coventry, and Madness from Camden in London, are the best known examples of Two Tone bands.[citation needed]
In late 1970s London, a fusing of Jamaican reggae with a more British pop sensibility led to "lovers' rock", a melodic but distinctively British version of reggae.[citation needed]
In Bristol, a decade later, sound-system culture combining with the emerging digital sampling technology led to the emergence of trip hop. A distinctive mixture of heavy baselines and sometimes complex arrangements and samples, trip hop was born in the St Paul's area of Bristol from the likes of Smith and Mighty, Massive Attack and Portishead.
After the first wave of house music in the early 1990s, the rhythmic influence of reggae produced the dance music genre "jungle", in which sped-up beats became popular in clubs combined with reggae sounding "dub" baselines and MC chants. This genre of music became more widely known as "drum 'n bass" by the close of the decade, with the former incarnation now being referred to as "oldschool jungle".
Other genres of British-based music spawned through the influence of Jamaicans living in the UK, are
The influence London-born
Sport
British Jamaicans have contributed significantly to UK sporting successes. Tessa Sanderson won javelin gold at the 1984 Summer Olympics and is the only British athlete to win an Olympic throwing event.[111] Linford Christie was the first man to win every major 100m title in world athletics (and to this date the only British man to have done so).[112] Denise Lewis won heptathlon gold at the 2000 Sydney Olympics,[113] a feat that was repeated by Jessica Ennis-Hill at the 2012 Summer Olympics.[114] Kelly Holmes was one of the success stories of the 2004 Summer Olympics having won multiple gold medals and still holding numerous British records in distance running.[115] Another 2004 success story was Jason Gardener[116][117] and Mark Lewis-Francis,[118] who won the gold medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay with Darren Campbell and Marlon Devonish. Louis Smith won bronze in the men's pommel horse event at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Britain's first Olympics gymnastics medal since 1908.[119] Other notable British athletes of Jamaican origin who have successfully competed in the Olympic Games include Olympic silver medalist Colin Jackson,[120] Olympic bronze medalist Tasha Danvers and the fastest woman in British history, Olympic bronze medalist, Dina Asher-Smith.[121][122]
Besides athletics and gymnastics, British Jamaicans have also become heavily associated with the sport of
Clive Sullivan was the first black captain for a Great British team, in any sport, and captained the Great Britain team to victory in the 1972 Rugby League World Cup.[129][130] Jason Robinson was the first black player to captain the England national rugby union team and was part of the 2003 Rugby World Cup victory.[131] Ellery Hanley became the first man to captain his side to three consecutive Challenge Cup victories.[132] He is the only player to win the coveted Man of Steel award on three occasions and is widely considered to be one of the greatest players in rugby league history.[133][134][135] Other notable rugby players of Jamaican heritage include Jimmy Peters, who was England's first black rugby union international,[136] Des Drummond[137] and Jeremy Guscott.[138]
There have been a number of British Jamaican
Television and film
An investigation by the IOM in 2007 found that 67% of British Jamaican respondents reported watching television on a daily basis, 10% had no particular preference as to what channels they watched.
Numerous British Jamaican actors have become successful in US film and television. Antonia Thomas is famed for her role as Dr. Claire Browne in the award-winning drama series The Good Doctor.[164] Manchester-born Marsha Thomason is noted for her roles in the US shows Las Vegas and Lost,[165] whilst Oxfordshire-born Wentworth Miller of Prison Break fame is also of partial Jamaican descent.[166] Miller earned a Golden Globe Award nomination for his Prison Break role[167] and won a Saturn Award for his guest appearance in the critically acclaimed The Flash.[168] Stephen Graham featured in three Martin Scorsese productions and won two Screen Actors Guild Awards as part of the cast of the much lauded Boardwalk Empire.[169][170] Delroy Lindo earned a Satellite Award for his role in American docudrama television film Glory & Honor. Lindo also won numerous accolades for his role as Paul, in Spike Lee's highly praised Da 5 Bloods.[171] Some British Jamaicans who have starred in Hollywood blockbusters include Naomie Harris in Miami Vice and Pirates of the Caribbean.[172] She also starred in the critically acclaimed film Moonlight, a performance that earned her a number of accolades, including nominations for the Golden Globe, BAFTA, and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Adrian Lester appeared in The Day After Tomorrow[173] and the political blockbuster Primary Colors, directed by Mike Nicholls and co-starring John Travolta, Kathy Bates, Billy Bob Thornton and Emma Thompson. The role earned Lester a Chicago Film Critics Association award nomination for "Most Promising Actor". Lashana Lynch featured opposite Brie Larson in 2019's Captain Marvel and played the role of Nomi, the secret agent who replaces Craig's retired Bond in No Time to Die. Lynch won a BAFTA for her role in No Time to Die, thanking her Jamaican parents while accepting the award.[174] The James Bond series and Jamaica are inextricably linked. British author Ian Fleming, creator of the super spy, resided at GoldenEye for many years, where he wrote all his James Bond novels. The first Bond film Dr No (1962), and Live And Let Die (1973) were both shot mainly in Kingston, Jamaica.
Notable people
See Main article: List of Jamaican British people
Notable trailblazers:
- Diane Abbott - Britain's first black female Member of Parliament, the first black female Shadow Home Secretary and the longest-serving black MP in the House of Commons[175][176]
- Sislin Fay Allen - Britain's first black woman police constable[177]
- Kehinde Andrews - Professor of Black Studies at Birmingham City University. He is the first black studies professor in the UK and led the establishment of the first black studies programme in Europe at Birmingham City[178]
- Barbara Blake-Hannah - Author and journalist. British television's first black on-camera reporter and interviewer[179][180]
- Aggrey Burke - Psychiatrist and academic. Britain's first black consultant psychiatrist, appointed by the National Health Service[181]
- Dawn Butler - Member of Parliament and the first black female to speak from the despatch box in the House of Commons[182]
- Betty Campbell - Community activist and Wales' first black head-teacher[183][184]
- Candice Carty-Williams - Writer, the first black female to win the British Book Awards "Book of the Year" accolade.[185]
- Nira Chamberlain - President of the Institute of Mathematics and its Application. The first black mathematician to feature in the biographical reference book Who's Who[186][187]
- William Robinson Clarke - World War I airman and Britain's first black pilot[188]
- Joe Clough - London's first black Bus driver[189]
- Yvonne Conolly - Britain's first black female headteacher[190][191]
- Garth Crooks - Footballer, pundit and the first black chairman of the Professional Footballers' Association[192][193]
- Dyke, Dryden and Wade - Britain's first black multi-million-pound business enterprise[194][195]
- Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of the Crown Prosecution Service and former Chief Constable of Kent Police. He was the first (and so far only) ethnic minority chief constable in the United Kingdom[196][197]
- Henry Gunter - Civil rights leader and the first black delegate to be elected to Birmingham Trades Council[198][199]
- Paulette Hamilton - District nurse and manager for the Royal College of Nursing. Birmingham's first black Member of Parliament[200]
- Rev Rose Hudson-Wilkin - The Church of England's first black female bishop. Also the first woman and the first black person to serve as Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons[201][202][203]
- Eric Irons - Equal rights campaigner and Britain's first black magistrate[204]
- Wilston Samuel Jackson - Fireman and Britain's first black train driver[205]
- Sam Beaver King - Campaigner and Southwark's first black Mayor[206]
- Les Ballets Nègres - Europe's first black dance company, founded in 1946[207][208]
- Una Marson - Writer, the first black female radio producer at the BBC[209]
- Caroline Newman - Best selling author and lawyer, the first black solicitor to be elected to the Council of the Law Society of England and Wales[210][211]
- Bill Norris - Britain's first black trade union General Secretary[212]
- Geoff Palmer - Scientist and inventor of the Barley Abrasion Process. Scotland's' first black university professor[213][214]
- Jimmy Peters - Rugby player, England's first black rugby union international[136]
- Football Association director[215]
- Marvin Rees - Britain's first directly elected black Mayor[216][217]
- Jason Robinson - Rugby international, the first black captain of the England national rugby union team. Also the first former professional rugby league player to captain the England rugby union team[131][218]
- Tessa Sanderson - Athlete, the first and only British woman to win gold at an Olympic throwing event, and the first black British woman ever to win Olympic gold[111]
- Mary Seacole - Nurse and businesswoman, voted number one in the list of 100 Great Black Britons[219]
- Ethel Scott - Athlete, the first black woman to represent Great Britain in an international athletics competition[222][223]
- Clive Sullivan - Rugby league player, the first black captain for a Great Britain team, in any sport[129][130]
- Dame Sharon White - Businesswoman, the first black person, and the second woman, to become a Permanent Secretary at the HM Treasury[224][225]
- James (Jim) Alexander Williams - Bristol's first (ceremonial) black Lord Mayor[226][227]
See also
- Black British
- Black British population
- British Mixed
- British Indo-Caribbean community
- British African-Caribbean community
- Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom
- Jamaicans of African ancestry
- List of Jamaican British people
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